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Electromagnetic Finite Element Analysis of Electrical Steels Combinations in

Lamination Core Steps of Single-Phase Distribution Transformers

Conference Paper · November 2017

DOI: 10.1109/ROPEC.2017.8261585

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 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2017). Ixtapa, Mexico

Electromagnetic Finite Element Analysis of

Electrical Steels Combinations in Lamination
Core Steps of Single-Phase Distribution
Transformers
Salvador Magdaleno-Adame Themistoklis D. Kefalas Sigridt García-Martínez Carlos Perez-Rojas
Magnetic Engineering Hellenic Electricity Distribution Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering
Department Network Operator HEDNO S.A. Department Department
Oersted Technology Athens, 10434, Greece U.M.S.N.H. U.M.S.N.H.
Oregon, 97055, USA t.kefalas@deddie.gr Morelia, 58030, Mexico Morelia, 58030, Mexico
smagdalenoa@hotmail.com sigridt@umich.mx cprojas@umich.mx

Abstract—This paper presents an electromagnetic finite temperature, manufacturing costs, and material costs [2]-[4].
element (FE) analysis of combinations of electrical steels in the Other authors have analyzed combinations of GOESs in
lamination core steps of a real 6.3 MVA single-phase distribution magnetic wound cores of distribution transformers to reduce
transformer. The magnetic core of this transformer has a losses [5]-[10]. Other authors have combined GOESs and non-
cruciform cross-section with lamination core steps. Two electrical grain oriented electrical steels (NGOESs) in instrument
steels are combined in the lamination core steps of transformer: a transformers, and other authors have combined GOESs and
convectional grain oriented electrical steel (M-5) and laser- some high permeability alloys in toroidal magnetic cores for
scribed electrical steel (23ZDKH90). 3-D FE simulations are current transformers to reduce material costs and to improve
performed to calculate the core losses (no-load losses) without
their measurement properties [11]-[15]. Finally, some authors
and with combinations of electrical steels. B-H curves and iron
loss curves of electrical steels are taken into account in the
have combined GOESs and amorphous steels in magnetic
numerical simulations. The core loss calculated in FE simulation cores of distribution transformers to reduce losses and material
without combination of steels is compared with the core loss costs [16].
measured in no-load laboratory tests. Numerical results show Furthermore, after reviewing the existing literature, the
that the combination of electrical steels in the lamination core authors note that there is not information related with
steps can reduce 5% the core losses in single-phase distribution combinations of GOESs in the lamination core steps of
transformers with stacked magnetic cores. Finally, material costs
distribution transformers. J.C. Granfield in 1949 proposed to
are estimated for the steel combinations in the magnetic core of
combine GOESs and NGOESs in lamination core steps in
transformer.
stacked cores of transformers, and reactors, see Fig. 1 [1]. He
Keywords—core loss; distribution transformer; electrical steel; proposed to use GOES laminations in the internal core steps
no-load loss; finite element; lamination core step and NGOES laminations in the outer core steps to reduce
power losses [1]. In this paper the idea of J.C. Granfield is
utilized and analyzed but considering only GOESs with
I. INTRODUCTION different magnetization and iron loss (W/kg) properties and
The combinations of electrical steels in magnetic cores of with different lamination thickness in the core steps of a real
transformers are employed by manufacturers to reduce losses, distribution transformer.
temperature, energy, and costs [1]-[16]. Actually in USA,
Mexico, Greece, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Poland some This paper presents a magnetic flux and core loss numerical
transformer companies are combining electrical steels and high analysis of combinations of electrical steels in a magnetic core
permeability alloys in magnetic cores of transformers. of a real 6.3 MVA single-phase distribution transformer. The
magnetic core of this transformer has a cruciform cross-
Furthermore, in the last twenty years, the combinations of section. A convectional GOES (M-5) and a laser-scribed
electrical steels and ferromagnetic materials have been studied electrical steel (LSES) (23ZDKH90) are combined in the
and applied in instrument, power, and distribution transformers lamination core steps of transformer. 3-D finite element (FE)
and new magnetic core topologies have been proposed to simulations are performed to compute the core losses and
combine electrical steels in distribution and power transformers magnetic flux distributions in the transformer magnetic core
[2]-[16]. Some authors have analyzed the combination of grain with and without combinations of electrical steels.
oriented electrical steels (GOESs) in magnetic cores of Furthermore, the core loss of transformer without combinations
distribution and power transformers to reduce core losses, of electrical steels is measured in laboratory and compared

978-1-5386-0819-7/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2017). Ixtapa, Mexico

with FE simulation. With this comparison, authors validate the

FE simulations in this paper. The magnetization properties and TABLE I.
iron loss properties of electrical steels are taken into account in TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
the nonlinear FE simulations. No. phases 1
Frequency 50 Hz
Impedance 7.83%
II. 3-D FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS
Transformer rating 6.3 MVA
The distribution transformer is modeled in three dimensions High voltage (HV) winding 10.5 kV
(3-D). ANSYS Maxwell software is utilized to compute the Low voltage (LV) winding 710 V
losses in the magnetic core with and without combination of
electrical steels [17].
A quasi-static magnetic vector potential formulation is
utilized to solve 3-D eddy current problems given by:
§1 ·
∇ × ¨ (∇× A) ¸ = J e − jωσ A (1)
©μ ¹
where μ is the permeability (H/m), A is the magnetic vector
potential (Wb/m), Je is the current density (A/m2), Ȧ is the
angular frequency (rad/s), and ı is the electrical conductivity
(S/m). The finite element method (FEM) is utilized to solve
(1) in the domain of transformer model.
A. Exciting Windings Modeling
For 6.3 MVA single-phase distribution transformer only the
low voltage (LV) winding is used to magnetize the core of
transformer, the high voltage (HV) winding is omitted in order Fig. 1. 3-D model of magnetic core of 6.3 MVA distribution transformer.
to provide open circuit test conditions. The exciting winding is
made of aluminum with a relative permeability of 1 and an
electrical conductivity of 3.8×107 S/m. The excitation winding
has 18 turns. The power losses produced in the excitation
winding are omitted. Fig. 1 shows the 3-D distribution
transformer model and Table I shows the technical
specifications of distribution transformer.
B. Magnetic Core Modeling
The original and real magnetic core of the transformer is
built using the step-lap overlap technique. In the 3-D FE
simulations the ‘45°’ overlap core joints are not taken into
account in this paper. To reduce the computational complexity
inter-laminar layers are avoided and only the solid lamination
steps are considered in the FE simulations.
The real magnetic core is made of laminations of M-5
electrical steel [18]. This is a convectional GOES utilized in
the manufacturing process of distribution transformers. The Fig. 2. View of cruciform cross-section and lamination core steps of magnetic
core of distribution transformer.
M-5 steel laminations have a thickness of 0.30 mm, a mass
density of 7650 kg/m3, and an electrical conductivity of
The experimental B-H curve and the specific iron loss curve
1.96×106 S/m. Furthermore, 23ZDKH90 steel is a GOES
of M-5 and 23ZDKH90 steel at 50 Hz are used in the FE
treated using the laser scribing method [19], [20]. The laser
simulations [18], [19]. These curves are obtained from the
scribing process refines the magnetic domains, increases the
steel manufacturers using an Epstein frame. Fig. 3 shows the
magnetic permeability, and reduces the losses in the steel [20].
specific iron loss curves for M-5 and 23ZDKH90 steel at 50
The 23ZDKH90 steel laminations have a thickness of 0.23
Hz. The magnetic core of distribution transformer is designed
mm, a mass density of 7650 kg/m3, and an electrical
to operate at 1.63 T.
conductivity of 2×106 S/m [19]. In the distribution
transformer, the electrical steels M-5 and 23ZDKH90 are
combined in the lamination core steps of transformer. Fig. 2
shows a view of the lamination core steps of the cruciform
cross-section of distribution transformer.
 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2017). Ixtapa, Mexico

D. Finite Element Mesh of Transformer

A total of 113,000 finite elements are used in the
transformer model. Fig. 4 shows the FE mesh of the magnetic
core of the distribution transformer.
E. Nonlinear Time-Harmonic Analyses
Nonlinear time-harmonic analyses are carried out to
compute the core losses in the transformer core. An exciting
current Iexc = 8.3 A at 50 Hz is injected in the LV winding to
magnetize the magnetic core. The excitation current of this
transformer is measured in laboratory during the no-load test
and corresponds to 0.1% of the nominal current of
Fig. 3. Experimental specific iron loss curves for M-5 and 23ZDKH90 steel transformer.
at 50 Hz [18], [19].
F. Core Losses in Magnetic Core without Combination of
Electrical Steels
C. Core Losses in Distribution Transformer
Fig. 5 shows the magnetic flux density distributions for core
The core losses in the distribution transformer are computed
of distribution transformer without combinations of electrical
by ANSYS Maxwell software utilizing a numerical dynamic steels.
core loss model (DCLM) [21]. Utilizing this core loss
numerical model, one avoids the use of very small finite Table III shows the core loss computed and measured for
elements in the magnetic core models of transformers or distribution transformer without combinations of electrical
electrical machines [21]. A hysteresis loss coefficient (kh) and steels. A difference of 3.48% is calculated between the core
an eddy current loss coefficient (kc) are used to compute the loss calculated in FE simulation and the core loss measured in
total core losses in magnetic cores of transformers. DCLM no-load test.
uses the magnetic field distributions and the loss coefficients
to compute the losses in the core of distribution transformer
with and without combinations of steels. DCLM utilizes
equivalent elliptical loops to simulate the hysteresis cycles in
the core of transformer and electrical machines [21]. Utilizing
these hysteresis loops ANSYS Maxwell can calculate the
hysteresis losses in the core of distribution transformer [21].
Furthermore, kc coefficient is given by [21]:

π 2σ s d s2
kc = (2)
6
where ds is the thickness of electrical steel laminations and ıs
is the electrical conductivity of electrical steel laminations.
The loss coefficients kh and kc for electrical steels in the
Fig. 4. Finite element mesh of distribution transformer.
magnetic core of the transformer are computed by ANSYS
Maxwell software utilizing a regression method, the specific
iron loss curves of electrical steels, and properties of electrical
steels.
Table II shows the hysteresis and eddy loss coefficients for
the M-5 and 23ZDKH90 steels at 50 Hz computed by ANSYS
Maxwell software.

TABLE II.
LOSS COEFFICIENTS UTILIZED TO COMPUTE CORE LOSSES IN MAGNETIC
CORE OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
Loss M-5 23ZDKH90
Coefficient (W/m3) (W/m3)
kh 51.92 43.26
kc 0.29 0.17

Fig. 5. Magnetic flux density distribution in magnetic core of transformer with

M-5 steel.
 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2017). Ixtapa, Mexico

TABLE III. of 1.805 T is calculated in the combined core in the core steps
CORE LOSS IN MAGNETIC CORE WITHOUT ELECTRICAL STEEL with 23ZDKH90 steel.
COMBINATIONS IN DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
Core Loss Core Loss Loss TABLE IV.
(FE analysis) (Measured) difference CORE LOSSES AND LOSS DIFFERENCE OF STEEL COMBINATIONS
Total core
4.15 kW 4.30 kW 3.48% Steel Core Loss Loss
loss
Combination (kW) difference
A1 4.15 −
A2 4.10 1.20%
G. Core Losses in Magnetic Core with Combinations of A3 4.03 2.89%
A4 3.95 4.82%
Electrical Steels
The different combinations of electrical steels in lamination
core steps of distribution transformer are shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 7. Magnetic flux density distributions in lamination core steps.

Fig. 6. Electrical steel combinations in lamination core steps of transformer.

The larger volume of steel in the main and central core steps
contributes higher amount of losses. Hence, LSES is preferred
in the central steps and GOES is applied on the outer steps.
Figs. 7 and 8 show the magnetic flux density and core loss
distributions in the core steps of the distribution transformer for
the different combinations of steels. From these figures one
can see that the magnetic flux and loss distributions change
when one increases the amount of LSES in the core steps. The
increment of LSES in the inner core steps and the reduction of
GOES in the outer steps produce a reluctance change in the
magnetic core. One part of the magnetic flux prefers to
circulate in the inner core steps where the permeability is high
and the losses (W/kg) are smaller and another part of the
magnetic flux is forced to circulate in the outer core steps
where the permeability is lower and the losses (W/kg) are a
little higher. This imbalance of flux and losses produces a
reduction of the total core loss in the magnetic core of
distribution transformer. Fig. 8. Volumetric core loss distributions (W/m3) in lamination core steps.
Table IV shows the core losses calculated for the steel
combinations in the magnetic core of distribution transformer.
This table includes the loss difference between the steel III. CORE MATERIAL COST FOR STEELS COMBINATIONS
combinations in magnetic core and the magnetic core without Actually, LSESs are more expensive than convectional
steel combinations. The authors calculated the average GOESs. The average cost of GOESs is $2.6 USD/kg and the
magnetic flux density (Bavg) in the cruciform cross-section for average cost of LSESs is 3.6 USD/kg. Table V shows the
each combination of steels. A value Bavg = 1.72 T is calculated material costs for the different steel combinations made in the
for the steel combinations. Moreover, a maximum flux density core of transformer. From this table, one can see that the total
 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2017). Ixtapa, Mexico

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model data and for permitting publication of this work.

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