Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

A. Course Code / Title : FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

B. Module Number : Module 2 – Differential and Profile Leveling

C. Description : This module looks into the definition and theorems relating to
fundamentals of surveying; properties and formula
concerning to differential and profile leveling.

D. Objectives : At the end of these module, the learner should be able to:
1. Learn the significance fundamentals of surveying and
other important definitions.
2. Have a deeper understanding about theorems, properties,
formula relating to differential and profile leveling.
3. Solve problems relating to differential and profile leveling.

E. Contents :

LEVELLING

Levelling is the process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine the
elevation of points or their difference in elevation.

A. Differential Leveling

A differential levelling is the process of determining the difference in elevation between two
or more points some distance apart. It requires a series of setups of instruments along a
general route and for each set up a rod reading back to the point of known elevation and
forward to the point of unknown elevation are taken.

Definition of Terms

1. Bench Mark (BM) – a bench mark is a fixed point of reference whose elevation is either
known or assumed they may be permanent of temporary.
2. Back Sight (BS) – a back sight is a reading taken on a rod a point of known or assumed
elevation. It is a measure of the vertical distances from the established line of sight to the
point of sighted, and is always the first and reading taken after the instruments has been
set up and leveled.
Back sights are frequently referred to as (+S) sight since they are added to the
elevation of the points being sighted to determine the height of instrument.
3. Fore Sight (FS) – a reading taken on a rod held on a point whose elevation is to be
determined is called foresight. It is represented on a vertical distance from the line of
sight of the instrument to the point to be observed. Since the reading of the foresight is
subtracted from the height of the instrument to determined the elevation of the point on
which the rod is held a foresight is usually referred to as minus (- S) sight.

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 4. Back Sight Distance (BSD) – the back sight distance is measured from the center of the
instrument to the rod on which the back sight is taken.
5. Turning Point (TP) – a turning point is an intervening point between two bench marks
upon which a point foresight and backsight rod reading are taken to enable a leveling
operation to continue from a new instrument position.
6. Fore Sight Distance (FSD) – the horizontal distance from the center of the instrument to
the rod which a foresight is taken.
7. Height of Instrument (HI) – the height of the instrument is the elevation of the line of sight
of an instrument above or below a selected reference datum.

Types of Levels

There are various types of instruments used in levelling work, the basic instrument used
however, is the spirit level. Other instruments employed in levelling work include the hand
level, alidade, transit, theodolite, aneroid barometer, and EDM instruments. Although these
instruments may differ somewhat in design, each can be used to established a horizontal line
of sight by means of a telescope fitted with a set of cross hairs and a level bubble.

1. Dumpy Level – is the most widely used direct leveling instrument. It has a long telescope
which is rigidly attached to the level bar. The telescope, which can be rotated through 360
degrees, fixes the direction of the line of sight.
2. Wye Level – is very identical to the dumpy level. The only distinct difference between
these two instruments is in the manner by which their telescopes are attached to the
supporting level bar. The wye level has a detachable telescope which rests in supports
called wyes.
3. Builder’s Level – this instrument is used primarily in the different phases of building
construction where a high degree of precision is not a primary requisite. Engineers,
architects, and builders use it in the setting of concrete forms, batter boards, and in
establishing grades for earthwork.
4. Automatic Level – self leveling features are incorporated in automatic levels. This type of
level has become popular for conventional leveling work because of the ease and speed
of their operation. It does not use a level vial and its ability to level itself depends upon
the action of a complex pendulum-and-prism device.
5. Tilting Levels – this type of leveling instrument can be tilted or rotated about its
horizontal axis. Bull’s eye level is employed for its quick and approximate leveling. The
tilting knob is used to rotate the telescope into a correct horizontal position.
6. Geodetic Level – the geodetic level is basically another type of tilting level. Most of its
metal parts are made of invar to reduce the effects of temperature. Geodetic levels are
employed n first-order leveling work where extreme precision is an important
requirement.
7. Transit as a Level – the engineer’s transit has always been referred to as the universal
surveying instrument” because of its variety of uses. There is no doubt that it can also be
used for leveling work.
8. Laser Level – a new innovation introduced to surveying operations is the use of lasers. A
laser system is a separate unit equipped with a portable power supply and may be a
helium-neon laser or gas laser. They are usually mounted or attached to conventional
surveying instruments such as levels, transits, and theodolites.
9. Hand Level – is a hand held instrument used on surveys involving short sights and where
a low order of accuracy is sufficient. It has been proven to be useful in reconnaissance

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 surveys, in cross sectioning to obtain additional rod readings on sloping ground, and in
taping to determine if the tape is held horizontally during measurement.

Arm and Hand Signals

An arm and hand signal is any gesture or motion that conveys information or gives a
command, direction or warning. The use of hand signals essential in surveying since it is
usually difficult or impossible at times to communicate verbally in the field due to distance,
wind conditions, and surrounding noise. In many instances it is necessary or practical to use
signals rather than call out directions since much of the work involves long sights where
calling out to one another is impractical. It is in such instance that arm and hand signals allow
the survey party members to better communicate with each other.

1. Move Right or Left – the instrument uses this signal to direct the rodman to move either
to the left or to the right. The desired direction of the movement is pointed out by the
forefinger.
2. Give a Sight – the right or left hand is raised up and is held for a moment in a vertical
position.
3. All Right – the levelman extends both arms horizontally and moves them up or down.
When arms are brought still and horizontal it is meant to transit a command to “hold
steady”.
4. This is a Point – the rodman raises the rod and holds it in a horizontal position over his
head. It could also be taken to mean, “Give me a Line”.
5. Move Back – the instrument man uses this signal to direct the rodman to move back
farther. He transits the command by raising his right hand with palm facing toward the
rodman and then moving it into a horizontal position with his palm faced down.
6. Pick up the Instruments – when a new set up of the level is desired, the chief of the party
signals is the instrument man by first extending both arms downward then raising them
up quickly as though an object is being lifted.
7. Raise (or Lower) Target – the instrument man motions to the rodman by either raising
his arm or above his shoulder to raise the rod, or by dropping his arm below his waist to
lower the target. When the raised or lowered target approaches the desired setting, the
arm is brought back to a horizontal position.
8. Come In – the chief of party or the instrument man uses this signal to direct any member
of the survey party to come in or assemble. It is executed by moving the arm into a circular
motion starting from below the waist to the front the rod.
9. Plumb the Rod – the hand is extended vertically above the head and moved slowly in the
direction it is desired to plumb the rod.
10. Establish a Turning Point – to establish a turning point, the arm is swung slowly in a circle
above the head.
11. This is a Turning Point – to identify the turning point, the leveling rod (or range pole) is
raised overhead in a horizontal position. It is then lowered into a vertical position and
held on the point.
12. Wave the Rod – the instrument man holds his arm above his head and continuously waves
it back and forth.
13. Face the Rod – this is a signal given out by the instrument man to direct the rodman to
face the rod towards the line of sight. It is executed by raising both arms above the head
and twisting both hands back and forth.

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 14. Reverse the Rod – the command to reverse the rod is transmitted to the rodman by
extending the arms above the head slowly rotating both arms above the head and slowly
rotating both arms in a circular motion towards one side of the body.
15. Move Forward – from a position where both arms are extended horizontally, the arms
slowly bent on the elbows and the hands raised into a vertical position. This signal is used
to direct the rodman to move forward.
16. Use the Long Rod – to give the signal to use the long rod, the instrument man extends both
arms downward then slowly raises it over his head.

Sample Problem

1. Compute the differential level note shown below and perform the customary arithmetic
check. Level Notes from BM1 to BM4:

STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 127.133m
TP1 1.116 1.886
TP2 1.228 1.527
BM2 1.189 2.246
BM3 1.070 2.017
TP3 1.831 2.656
BM4 2.765
SUM

Solution:

Solve for the Height of Instruments (HI) and Elevations (ELEV) using the formula:
𝐻𝐼𝑛 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝑛 + 𝐵𝑆𝑛
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝑛 = 𝐻𝐼𝑛 – 𝐹𝑆𝑛

𝐻𝐼𝐵𝑀1−𝑇𝑃1 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝐵𝑀1 + 𝐵𝑆𝐵𝑀1

𝐻𝐼𝐵𝑀1−𝑇𝑃1 = 127.133 𝑚 + 1.256 𝑚
𝐻𝐼𝐵𝑀1−𝑇𝑃1 = 128.389 𝑚

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑇𝑃1 = 𝐻𝐼𝐵𝑀1−𝑇𝑃1 – 𝐹𝑆𝑇𝑃1

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑇𝑃1 = 128.389 𝑚 – 1.886
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑇𝑃1 = 126.503 𝑚

STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 127.133m
128.389
TP1 1.116 1.886 126.503
127.619
TP2 1.228 1.527 126.092
127.32
BM2 1.189 2.246 125.074
126.263

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 BM3 1.070 2.017 124.246
125.316
TP3 1.831 2.656 122.66
124.491
BM4 2.765 121.726
SUM

Arithmetic Check:

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝐵𝑀1 + ∑ 𝐵𝑆 − ∑ 𝐹𝑆 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝐵𝑀4
127.133m + 7.690 𝑚 − 13.097𝑚 = 121.726 m
𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 𝐦 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 𝐦

2. A line of level 6km long is run between BM1 and BM2 with an average BS and FS distance
of 100m. The average BS reading is 3.4m and every time it is taken the rod is inclined to
side from vertical by 4°, what would be the correct elevation of BM 2 if the recorded is
96.47m.

Step 1: Compute the total number of instrument set-up

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝑀1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑀2

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑆 + 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐹𝑆
6000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 =
100 + 100
6000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 = = 30set ups
200

Step 2: Solve for the error in reading per set-up

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 = 𝐵𝑆 𝑟𝑑𝑔 − 𝐵𝑆𝑐

𝐵𝑆𝑐 = (3.4𝑚)(cos 4𝑜 ) = 3.392𝑚
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 = 3.4 − 3.392 = 0.0083𝑚

Step 3: Solve for the total error

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑡

− 𝑢𝑝𝑠) 𝑥 (𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = (30) 𝑥 (. 0083) = 0.249m

Step 4: Solve for the corrected elevation of BM2

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑀2 = (𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑀2 ) − (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑀2 = (96.47𝑚) − (. 249𝑚)
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 𝒂𝒕 𝑩𝑴𝟐 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝒎

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 3. A line of level was run from BM1 to BM2 covering a route at every turning point the rod
settles about 0.004m what is the correct elevation of BM2 if the computed value is
61.38m? approximately the covering route is 5km from BM 1- BM2 and average distance
set-up is 250m.

Assumption: The error per set-up is 0.004m regardless what the values of h1 and h2 are.

Given:
Let,
𝐷 = 𝐵𝑀1 − 𝐵𝑀2 = 5000𝑚
𝑑 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 = 250𝑚
𝑒 = 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 = .004𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑀2 = 61.38𝑚

Required:

𝐸 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝
Correct elevation of BM2 =?

Solution:

Step 1: Solve for n

𝐷 5000
𝑛= = − 1 = 19
𝑑 250

Step 2: Solve for E

𝐸 = (𝑛)𝑥(𝑒) = (19) 𝑥 (0.004) = 0.076m

Step 3: Solve for the correct elevation of BM2

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑀2 = (𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑀2 ) − (𝐸)

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑀2 = 61.38𝑚 − (0.076𝑚) = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝒎

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
A. Peg Method of Adjustment

First Set Up Second Set Up

Where:
a – the rod reading at A in the 1st set up
b – the rod reading at B in the 1st set up
c – the rod reading at A in the 2nd set up
d – the rod reading at B in the 2nd set up
x – difference in level of ground (average error)

(𝑏 − 𝑎) + (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝑋=
2

From 2nd set up

𝐶 + 𝑋 ≠ 𝑑 (𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡)

𝑒 = 𝑑 − 𝐶 − 𝑋 (𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)

𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑐 + 𝑒

B. Alternative Method

𝑋 = (𝑏 − 𝑎)
From the 2nd set up

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 𝐶 + 𝑋 ≠ 𝑑 (𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡)

𝑒 = 𝑑 − 𝐶 − 𝑋 (𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)

𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑐 + 𝑒
Note:
 The lower the rod reading, the higher the level of ground
 If the instrument is set-up midway between 2 points then the difference in level should be
the average error.

Sample Problems:

1. In the two peg-test method of a dumpy level the following observations were taken.
Instrument Instrument
set up near A set up near B
Rod reading on A 1.505 m 0.938 m
Rod reading on B 2.054 m 1.449 m
a. What is the different in elevation between A and B?
b. If the line of sight is not in adjustment, determine the correct rod reading on A with the
instrument still set up at B.
c. Determine the error in the line of sight.

Solution:

Assume upward error

a. At instrument near A

(𝑏 − 𝑎) + (𝑑 − 𝑐)
x=
2

(2.054 − 1.505) + (1.449 − 0.938)

x=
2

𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎
At setup no. 1
1.505 + 𝑥 = 2.054 − 𝑒
1.505 + 0.53 = 2.054 − 𝑒
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒎

b. At instrument near B

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 Alt. solution at setup no. 2
0.938 + 𝑥 = 1.449 + 𝑒
0.938 + 0.53 = 1.449 + 𝑒
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒎
At setup no. 2 – correct reading at A
𝐴 = 0.938 − 0.019
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗 𝒎

2. In a two peg test using model wild NA2 dumpy level, the following observations were taken
Instrument Instrument at
at C D
Rod reading on A 1.103m 0.568m
Rod reading on B 0.991m 0.289m
Point C is equidistant from A and B and D is 12m. from A and 72m from B.
a. What is the difference in elevation between A and B?
b. With the level in the same position at D, to what rod reading on B should the line of sight
be adjusted.
c. What is the corresponding rod reading on A for a horizontal line of sight with instrument
still at D?

Solution:

Assume downward error

 At instrument near C
 At instrument near A

At setup no. 1
1.103 + 𝑒 = 𝑥 + 0.991 + 𝑒
𝑥 = 0.112 𝑚
At setup no 2.
e = error for every 12 m

By similar triangles
12 72
=
𝑒 𝑦

y = 6e

B. At instrument near B

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 Therefore,
0.568 + 𝑒 = 𝑥 + 0.289 + 6𝑒
0.568 + 𝑒 = 0.112 + 0.289 + 6𝑒

5𝑒 = 0.167
𝑒 = 0.0334 𝑚 (𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝐴)

6𝑒 = 6(0.0334)
𝑒 = 0.2004 𝑚 (𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝐵)

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 0.289 + 0.2004

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝒎

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 0.568 + 0.0334

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒎

Profile Levelling

The process of determining difference in elevation along fixed line at designated short
measured intervals is referred to as profile levelling. It is execute to provide data from which vertical
section of the ground surface can be plotted. A profile is necessary for the design and construction of
roads, railroads, canal, culverts, bridges and sewer line and etc.

Definition of Terms

1. Profile – a curved line which graphically portrays the intersection of a vertical plane which
the surface of the earth. It depicts ground elevation of selected critical points along a surveyed
line and the horizontal distance between these points (are usually made in).
2. Stationing – a numerical (multiple of 100, 50) designation given in terms (30, 20, or 10m) of
horizontal distances any point along a profile line is away from the stationing point. Each
state used is marked with its station and plus.
3. Intermediate Foresight – the sight which are also known as ground rod, reading are taken the
center line of the proposed project to provide an accurate representation of the ground
surface. Intermediate foresight are observed at regular intervals and at points were sudden
changes in elevation occur.
4. Full Stations – points which are established along the profile level route at uniformly
measured distances. These points are usually made in multiples of 100, 50, 30, 20 or 10m.
5. Plus Station – any other intermediate points established along a profile level route which is
not designated as a full station is called a plus station. These points are taken at breaks in the
ground surface slope and at critical points such as the intended location of culverts, bridges
and other structures.

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
Sample Problem:

1. Complete the following differential level notes for a double-rodded line from BM1 to BM2.
Show the customary arithmetic check.
STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.964 205.549m
1.964
TP1 H 2.187 1.104
TP1 L 2.629 1.549
TP2 H 1.393 1.794
TP2 L 1.780 2.202
TP3 H 0.317 2.991
TP3 L 0.741 3.415
BM2 2.634
2.634
SUM 18.323

Solution:

Solve for the Height of Instruments (HI) and Elevations (ELEV) using the formula:
𝐻𝐼𝑛 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝑛 + 𝐵𝑆𝑛
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝑛 = 𝐻𝐼𝑛 – 𝐹𝑆𝑛

𝐻𝐼𝐵𝑀1−𝑇𝑃𝐻1 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝐵𝑀1 + 𝐵𝑆𝐵𝑀1

𝐻𝐼𝐵𝑀1−𝑇𝑃𝐻1 = 205.549 𝑚 + 1.964 𝑚
𝐻𝐼𝐵𝑀1−𝑇𝑃𝐻1 = 207.513 𝑚

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑇𝑃1𝐻 = 𝐻𝐼𝐵𝑀1−𝑇𝑃1𝐻 – 𝐹𝑆𝑇𝑃1𝐻

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑇𝑃1𝐻 = 207.513 𝑚 – 1.104 𝑚
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑇𝑃1 = 206.409 𝑚

STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.964 207.513 205.549m
1.964 207.513
TP1 H 2.187 208.596 1.104 206.409
TP1 L 2.629 208.593 1.549 205.964
TP2 H 1.393 208.195 1.794 206.802
TP2 L 1.780 208.171 2.202 206.391
TP3 H 0.317 205.521 2.991 205.204
TP3 L 0.741 205.497 3.415 204.756
BM2 2.634 202.887
2.634 202.863
SUM 12.975 18.323

Arithmetic Check:

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE
 ∑ 𝐵𝑆 − ∑ 𝐹𝑆 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝐵𝑀2𝐻 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝐵𝑀2𝐿
= − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣.𝐵𝑀1
2 2
1 = −5.348 𝑚
12.975 𝑚 − 18.323 𝑚 202.887 + 202.863 𝑚
= − 205.549
2 2
−𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝒎 = −𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝒎

FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Reynaldo H. Paras, Jr., RCE