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PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
 philos which means “love”
 sophia which means “wisdom”
 Thus, a philosopher is a “lover of wisdom”
•WISDOM connotes knowledge – knowledge directed to the fundamental and pervasive concerns of
existence.
•WISDOM in philosophy is in how you help yourself think more clearly, precisely and systematically.
•It is the investigation of normal and fundamental issues concerning matters, for example, presence,
information, values, reason, psyche and dialect.

PHILOSOPHER VIEW OF THE SELF

SOCRATES Self-knowledge/knowing
“An unexamined life is not worth living”

PLATO “The ideal self is the perfect self”

Man is soul and body
Reason should rule over physical desire - “VIRTUES”

ST. AUGUSTINE “Love and justice as the foundation of the individual self”
Only in God can man attain true and eternal happiness.

RENE DESCARTES “I think, therefore, I am”

“I doubt, therefore, I exist”
The self is a thinking entity.

JOHN LOCKE The self is like an empty space where every day experiences
Contribute to the pile of knowledge that is put forth on that empty space.

DAVID HUME “There is no self, only a collection of different temporary impressions or

All knowledge is derived from the senses.

IMMANUEL KANT “Respect for self”

“Every man is an end in himself”.

GILBERT RYLE “I act, therefore, I am.”

You are what you do.

PAUL & PATRICIA CHURCHLAND “The self is the brain”

To understand the self, one must study neuroscience.

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY “We are our bodies.”The physical body is what makes up the subjective
THE SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF
Self as Product of Modern Society “The only world we can be certain of is the one we
3 Interrelated Forces: experience.”
1. Urbanization * We have beliefs that cannot be proven to be
2. Money true, but are, nonetheless, necessary to sustain life.
3. Configuration of one’s social network They are convictions that satisfy the need for
stability.
URBANIZATION
 People moving from country to city living. POST-MODERN VIEW OF THE SELF
 Division of labor as a result of The post-modern person is a hybrid with not one
industrialization. core, permanent self, but many selves
 The consumption of products produces an
individuating and trivializing effect. SELF AS AN ARTISTIC CREATION
 We perform and create self out of things.  Imagination is a means of accessing truth.
 Artistic creation becomes the paradigm
MONEY mode in which people can come to self-
Effects of Money: definition
1. Increases individual freedom
2. It makes us experience our possessions less SELF CREATION AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
in terms of their intrinsic qualities  Collective identity refers to a person’s sense
3. Discourages intimate ties with people of belonging to a group.
4. Decreases moral constraints and increases  The identity of the group or the “collective”,
anomie becomes a part of the person’s individual
identity.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
 Web of group affiliation have changed
* Primary Group – based on ties of affection and MEAD’S SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SELF
personal loyalty
* Secondary Group – goal and utilitarian George Herbert Mead – is a social philosopher who
oriented, with a narrow range of activities discussed the connection between the self, the
Effects on the Individual: mind, and society. He believed that society has an
1. Unique personality effect on the self and mind, and the self and the
2. Anomie – confusion and meaninglessness mind have an effect on society.
3. Role conflict  Mead - considered to be the father of
4. Blasé attitude – boredom and lack of symbolic interactionism.
concern
The "Self"
Mead believed that the "self" is an entity that helps
individuals grow and develop to be socially
productive citizens.
According to Mead, the "self" only exists in humans
SELF A NECESSARY FICTION and not animals because it has to be developed
(Friedrich Nietzsche) through social activity and social relationships.
  the "self" is a social process. group is engaged, does he develop a complete
self."
Child Development
Mead believed that there are two stages to the
Society
development of the self in children, the play stage
 Mead saw that society was a very crucial
and the game stage.
component of the mind.
1. Play Stage - In this stage, children take on
 He believed that individuals carry society
the roles of others as well as the attitudes
around with them in their minds, and this
of particular individuals. However, this
regulates how they behave
"self" is limited because children are only
 The regulation, or habits and common
able to take on roles of others; they cannot
responses of society, are learned through
yet view their own "selves."
education.
2. Game Stage - This is a very important stage "The whole community acts toward the
for the development of the self because it individual under certain circumstances in an
makes the individual take on the roles of identical way... there is an identical response
everyone. By doing this, it teaches the on the part of the whole community under
individual to function in an organized group these conditions. We call that the formation of
and to determine what their role, or the institution."
contribution to the group, will be as they
are given this time to figure out what role Four ideas about how the self develops:
suits them best. As well, organization and
1. The Self Develops Solely Through Social
personality emerge while at this stage.
Experience.

“I” and “Me” 2. Social Experience consists of the exchange

 The “me” is the social self and the “I” is the of symbols. Mead emphasized the
response to the “me” particularly human use of language and
 The “I” is the response of an individual to other symbols to convey meaning.
the attitudes of other.
3. Knowing others’ intentions requires
 the “me” is the organized set of attitudes of
imagining the situation from their
others which an individual assumes.
perspectives. Mead believed that social
Generalized others experience depends on our seeing
 The Generalized Other is the attitude of the ourselves as others do, or, as he coined it,
entire community “taking the role of the other.”
 This allows for abstract thinking and
4. Understanding the role of the other results
objectivity.
in Self-Awareness.
"Only in so far as he takes the attitudes of the
organized social group to which he belongs
toward the organized, co-operative social
activity or set of such activities in which that
The Anthropological Conceptualization of Three-phased rite of passage:
the Self: The Self as Embedded in Culture  Separation- people detach from their
former identity to another.
• For example, in a wedding, the bride walking
Anthropology - holds a holistic view of human
down the aisle to be “given away” by the
nature. It is concerned with how cultural and
parents to the groom implies the separation
biological processes interact to shape the self.
from one’s family to become part of
 Liminality (transition)- a person transitions
Anthropology considered an experience as an
from one identity to another.
interplay of
-For example, the wedding ceremony itself is
 “nature” referring to genetic inheritance
the process of transition of the bride and
which sets the individual’s potentials
groom from singlehood to married life.
 “nurture” which refers to sociocultural
 Incorporation- the change in one’s status is
environment
officially incorporated.
-For example, the wedding reception and
Two ways of Anthropological perspective
parties that celebrate the wedding serve as the
 Egocentric - Each person is defined as a
markers that officially recognize the bride and
replica of all humanity but capable of acting
groom’s change towards being husband and
independently from others.
wife.
 Sociocentric - the self is viewed as
dependent on the situation or social setting.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE

 In egocentric view, the self is viewed as
autonomous and distinct individual with SELF
inherent characteristics.
 the Americans are egocentric. They believe Three major perspectives
that they should be assertive and A. Psychodynamic
independent -Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and
therapy
 Self-identification may be attained by: -original psychodynamic theory and
kinship, family membership, gender, age, inspired psychologists
language, religion, ethnicity, personal Jung and Erikson - develop their own
appearance, and socioeconomic status psychodynamic theories.
 In other societies, religious affiliation is an Freud- the founder of psychoanalysis
important marker of group identity.
 In Mindanao, being a Christian or a Muslim Three main methods of accessing the unconscious
is possibly the most important defining mind :
feature of social identity - free association
-dream analysis
-slips of the tongue.

Unconscious mind consisted of three components:

- id ,ego, and superego
  id contains two main instincts: unacceptable. You can ‘solve’ the problem by
- “Eros” -which is the life instinct, which believing that they hate you.
involves self-preservation and sex which is 4. Displacement is the redirection of an impulse
fuelled by the “libido” energy force. (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute
-“Thanatos”- is the death instinct, whose target. The target can be a person or an object that
energies, because they are less powerful can serve as a symbolic substitute.
than those of “Eros” are channeled away Example, someone who is frustrated by his or her
from ourselves and into aggression towards superiors may go home and kick the dog or beat up
others. a family member
5. Regression is a defense mechanism whereby the
ID (child) ego reverts to an earlier stage of development
1. natural child usually in response to stressful situations.
2. adapted child Example, when we are troubled or frightened, our
EGO (Adult) behaviors often become more childish or primitive.
SUPEREGO (Parent) A child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet
-nurturing parent the bed when they need to spend some time in the
-punishing parent hospital
6. Sublimation is similar to displacement, but takes
Defense Mechanisms are psychological strategies place when we manage to displace our
that are unconsciously used to protect a person unacceptable emotions into behaviors which are
from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or constructive and socially acceptable, rather than
feelings. destructive activities.
1. Denial is a refusal to accept reality, thus Example, many great artists and musicians have
blocking external events from awareness. If a had unhappy lives and have used the medium of
situation is just too much to handle, the person art of music to express themselves.
may respond by refusing to perceive it or by 7.Rationalization is a defense mechanism involving
denying that it exists. a cognitive distortion of “the facts” to make an
Example, a student may refuse to recognize their event or an impulse less threatening. We do it
obvious lack of preparedness for an exam often enough on a fairly conscious level when we
2. Repression is an unconscious defense provide ourselves with excuses.
mechanism employed by the ego to keep Example, when a person finds a situation difficult
disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming to accept, they will make up a logical reason why it
conscious. has happened.
Example, in the oedipus complex, aggressive For example, a person may explain a natural
thoughts about the same sex parents are repressed disaster as “God’s will”. Sourgraping and sweet
and pushed down into the unconscious lemon are also examples of rationalization
3. Projection is a psychological defense mechanism 8. Reaction Formation is a psychological defense
in which an individual attributes unwanted mechanism in which a person goes beyond denial
thoughts, feelings and motives onto another and behaves in the opposite way to which he or
person she thinks or feels. Example, men who are
Example, you might hate someone, but your prejudiced against homosexuals are making a
superego tells you that such hatred is defense against their own homosexual feelings by
adopting a harsh anti-homosexual attitude which 3. Ideal self – person who we would like to
helps convince them of their heterosexuality be. Consists of our goal, ambitions in life
9. Introjection, sometimes called identification,
and is dynamic
involves taking into your own personality
characteristics of someone else, because doing so
solves some emotional difficulty. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Example, a child who is left alone frequently, may 1. Self-actualization- desire to become the
in some way try to become “mom” in order to most that can be
lessen his or her fears. You can sometimes catch 2. Esteem- respect, self-esteem, status,
them telling their dolls or animals not to be afraid
recognition, strength,freedom
B. Behaviorist Perspective 3. Love and Belonging- friendship, intimacy,
Two main processes whereby people learn from family, sense of connection
their environment: 4. Safety needs- personal security,
Classical conditioning employment, resources,health, property
-(studied by the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.) 5. Physiological needs- air, water, food,
-learning by association
shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

Operant conditioning
- learning from the consequences of behavior.
-Proposed by B.F Skinner

C. Humanistic Perspective
Humanistic psychology is a psychological
perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole
person (know as holism)

Two of the most influential and enduring theories

in humanistic psychology that emerged in the
1950s and 1960s
-Carl Rogers
-Abraham Maslow.

The self-concept includes three

components
1. Self-worth or self-esteem – what we
think about ourselves
2. Self-image – how we see ourselves
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY (PPT) Philippine Archipelago is bounded by
-Philippine Sea (east)
History (historia, meaning "inquiry) -Celebes Sea (south)
knowledge acquired by investigation") is -Sulu Sea (southwest)
the study of the past, -South china Sea (west&north)
particularly how it relates to humans.
1. Tropical climate
Purpose of History 2. Asia
-History helps us understand people and 3.
societies 4. Manila –Capital of the Philippines
-History helps us understand change and 5. Peso- Currency
how the 6. Mt. Apo- Highest Mountain
society we live in came to be 7. Sierra Madre- Longest Mountain Range
8. Cagayan River- Longest river
GENERAL KINDS OF HISTORICAL 9. Central Luzon- Rice bowl of the
SOURCES Philippines
 PRIMARY SOURCES 10. Tarsier- Smallest monkey
Original documents 11. - Smallest Fish
Firsthand is more reliable 12. Pearl of Lao-Tzu - Largest Pearl
Exmples: 13. Rafflesia - Largest Flower
Diaries, personal letters, audio recordings, 14. 17 - How many regions
birth certificate, autobiographies, 15. Filipino - Language
Government Documents 16. Republic - Type of Government
 SECONDARY SOURCES 17. Mayon Volcano –Perfect cone volcano
Created by someone who did not EARLY SETTLERS
experience first-hand or participate in the  Negrito
events or conditions you’re searching  Indonesian
Scholarly books or articles  Malay
Examples:
Textbook, reference book, bibliographies, THE NEGRITO
-The First People believed to settled in the
 Witten Sources Philippines were the Negritos.
 Non-written -Negritos have sort in height, thick lips, flat
nose, kinky hair, black complexion.
THE INDONESIAN
-The second group of settlers who arrived in the
Philippines were the Indonesian. They were 2
groups
 First Group
-physically tall, slender, with light skin. They had
sharp thin faces, high aquiline nose, thin lips, broad
forehead and deep set eyes.
 Second Group
-darker in complexion, shorter and bulkier in
physique and had set jaws, large rectangular faces,
large thick nostrils and large round eyes.

THE MALAYS
The third group who arrived in the Philippines were
the Malays, who arrived by boat known as
BALANGAY. Physically the Malays were of medium
height, with fair complexion, flat nose and straight
hair.
 SCHEDULED MIDTERM EXAMINATION 15, 16, 21

Descriptive Title Time Day

Readings in the Phil History 8:00-9:00 WEDNESDAY
The Contemporary World 9:10-10:10 WEDNESDAY
Great Books 10:20-11:20 WEDNESDAY
The Life and Works of Rizal 8:00-9:00 THURSDAY
The Child & Adolescent Learner 9:10-10:10 THURSDAY
Gender & Society 10:20-11:20 THURSDAY
Understanding the Self 8:00-9:00 TUESDAY
PATHFIT 9:10-10:10 TUESDAY
NSTP AS SCHEDULE