aho;g;ghzk; Njrpa fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}hp

cstpay;
topfhl;ly; ifNaL
jpU.m.N[k;]; Nk\d;>
tphpTiuahsh;>
aho;g;ghzk; Njrpa fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}hp

1. cstpay; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?

cstpay; Fwpf;Fk; Mq;fpy gjkhd Psychology vd;gJ “Psyche “+” Logos” vDk; ,U
fpNuf;f gjq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdjhFk;. ,tw;Ws; Psyche vd;gJ cs;sk; /
Md;kh vDk; mu;j;jj;ijAk;> Logos vd;gJ mwpT / fw;if vDk; mu;j;jj;ijAk;
jUfpwJ.
vdNt Muk;g fhyq;fspy; cstpay; vd;gJ “Md;kh gw;wpa fw;if” vd
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapypUe;J xU tpQ;Qhdkhf
tsu;r;rp ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,d;W cstpay; vd;gJ elj;ijfs; kw;Wk; cstpay;
nrad;Kiwfs; gw;wpa tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhd fw;if vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JfpwJ.
(Psychology is the Scientific Study of Behavior and Mental Processes)
,t; tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; %d;W Kjd;ikf; fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd.
1) tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhdJ – cstpay; tpQ;Qhd Kiwapd; gb Nrfupf;Fk; jfty;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
2) elj;ijfs; - mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f> gjpT nra;af; $ba> msf;fj;jf;f nraw;ghLfs;.
3) csr; nrad;Kiwfs; - rpe;jid> Qhgfk;> kdntOr;rp> Cf;fy;> mwpthw;wy;> gFg;G
Nghd;w nray;fs;.
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp miug; gFjpapYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjw; fhw;
gFjpapYk; cstpay; ghl tpupifapy; ,dq;fhzf;$ba Kf;fpa jpUg;G Kidfs;.
 Wilhem wundt (tpy;fk; T+z;l;) ,dhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l cstpay; vd;gJ xU
gupNrhjid tpQ;QhdkhFk;.
 Qhgfk; njhlu;ghf Ebbing house ,dhy; nra;ag;gl;l gupNrhjid.
 Watson, Thorndike, Mc dougls, Parlou Nghd;w elj;ij thjpfspd; fUj;Jf;fs;.
 Alfread Binet FOtpduJ Ez;kjp njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fs;.
 Gestalt cstpayhsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;.

2. cstpaypd; tiffs; / gpupTfs; / Ngjq;fs;.

1) tpUj;jp cstpay;.
2) fy;tp cstpay;.
3) r%f cstpay;.
4) gpzpaha;T cstpay;.
5) ifj;njhopy; cstpay;.
6) rl;l cstpay;.
7) tpyq;F cstpay;.
8) rpWtu; cstpay;.
9) rPu;kpa cstpay;.
10) kUj;Jt cstpay;.
3. fy;tp cstpay;.
 fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ fy;tp + cstpay; vDk; ,U ghlq;fspd; ,izg;ghFk;.
Wool folk vd;gtuJ fUj;Jg;gb fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ> jdf;NfAupa
Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> gupNrhjid El;g KiwfisAk;> gpur;ridfisAk;
cs;slf;fpa xU tpNrl Jiw MFk;.
mjhtJ fy;tp cstpayhdJ> gpujhdkhf fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwfis
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mr; nrad;Kiwfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd El;g Kiwfis
mgptpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F topfhl;Lk; xU Kaw;rpahFk;.
1
4. fy;tp cstpay; cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk; gpujhd %d;W mk;rq;fs;.
1) fw;Nghd;.
2) fw;wy; nrad;Kiw.
3) fw;wy; re;ju;gg
; q;fs;.

5. fy;tp cstpaypD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Mrpupau; eb gq;Ffs;.

1) jpl;lkplyhsu;.
2) topfhl;Lgtu;.
3) fw;wy; re;ju;gg
; q;fis xOq;fikg;gtu;.
4) kjpg;gPL nra;gtu;.
5) MNyhrfu;.

6. fy;tp cstpaypd; jd;ikfs;.

1) fy;tp cstpay; xU gpuNahf tpQ;QhdkhFk;.
2) fy;tp cstpay; xU jpl;ltl;lkhd tpQ;QhdkhFk;.
3) fy;tp cstpay; xU r%f tpQ;QhdkhFk;.
4) fy;tp cstpay; xU nrad;Kiw tpQ;QhdkhFk;.
5) fy;tp cstpay; xU tpQ;Qhd G+u;tf; $whf mlq;fpapUj;jy;.
6) fy;tp cstpay; xU tsu;r;rpAk; tpUj;jpAkilAk; xU tpQ;QhdkhFk;.
7) fy;tp cstpay; xU rh];jpupa ghlkhFk;.

7. fy;tp cstpay; ghlg; gug;gpd; vy;iy.

1) kdpj elj;ij.
2) gps;isapd; tsu;r;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk;.
3) guk;giuAk; #oYk;.
4) fw;wy; nrad;Kiw.
5) MSik tsu;r;rp.
6) jdpahs;fspd; gy;tifik.
7) Ez;zwpTk; Ez;zwpit msj;jYk;.
8) topfhl;lYk; MNyhridAk;.
8. cstpay; Ma;T Kiwfs;.
1) mf Nehf;F.
2) mtjhdpg;G.
3) nel;lhq;F mtjhdpg;G> FWf;F ntl;L mtjhdpg;G.
4) tpdhf;nfhj;J Kiw.
5) gupNrhjid Kiw.
6) gpzpaha;T Kiw.
7) Gwj;Njw;w Kiw.
8) jdpahs; Ma;T / tptfhu Ma;T.
9) ,izG Ma;Tfs; / njhlu;GgLj;Jif Ma;Tfs;.

9. fy;tp cstpay; rhjhuz cstpaypy; ,Ue;J NtWgLk; tpjk;.

1) fy;tp cstpay; capupapd; elj;ij gw;wpa fw;if.
2) fy;tp cstpay; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
3) fy;tp cstpaypy; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd gupNrhjid fhzg;gly;.
4) fy;tp cstpaypy; khztu;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; cz;L.
5) fy;tp cstpaypy; fy;tpg; gpur;rpidf;F cstpay; JizAld; jPu;T fhzg;gLfpwJ.
10. fy;tp cstpaypy; mlq;Fk; gy;NtW ghl tplaq;fisf; fw;gjD}lhf etPd tFg;giwr;
rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;sf; $ba tpjk;.
1) khztu;fspd; cly;> cs> r%f> kdntOr;rp njhlu;ghd gy;tifj; jd;ikia
,dq;fhzy;.
2
 2) khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;f;Fk; tifapy; Mrpupau; nraw;gly;.
3) Gjpa fw;wy; #oiy cUthf;Fjy;.
4) nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gLj;jy;.

11. fy;tp cstpay; %yk; MrpupaUf;F fpilf;Fk; gad;fs; / mtrpak;

1) gps;isapd; jd;ikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
2) khztuplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; gy;tifikia ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sy;.
3) khztuJ kdntOr;rp neUf;fbfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F.
4) fw;wy; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; Kiwfs; El;gq;fs; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWtjw;fhf
5) khztuJ cs;shu;e;j jpwid gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf.
6) fw;wYf;fhd khztUf;F Cf;fk; toq;fp topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf.
7) fw;wy; ,lkhw;wk; epfOk; tifapy; fw;gjw;fhf.
8) MrpupaUf;F jk;ikg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtjw;F.
9) MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;fhf.
10) fzpg;gPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gl
P ;L gzpfis ntw;wpfukhf nra;tjw;F.

12. tsu;r;rp
tsu;r;rp vd;gJ kdpj clypd; gUkdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhFk;. ,J msT uPjpahdJ>
fl;GydhdJ.
(cjhuzk;) Foe;ijapd; cauk;
kz;il Xl;bd; tpl;lk;.

13. tpUj;jp
tpUj;jp vd;gJ Foe;ijapd; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy; jpwd;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhFk;. ,J
gz;G uPjpahdJ. fl;GydhfhjJ.

14. tsu;r;rp – tpUj;jp NtWghL

tsu;r;rp tpUj;jp
kdpj clypd; gUkdpy; Vw;gLk; gps;isfspd; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fspy;
khw;wkhFk; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhFk;
,J msT uPjpahdJ ,J gz;G uPjpahdJ.

cly; epiy> cly; gUkd;> Ez;kjp> kdntOr;rp> r%f tpUj;jp>

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;. MSik vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;.
fl;GydhdJ fl;GydhfhJ

15. gps;is tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;.

1) guk;giu (Heredity)
2) #oy; (Environment)
3) Kjpu;r;rp (Maturity)
4) fw;wy; (Learning)

16. guk;giu vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ?

xUtuJ clypay;GfSk; gz;Gf; $WfSk; epw%u;j;jq;fs;> guk;giuayFfs; %yk; xU
re;jjpapypUe;J kw;WnkhU re;jjpf;F flj;jg;gLk; nrad;KiwNa guk;giu vdg;gLfpwJ.

17. xUtUf;F guk;giuahff; fpilf;Fk; ,ay;Gfs;.

1) fz; epwk;> jiykapu; epwk;> FUjp ,dk;> clYWg;G tbtk;> Nghd;w clypay;Gfs;.
2) cs tpUj;jp Fd;wpa gps;isfs; epw%u;j;j tpfhuk; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wtu;.
3) csf; NfhshWila gps;isfs; gpwj;jy;.
4) rpy Neha;fs; jiyKiwAupikahff; fpilj;jy;.
5) Ez;kjp jiyKiwAupikahff; fpilf;fpwJ.

18. #oy; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ

3
 fUj;jupg;G njhlf;fk; Foe;ij gpwe;J kuzpf;Fk; tiuapy; capu;fspd; tsu;r;rpapYk;>
tpUj;jpapYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ngsjPf> r%f> cs cyfq;fspd; xl;L nkhj;jNk
#oyhFk;.

19. xUtu; jkJ tho;f;ifapy; Kjd; Kjyhfr; re;jpf;Fk; #oy; jhapd; fUtiw vd fUj;J
njuptpj;jtu; Tl;tu;j; Mthu;.

20. xUtupd; tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; #oy; fhuzpfs;.

1) mfr; #oy; fhuzpfs; / gpwg;gpw;F Kd;dhd #oy; fhuzpfs;.
 jhapd; taJ.
 jhapd; Nghrhf;F.
 jha; cl;nfhs;Sk; kUe;J tiffs;.
 jhapd; ghjfkhd gof;fq;fs;.
 jha; fjpupaf;fj;Jf;F Mshjy;.
 jhiag; gPbf;Fk; Neha;fs;.
 jha; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; cs neUf;fbfs;.

2) Gwr; #oy; fhuzpfs;.

 ngsjPfr; #oy; - czT> ePu;> top> fhyepiy> thOk; #oy;.
 r%fr; #oy; - FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> rfghbfs;.
 csr; #oy; - J}z;bapd; gb Vw;gLk; cs epiyikfs;.

21. Kjpu;r;rp vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ.

guk;giu myFfshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L> ,aw;ifahfTk; ,ay;ghfTk; epfOk; khw;wNk
Kjpu;r;rpahFk;. ,J cs;thupahf tajpw;Nfw;g epfOk; khw;wkhFk;.
(cjhuzk;) gw;fs; Kisj;jy;> jtSjy;> elj;jy;;

22. Kjpu;r;rpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;.

1. Nghrhf;F.
2. Rfhjhu epiy.
3. #oypd; ghjfkhd nry;thf;Ffs;.

23. fw;wy; - Kjpu;r;rp NtWghLfs;.

Kjpu;r;rp fw;wy;
fw;wypdhy; Vw;gLtjpy;iy Kjpu;r;rp mtrpak;
fl;lhak; epfOk; mt;thwhdjy;y
xOq;F Kiwg;gb tsu;r;rpailAk; xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; rkkhd fw;wy;
mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjpy;iy

24. fw;wy; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ.

ahNjDk; mDgtk; fhuzkhf elj;ijapy; Vw;gLk; epue;jukhd khw;wk; fw;wy;
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kjpu;r;rpAld; neUq;fpa njhlu;GilaJ.

25. Maj;jk; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ.

ahNjDk; Gjpa mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf mjw;Fj; Njitahd cly;> cs
jahu;gg; Lj;JjNy Maj;jk; vd;gjhFk;. ,j;jifa Maj;j epiyia mile;j gpd;dNu
fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;by; Mrpupau; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; gpd;tUk; tpisTfs;
Vw;glyhk;.
1. fw;wy; njhlu;ghd ghjfkhd kdg;ghq;F cUthjy;.
2. gps;is mjpf fisg;Gf;F Mshjy;.
3. Mrpupau; mjpfkhf gpuahirg;gl Ntz;bNaw;gLk;.
4. fw;wypd; ghy; ftdj;ij <u;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahik.
5. gps;is nghUj;jkw;w elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fisf; fhl;Ljy;.

4
26. gps;is tpUj;jpf; Nfhl;ghLfs;.
1. gps;is tpUj;jpf; Nfhyj;jpd; xOq;FKiw ve;jg; gps;is njhlu;ghfTk; xU
rPuhdjhFk;.
2. gps;is tpUj;jp njhlu;r;rpahd xU nrad;KiwahFk;.
3. gps;is tpUj;jpapd; njhlf;ff; fl;lj;jpy; njwptpidfNs fhzg;gLk;.
4. jdpahspd; tpUj;jpapy; mtu; thOk; #oy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
5. gps;is tpUj;jpapy; jPu;f;fkhd (Critical) gUtq;fs; cs;sd.
6. tpUj;jpahdJ nghJthd Jyq;fy;fs; njhlf;fk; tpNrlkhd Jyq;fy;fs; tiu
nry;Yk;.

27. gps;is tpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilahd mk;rq;fs;.

1. cly; tpUj;jp.
2. mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jp.
3. kdntOr;rp tpUj;jp.
4. r%f tpUj;jp.
5. xOf;f tpUj;jp.

28. gps;is tpUj;jpg; gUtk; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ.

fUj;jupg;G njhlf;fk; nastdg; gUtk; tiuapyhd gUtk; gps;is tpUj;jpg; gUtk;
vdg;gLfpwJ.

29. jdpahs; tpUj;jpg; gUtq;fs; / gps;is tpUj;jpg; gUtq;fs;.

1. gpurtj;Jf;F Ke;jpa gUtk; (fUj;jupg;G njhlf;fk; gpwg;G tiu)
2. Foe;ijg; gUtk; (gpwg;G njhlf;fk; 2 taJ tiu)
3. Kd; gps;isg; gUtk; (2 taJ njhlf;fk; 7 taJ tiu)
4. gpd; gps;isg; gUtk; (7 taJ njhlf;fk; 11 taJ tiu)
5. fl;bsikg; gUtk; (11 taJ njhlf;fk; 17/18 taJ tiu)

30. gpurtj;Jf;F Ke;jpa gUtj;jpd; %d;W cg gUtq;fs;.

1. Efg; gUtk;: fUf; fl;ly; njhlf;fk;> fUf;fl;ba #y; gNyhg;gpad; Fohapd; topNa
nrd;W fUg;igr; Rtupy; gjpf;fg;gLtJ tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjp.
2. Kisag; gUtk;: Efk; fUg;igr; RtUld; ,ize;J Vwj;jhs 8 thu fhyk;
tiuapyhd fhyk; ,JthFk;.
3. Kjpu; %yTUg; gUtk;: fUj;jupj;J %d;W khjk; njhlf;fk; gpwg;G tiuapyhd
fhyg;gFjp ,JthFk;.

31. gr;rpsk; gUtk; (Neonatal Period)

Foe;ij gpwe;J 3 – 4 thuq;fs; tiuahd fhyk; ,JthFk;.

32. njwptpid vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ.

rpwg;ghd J}z;bfSf;fhff; fhl;lg;gLk; ,r;irapd;wpa jd;dpr;irahd clw; nraw;ghLfs;
njwptpidahFk;. rpy cjhuzq;fs;:-
1. jiyiaj; jpUg;Gjy;.
2. #g;Gjy;.
3. tpOq;Fjy;.
4. gw;Wjy; / gpbj;jy;.
5. rj;jk; Nfl;L jpLf;fpLjy; - nkhNuh njwptpid.
6. cs;sq;fhiyj; jlTk; NghJ fhy; tpuiy tpupj;J tisj;Jf; nfhs;sy; - gtpd;];fp
njwptpid

33. Foe;ijg; gUt ,ay;Gfs;.

 fz;fshy; fhz;gtw;iw khj;jpuk; epidtpy; itj;jpUg;gu;.
 4 khjj;jpypUe;J epidthw;wy; tsu;r;rpailAk;.
 6 khjkilAk; NghJ QhgfKk; tpsf;fKk; tpUj;jpailAk;.
5
  xspj;J itj;j nghUis gps;is Njlj; njhlq;Fk;.
 nghUspd; epue;juj; jd;ik gw;wpa czu;T gps;isaplj;Nj tpUj;jpailAk;.

34. Kd; gps;isg; gUt ,ay;Gfs;.

 elf;Fk; jpwd; tsu;r;rpailAk;.
 ,af;fj; jpwd;fs; tsu;r;rpailAk;.
 vOJjy; nraw;ghl;;bw;fhd Maj;jj;ijg; ngWtu;.
 gp[hN[apd; J}y rpe;jidf;F Kw;gl;l gUtj;ij xj;jJ.
 gps;isfspd; csr; nraw;ghLfs; neUf;fkhd mDgtq;fSf;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 cz;ikahdtw;iwAk; - fw;gidahdtw;iwAk; NtWgLj;Jk; Mw;wy; ,uhJ.
 nghUspd; Xu; mk;rk; njhlu;ghf khj;jpuk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jtu;.
 ,g; gUt gps;isfspd; rpe;jid ju;f;f uPjpahdJ my;y.
 nranyhd;W njhlu;ghf gpd;Ndhf;fpr; rpe;jpf;f KbahJ.
 nkhop tpUj;jp tpiuthf epfOk;.
 gps;isfs; r%fkakhf Kaw;rp nra;tu;.
 jz;lidiaj; jtpu;f;fTk; gupR ngwTk; Kidtu;.
 RahjPdkhf nraw;gl Kidtu;.
 ngw;Nwhuplj;Nj neUf;fkhd gpizg;G kw;Wk; jq;fpapUj;jy; Nghd;wit Fiwtilaj;
njhlq;Fk;.

35. gpd; gps;isg; gUt ,ay;Gfs;.

 vz;fs;> gFj;jy;> fhuzfhupaj; njhlu;G> epfo;jfT> Neuk;> Ntfk; Nghd;w
vz;zf;fUf;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk; tpUj;jpailAk;.
 glq;fis> nghUl;fis VNjDk; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; tifahf> tupirahf
NtWgLj;Jk; jpwd; fhzg;gLk;.
 fhg;Gj; jpwd; tpUj;jpailAk;.
 mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jp Jupjkhf Vw;gLk;.
 gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; jpwd; gbg;gbahf tpUj;jpailAk;.
 RahjPdkhfr; rpe;jpg;gu;.
 Nju;e;J ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;> Qhgf rf;jp tsu;r;rpailAk;.
 gp[hN[apd; J}y rpe;jidg; gUtj;ij xj;jJ.
 Gyd; Qhgfk;> ePz;lfhy – Fwfpafhy Qhgfk; tpUj;jpailAk;.
 nkhop tsu;r;rp Jupjkhf epfOk;.
 nrhw;fis re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhf gad;gLj;Jtu;.
 RahjPdk; ngw Kaw;rpg;gu;.
 gps;isfs; jkJ ghypay; tfpghfj;ij tpsq;fpr; nraw;glj; njhlq;Ftu;.
 tpisahl;L> cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw Mfpatw;wpy; gq;F nfhs;s Mu;tk; fhl;Ltu;.
36. fl;bsikg; gUt ,ay;Gfs;.
 clu; uPjpahd khw;wq;fisAk;> elj;ij uPjpahd khw;wq;fisAk; $l;lhff; nfhz;l
gUtk;.
 cauk; mjpfupj;jy;> cly; gUj;jy;> Fuy; NtWgLjy;> mUk;G kPir Kisj;jy;>
clypay; cNuhkk; tsu;jy;> ghypay; tsu;r;rp Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; Mz; - ngz;
,UtupYk; Vw;gLk;.
 jkJ cly; njhlu;gpy; mjpf ftdQ; nrYj;Jtu;.
 cly; khw;wq;fSld; mwpthw;wy;> kdntOr;rp> r%f tpUj;jp Nghd;wdTk;
tpUj;jpailAk;.
 VidNahu;fshy; fzpg;G toq;fg;gLjy;> md;G nrYj;jg;gLjy;> md;G nrYj;jy;>
nfsutk; ngWjy;> fzpg;G ngWjy;> ahNjDnkhd;iwr; nra;Ak; Mir> Gjpad
gilj;jy;> jiyikj;JtNkw;wy; Nghd;w csj; Njitfisf; fhl;Ltu;.
 goFk; ez;gu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk;.
6
  r%fkakhjy; jd;ik tpUj;jpailAk;.
 rq;fq;fs;> mikg;Gf;fSld; njhlu;igg; Ngz tpUk;Gtu;.
 vjph;g;ghyhUld; Nru;e;J nraw;gLtjpy; tpUg;Gf; fhl;Ltu;.
 kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;> ftiy> rpdk;> md;G Nghd;w kdntOr;rp epiyikfis
ntspf;fhl;Ltu;.
 ju;f;f rpe;jidapy; Kidg;Gf; fhl;Ltu;.
 fUj;J epiyapy; rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy; fpilf;Fk;.
 gpN[N[apd; epak rpe;jidg; gUtj;Jf;F xj;j gUtkhFk;.
 mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpapd; cr;r epiyia miltu;.
 Kad;W jtWjy; vd;gjpypUe;J tpyfp gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; Mw;wiyg; ngWtu;.
 ftu;r;rpfs;> czu;r;rpfs;> tpOkpaq;fs; Nghd;w khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shtu;.
 ,J gpur;rpidfs; epuk;gpa Gay; tPRfpd;w xU gUtkhFk;.

37. gps;isfspd; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jp njhlu;ghf Kjd; Kjypy; Mokhd Muha;r;rpapy;

<Lgl;ltu; ahu;?
Rtpw;ru;yhe;J Njrj;jtuhd [Pd; gpahN[ vDk; cstpayhsu; Mthu;.

38. gpahN[apd; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilf; fUj;J ahJ?

Ez;kjpahdJ> tsu;r;rpailAk; capupf;Fk;> #oYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gu];gu njhlu;Gfs;
fhuzkhf nkd;NkYk; rpf;fyhd> nefpo;r;rpahd gy jpl;lq;fSf;F Clhff;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjhFk;.

39. gpahN[apd; nfhs;ifia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd vz;zf;fUf;fs;.

1. ];fk
P h (Schema) / jpusikg;Gf;fs;.
2. jOty; (Adaptation)
3. jd;kakhf;fy; (Assimilation)
4. jd;dikthf;fy; (Accommodation)
5. rkepiy (Equiblium)
6. xOq;fikg;G (Organization)

40. gpahN[apd; mwpthw;wy; tsu;r;rpg; gUtq;fs;.

1. Gydpaf;fg; gUtk; - gpwg;G njhlf;fk; 2 taJ tiu.
2. J}y rpe;jidf;F Kw;gl;l gUtk; - (2 taJ njhlf;fk; 7 taJ tiu)
3. J}y rpe;jidg; gUtk; - (7 taJ njhlf;fk; 11 taJ tiu)
4. epak rpe;jidg; gUtk; - (12 taJf;F Nky; 16 taJ tiu)

41. mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jp njhlu;ghf G&zupd; fUj;Jf;fs;.

xUtu; jdJ $oiyg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijNa G&zu; Jizahff;
nfhs;fpwhu;. ,q;F gpujpepjpj;Jtk; %d;W tifg;gl;lJ.
1. nray; rhu;e;j gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.
2. cUtQ; rhu;e;j gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.
3. FwpaPL rhu;e;j gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

 ,tu; mnkupf;f cstpayhsu;.

42. mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jp njhlu;ghf tpnfhl;];fpapd; fUj;Jf;fs;.

 ,tu; u\;a ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j cstpayhsu;.
 r%fr; #oypd;wp gps;isfspd; mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpNah nkhop tpUj;jpNah
Vw;gLtjpy;iy vd ,tu; $Wfpd;whu;.
 mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd fhuzp nkhop vd;fpwhu;.
 mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jp njhlu;ghf tpnfhl;];fp Kd;itj;j Kf;fpakhd fUj;J “mz;ik
tpUj;jp tyak;” (Zone of Proximal Development) vd;gjhFk;.
 ZPD vd;gJ gps;isfSf;F jdpNa ntw;wp nfhs;s Kbahj xU jpwdhFk;.
7
 vdpDk;> tsu;e;Njhu;> Mrpupau;fs;> jpwd;kpf;f gps;isfspd; JizAld; ,j; jpwid
mile;J nfhs;syhk;.
 ZPD njhlu;gpy; ZPD cau; vy;iy> ZPD jho; vy;iy vd;w ,U kl;lq;fisf;
fhl;bAs;shu;.
 ZPD jho; vy;iyapy; gps;isfs; RahjPdkhf gpur;rpidf;F jPu;T fhz;gu;.
 Nkyjpf cjtp fpilf;Fk; NghNj ZPD cau; vy;iyia miltu;.