QS Full Notes

QUANTITY SURVEYING AND CONTRACTS MANAGEMENT (18CV71)
QUANTITY SURVEYING
AND
CONTRACTS
MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

QUANTITY SURVEYING & CONTRACTS MANAGEMENT

Subject Code : 15CV81 IA Marks: 20
No. of Lecture Hours/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03
Total No. of Lecture Hours: 50 Exam Marks: 80
Module 1
Quantity Estimation for Building; study of various drawing attached with estimates, important
terms, units of measurements, abstract, Types of estimates - Approximate, detailed,
supplementary and revised. Estimation of building: Long wall – Short wall method & Center
line method.
Estimate of R.C.C structures including Slab, beam, column , footings, with bar bending
schedule.
10 Hours
Module 2
Estimate of Steel truss, manhole and septic tanks.
Quantity Estimation for Roads: Road estimation, earthwork fully in banking, cutting, partly
cutting and partly Filling, Detailed estimate and cost analysis for
roads.
10 Hours
Module 3
Specification for Civil Engineering Works: Objective of writing specifications essentials in
specifications, general and detail specifications of different items of works in buildings.
Analysis of Rates : Factors Affecting Cost of Civil Works , Concept of Direct Cost , Indirect
Cost and Project Cost
Rate analysis and preparation of bills, Data analysis of rates for various items of Works, Sub-
structure components, Rate analysis for R.C.C. slabs, columns and
beams.
10 Hours
Module 4
Contract Management-Tender and its Process: Invitation to tender, Prequalification,
administrative approval & Technical sanction. Bid submission and Evaluation process.
Contract Formulation: covering Award of contract, letter of intent, letter of acceptance and
notice to proceed. Features / elements of standard Tender document (source: PWD / CPWD /
International Competitive Bidding – NHAI / NHEPC / NPC).
Law of Contract as per Indian Contract act 1872 , Types of Contract, Entire contract, Lump
sum contract, Item rate, % rate, Cost plus with Target, Labour, EPC and BOT, Sub Contracting.
Contract Forms : FIDIC contract Forms , CPWD , NHAI , NTPC , NHEPC
10 Hours

Module 5
Contract Management-Post award :Basic understanding on definitions, Performance
security, Mobilization and equipment advances, Secured Advance, Suspension of work, Time
limit for completion, Liquidated damages and bonus, measurement and payment, additions and
alterations or variations and deviations, breach of contract, Escalation, settlement of account
or final payment, claims, Delay’s and Compensation, Disputes & its resolution mechanism,
Contract management and administration.
Valuation: Definitions of terms used in valuation process, Cost, Estimate, Value and its
relationship, Capitalized value. Concept of supply and demand in respect to properties ( land ,
building , facilities’), freehold and lease hold , Sinking fund, depreciation–methods of
estimating depreciation, Outgoings, Processand methods of valuation : Rent fixation, valuation
for mortgage, valuation of land.
10 Hours
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Estimating & Costing, B. N. Dutta, Chand Publisher
2. Quantity Surveying- P.L. Basin S. Chand : New Delhi.
3. Estimating & Specification - S.C. Rangwala :: Charotar publishing house, Anand.
4. Text book of Estimating & Costing- G.S. Birde, Dhanpath Rai and sons: New Delhi.
5. A text book on Estimating, Costing and Accounts- D.D. Kohli and R.C. Kohli S. Chand:
New Delhi.
6. Contracts and Estimates, B. S. Patil, University Press, 2006.

INTRODUCTION
Estimate: An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and

expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of the work. The primary objective of an
estimate is to enable one to know beforehand, the cost of the work. The estimate is a probable
cost of a work and is determined theoretically by mathematical calculations based on plans and
drawing and current rates.
Actual cost: The actual cost of the work is known after the completion of the work.
Purpose of estimate
1. Probable cost to be made ready for taking a project.
2. To obtain administrative approval in case of public construction
3. To ascertain the qualities of the labour.
4. To fix up a construction schedule
5. To justify the benefit cost ratio
6. To invite tenders and prepare bills for payments
TYPES OF ESTIMATES
The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-
1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate.

2. Rough cost estimate based on plinth area.
3. Rough cost estimate based on cubic contents.
4. Detailed estimate.
5. Annual repair estimate.
6. Special repair estimate.
7. Revised estimate
8. Supplementary estimate.
1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate
This estimate is prepared to decide financial aspect, policy and to give idea of the cost
of the proposal to the competent sanctioning authority. It should clearly show the necessity of
the proposal and how the cost has been arrived at

The calculations for approximate estimate can be done with the following data. The
data can be had from a similar construction already complete in the nearby area, excuted by
the department.
For example: To calculate approximate estimate for a Hospital, per bed cost is
calculated from the recent completed hospital and is multiplied with the number of beds
required. Similarly for a house, per square metre plinth area is calculated and is multiplied with
the proposed covered area. The specifications should also be same. For a road, expenditure of
per kilometre length is taken, width also plays the role.
The following documents should be attached with it.
a) Detailed report
b) Site plan of the proposal
c) It should also clearly mention about the acquisition of land, Provision of electric
and water supply etc.
2. Plinth area Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)
Plinth area of a building means Length x Breadth ( roofed portion only ) excluding
plinth offsets. The estimates are prepared on the basis of plinth areas of the various buildings
proposed to be constructed. The rates are being arrived at the dividing the total cost of
construction with its plinth area. For example if total cost of a building is Rs. 2 lac and its plinth
area is 50 sq. m. then plinth area rate =2,00,000 = Rs.4000/- per 50 sq.m. Using this rate as
basis of the next construction, approximate or rough cost of the proposal can be arrived at by
multiplying the plinth area of the proposed building with this plinth area rate.
The following documents are attached with the estimate.
a) Line plan with brief specifications.

b) Cost of various services added i.e. electric and water supply etc.
c) North line should be shown clearly on line plan.
3. Cubic Contents Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)
The cubic contents of a building means plinth area x height of the building. The height
is taken from top of floor level to top of roof.

The cubic contents of the proposed building are multiplied with cubic rates arrived at
for the similar construction i.e. total cost of construction divided by cubic contents = cost per
cubic metre.
Documents attached are as in No. 2
(Administrative approval is granted on rough cost estimate)
4. Detailed Estimate
After getting Administrative approval on rough cost estimate, detailed estimates are
prepared.
In this, the estimate is divided in to sub-heads and quantities of various items are
calculated individually.
In the end of the detailed quantities, an abstract of cost giving quantities of each item
and rate of every item according to the sanctioned schedule of rates shall be attached. In case
of non-schedule rates i.e. rates which are not given in the sanctioned schedule of rates, proper
analysis of rates shall be attached. If however the work proposed to be constructed is located
in a remote place, the provision for the carriage of the material shall be added in the estimate
to avoid any excess over the administratively approved estimate later on. Detailed
specifications & report should also be attached with the estimate. Technical sanction is given
on detailed estimate.
The detailed estimate shall also provide for the cost of approach road, water supply,
electric installations and acquisition of land etc, so as to call it a comprehensive estimate.
5. Annual repair estimate
In order to keep building and roads in perfect condition, annual repairs should be
carried out as follow:-
(i) In case of a building-white washing, oiling and painting of doors and windows,
cement plaster repairs (inside & outside), repairs of floors etc. In no case this annual repair
amount should increase more than 11/2% to 2% of the capital cost of the building.
(ii) In case of a road-filling patches, maintenance of berms etc.
6. Special repair estimate

If the work cannot be carried out of the annual repair funds due to certain reasons
resulting in the genuine increase in cost, then special repairs estimate is to be prepard.
The reason of increase may be:-
(i) In case of a building-opening of new doors, change of floors, plastering walls

etc.
(ii) (ii) In case of roads-if the whole surface is full of corrugation & patches, then
the total surface is to be scarified. The old metal is taken out, consolidation by
adding more metal is done and top surface is repainted.
7. Revised estimate
When the sanctioned estimate exceeds by 5% either due to the rate being found
insufficient or due to some other reasons, a fresh estimate is prepared which is called a Revised
Estimate. A comparative statement on the last page of the estimate is attached giving there in
the reasons of the increase of cost in case of each item.
8. Supplementary Estimate
This is fresh detailed estimate in addition to the original sanctioned estimate prepared
when additional works are deemed necessary during the progress of a work to supplement the
original works. The abstract of cost should show the amount of the original sanctioned estimate
as well as the supplementary amount of the original sanctioned estimate as well as the
supplementary amount for which sanction is required.

METHOD OF ESTIMATING
Detailed estimate: Preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out the quantities of
different items of work and then working out the cost i.e. the estimate is prepared in two stages
1. Details of measurement and calculation of quantities: the whole work is divided into
different items of work as earthwork, concrete, brickwork etc. and items are classified
and grouped under different sub-heads, and details of measurement of each item of
work are taken out and quantities under each item are computed in prescribed form.
Details of Measurement form -
Height
Item Length, Breadth, or Quantity,
Particulars of items No. Explanation
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
2. Abstract of estimated cost: The cost under item of work is calculated from the
quantities already computed at workable rate, and the total cost is worked out in
prescribed form. A percentage of 3 to 5 percent is added for contingencies, to allow for
petty contingent expenditures, unforeseen expenditures, changes in design, changes in
rates, etc. which may occur during execution of the work.
Abstract of Estimate form -
SI Rate,
Particulars Quantity Unit Per Amount, Rs
No. Rs
Data required to prepare an estimate
1. Drawings i.e. Plans, elevations, sections etc.

2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
Drawings: If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of
estimation become very difficult. So, It is very essential before preparing an estimate
Specifications
a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in
general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of work
laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of
preparation workmanship and execution of work.
Rates: For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.

2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Mazdoor, etc.,
Main items of work
1. Earthwork
2. Concrete in foundation
3. Soling
4. Damp proof course
5. Masonry
6. Arch Masonry work
7. Lintels over openings
8. R.C.C work
9. Flooring and roofing
10. Plastering and pointing
11. Doors and windows
12. Wood work
13. Iron work

14. White washing or colour washing or distempering

15. Painting
RCC Work: RCC work is for slabs, beams, columns & footings. The quantities are
calculated in cu.m. The dimensions of the above mentioned structural elements are obtained
accurately from the plan & sectional elevation. Bearings are added to the clear lengths to get
the dimensions. Quantities are calculated in two parts, namely:
A. Cement concrete quantity including centering & shuttering excluding steel

reinforcement.
B. Steel reinforcement quantity calculation along with Bar Bending Schedule.
Flooring & Roofing: Quantity is calculated in sq. m multiplying the length with the breadth.
The length & breadth are measured as inside dimensions from wall to wall of superstructure.
Units of measurements in metric system

The principle for dimensions and measurements is to use millimetre (mm) for minute
dimensions, centimetre (cm) for small dimensions and metre (m) for big dimensions.
Particulars of materials and

Dimensions
work
1 Bricks, stone blocks etc. All dimensions in cm
Length and breadth are
Files, slates, wall board, glass
2 in cm or m and
panes A.C. sheets
thickness in mm
Height and breath are
3 Doors and windows
in cm or m
Length and height are
4 Masonry (brick or stone etc.)
in m
Length and breadth or
5 Painting
height are in m

METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE
The dimensions, length, breadth and height of depth are to be taken out from the drawing-plan,
elevation and section. From the drawings, the dimensions are to be taken out correctly.
Method 1: INDIVIDUAL WALL METHOD
In this method, measure or find out the external length of walls running in the longitudinal
direction generally the long walls out-to-out, and the internal lengths of walls running in
transverse direction in-to-in. the same rule is applicable to the excavation in foundation, to
concrete in foundation and to masonry. Care should be taken to note the difference in
dimensions at different height due to offset or footings.
Long wall length out-to-out = centre to centre + half breadth on one side + half breadth on
other side = centre to centre length + one breadth
Short wall length in-to-in = centre to centre length – one breadth
That is, in case of long wall add one breadth and in case of short wall subtract one breadth
from the centre length to get the corresponding lengths.
Example 1: The diagram represents the plan of the superstructure wall of a single room
building of 5m x 4m, and sections represent the cross-sections of the walls with foundation.
Estimate the quantities of – earthwork in excavation in foundation, concrete in foundation,
brickwork in foundation and plinth, brick work in superstructure.
Length of long wall centre to centre = 5 + ½ * 0.30 + ½ * 0.30 = 5.30 m
Length of short wall centre to centre = 4 + ½ * 0.30 + ½ * 0.30 = 4.30 m

Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Earthwork in excavation in
1
foundation
L = 5.30 + 0.90 =
Long walls 2 6.20 0.90 0.90 10.04 6.20 m

S = 4.30- 0.90 =
Short walls 2 3.40 0.90 0.90 5.51 3.40 m
Total 15.55
cu.m
2 Concrete in foundation
L = 5.30 + 0.90 =
Long walls 2 6.20 0.90 0.30 3.35 6.20 m
S = 4.30- 0.90 =
Short walls 2 3.40 0.90 0.30 1.84 3.40 m
Total 5.18
cu.m
1st class brickwork in
3
foundation and plinth
Long walls
L = 5.30 + 0.60 =
1st footing 2 5.90 0.60 0.30 3.65 5.90 m
L = 5.30 + 0.50 =
2nd footing 2 5.80 0.50 0.30 1.74 5.80 m
L = 5.30 + 0.40 =
Plinth walls 2 5.70 0.40 0.60 2.74 5.70 m
Short walls
S = 4.30-0.60 = 3.70
1st footing 2 5.50 0.80 0.20 1.76 m
S = 4.30-0.50 = 3.80
2nd footing 2 5.60 0.70 0.10 0.78 m
S = 4.30-0.40 = 3.90
Plinth walls 2 5.90 0.40 0.80 3.78 m
Total 14.45
cu.m
4 Damp proof course
2.5 cm thick c.c
L = 10.60 + 0.40 =
Long walls 2 11.00 0.40 - 8.80 11.00 m
S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90
Short walls 3 5.90 0.40 - 7.08 m
Total 15.88
sq.m
1st class brickwork in lime
5 mortar in superstructure
L = 5.30 + 0.30 =
Long walls 2 5.60 0.30 3.50 11.76 5.60 m
S = 4.30-0.30 = 4.00
Short walls 2 4.00 0.30 3.50 8.40 m
Total 20.16
cu.m

Example 2: Estimate the quantities of the following items of a two roomed building from the
given plan and section- Earthwork in excavation in foundation, Lime concrete in foundation,
1st class brickwork in cement mortar 1:6 in foundation and plinth, 2.5 cm c.c. damp proof course
and 1St class brickwork in lime mortar in superstructure.
Long wall c/c length = 4 + 6 + 0.30 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 10.60 m
Short wall c/c length = 6 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 6.30 m

Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Earthwork in
1 excavation in
foundation
Long walls 2 11.70 1.10 1.00 25.74 L = 10.60 + 1.10 = 11.70 m
Short walls 3 5.20 1.10 1.00 17.16 S = 6.30 - 1.10 = 5.20 m
Total 42.90
cu.m
Lime Concrete in
2
foundation
Long walls 2 11.70 1.10 0.30 7.72 L = 10.60 + 1.10 = 11.70 m
Short walls 3 5.20 1.10 0.30 5.15 S = 6.30 - 1.10 = 5.20 m
Total 12.87
cu.m
1st class brickwork
3 in foundation and
plinth
Long walls
1st footing 2 11.40 0.80 0.20 3.65 L = 10.60 + 0.80 = 11.40 m
2nd footing 2 11.30 0.70 0.10 1.58 L = 10.60 + 0.70 = 11.30 m
3rd footing 2 11.20 0.60 0.10 1.34 L = 10.60 + 0.60 = 11.20 m
4th footing 2 11.10 0.50 0.10 1.11 L = 10.60 + 0.50 = 11.10 m
Plinth walls 2 11.00 0.40 0.80 7.04 L = 10.60 + 0.40 = 11.00 m
Short walls
1st footing 3 5.50 0.80 0.20 2.64 S = 6.30-0.80 = 5.50 m
2nd footing 3 5.60 0.70 0.10 1.18 S = 6.30-0.70 = 5.60 m
3rd footing 3 5.70 0.60 0.10 1.03 S = 6.30-0.60 = 5.70 m
4th footing 3 5.80 0.50 0.10 0.87 S = 6.30-0.50 = 5.80 m
Plinth walls 3 5.90 0.40 0.80 5.66 S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90 m
Total 26.10
cu.m
4 Damp proof course
2.5 cm thick c.c
Long walls 2 11.00 0.40 - 8.80 L = 10.60 + 0.40 = 11.00 m
Short walls 3 5.90 0.40 - 7.08 S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90m
Total 15.88
sq.m
1st class brickwork
5 in lime mortar in
superstructure
Long walls 2 10.90 0.30 4.20 27.47 L = 10.60 + 0.30 = 10.90 m

Short walls 3 6.00 0.30 4.20 22.68 S = 6.30-0.30 = 6.00 m

Total 50.15
cu.m
Deduct
Door Opening 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Window Opening 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 1.80
Back of shelves 10 cm thick
Shelves 0.60
2 1.00 0.20 1.50 wall
Lintel over doors 2 1.50 0.30 0.15 0.14 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over windows 4 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.23 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over shelves 2 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.12 Bearing 15 cm
Total deduction 4.40
Net Total 45.75
cu.m
Method 2: CENTRE LINE METHOD
In this method the sum total length of centre lines of walls, long and short has to be found out.
Find the total length of centre lines of walls, of same type, long and short having same type of
foundation and footings and then find the quantities by multiplying the total centre length by
the respective breadth and the height.
In this method, the length of wall remains same for excavation in foundation, for concrete in
foundation, for all footings and for superstructure. This method is quick but requires special
attention and consideration at the junctions, meeting points of partition or cross walls, etc.
For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction of partition or cross wall with
the main walls, special considerations have to be made to find out the quantities accurately.
For each junction half breadth of the respective item should be deducted from the total centre
line length. Thus in the case of building having one partition wall, there are two junctions, for
earthwork in foundation trench and foundation concrete deduct one breadth of trench or
concrete from the total centre length (2 x ½ = one for two junctions).
For buildings having different types of walls, each et of walls shall have to be dealt separately.
Find the total centre length of all walls of one type and proceed in the same manner as described
above. Similarly find the total centre length of walls of second type and deal this separately,
and so on.

In the case of buildings having different types of walls, suppose the outer walls are of A type
and inner cross walls are of B type, then all the A type walls shall be taken jointly first and then
B type walls shall be taken together separately. In such cases no deduction of any kind need to
be made for A type walls, but where B type walls are taken, for each junction deduction of half
breadth of A type wall (main wall) shall have to be made from the total centre length of walls.
It may be noted that at the corners of the building where two walls are meeting no subtraction
or addition is required.
Example 3: Solve Example 1 problem by Centre Line method
Total centre length of walls = AB + BC + CD + DA = 5.30 + 4.30 + 5.30 + 4.30 = 19.20 M
If the total centre length is multiplied by the breadth and the depth we get the quantity of
earthwork in excavation.
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Total centre
1 1 19.2 0.9 0.9 15.55 length of all walls
foundation = 19.20 m
cu.m
2 Concrete in foundation 1 19.20 0.90 0.30 5.18

cu.m

3
1st footing 1 19.20 0.60 0.30 3.46
2nd footing 1 19.20 0.50 0.30 2.88
Plinth wall 1 19.20 0.40 0.60 4.61
Total 10.94
cu.m
5 mortar in superstructure 1 19.2 0.3 3.5 20.16
cu.m
Example 4: Solve Example 2 problem by Centre Line method

In this problem there are two junctions of the inner wall with the main wall
Total centre length of wall = 2 x c/c of long wall + 3 x c/c of short wall
= 2 x 10.60 + 3 x 6.30 = 40.10 m
Diagram
If the total centre length is multiplied by the breadth and depth, at the junction the portions A
and B shown by hatch lines come twice and we get the quantity in excess by these portions,
and these excesses shall have to be deducted. The deduction may be effected reducing the
centre length by half breadth for each junction
Thus the quantity of earthquake in excavation
= [Total centre length – (2x1/2 breadth)] x breadth x depth
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
total centre
length =
40.10m
Earthwork in excavation in L = 40.10 - 2 x
1 1 39.00 1.10 1.00 42.90 1.10/2 = 39.00 m
foundation
cu.m
Lime Concrete in
2 1 39.00 1.10 0.30 12.87
foundation
cu.m
3
1st footing 1 39.30 0.80 0.20 6.29
2nd footing 1 39.40 0.70 0.10 2.76
3rd footing 1 39.50 0.60 0.10 2.37
4th footing 1 39.60 0.50 0.10 1.98
Plinth wall above footing 1 39.70 0.40 0.80 12.70
Total 26.10
L = 40.10 -
4 Damp proof course 1 39.70 0.40 15.88
2x0.40/2 = 39.70
Deduct door sill 2 1.20 0.40 0.96
Total 14.92
sq.m

1st class brickwork in lime L = 40.10- 2 x

5 mortar in superstructure 1 39.80 0.30 4.20 50.15 0.30/2 = 39.80 m
cu.m
Deduct
Door Opening 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Window Opening 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 1.80
Shelves 0.60 Back of shelves 10
2 1.00 0.20 1.50 cm thick wall
Lintel over doors 2 1.50 0.30 0.15 0.14 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over windows 4 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.23 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over shelves 2 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.12 Bearing 15 cm
Net Total 45.75
cu.m
Estimation of quantities from both the methods will be exactly same.

Example 5: The accompanying figure below shows the details of a two roomed building.
Estimate the quantities and cost of the following items of works: Earthwork in excavation for
the foundation in hard soil at Rs 14/m3, Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 for all walls at Rs. 1200/m3,
First class brick work (CM 1:4) in foundation and plinth at Rs. 2000/m 3, First class brick
work (CM 1:4) in superstructure at Rs. 2200/m3, RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab

Sol: Long wall and short wall method
c/c length of long walls of rooms = 4.50 + 0.30 + 4.00 + 2 x 0.30/2 = 9.10 m
c/c length of short walls of rooms = 3.60 + 2x 0.30/2 = 3.90 m
c/c length of partition walls of rooms = 3.60 + 2 x 0.30/2 = 3.90 m
c/c length of front long wall of verandah = (4.5 + 0.3 = 4.0 + 2x0.30) – 2x0.20/2 = 9.20 m
c/c length of verandah side walls = 1.60 + 0.30/2 + 0.20/2 = 1.85 m
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1
foundation
9.1 + 2 x 0.9/2 =
Long Walls 2 10.00 0.90 0.90 16.20 10.00 m
3.9 - 2x0.90/2 = 3.00
Short walls 3 3.00 0.90 0.90 7.29 m
Partition wall verandah front 1 3.00 0.90 0.90 2.43

9.20 + 2x0.7/2 =
Long Wall 1 9.90 0.70 0.90 6.24 9.90m
Verandah sides
Short wall 2 1.05 0.70 0.90 1.32 1.85 - 0.90/2 -0.70/2

=1.05
(1 + 0.3/2) - 0.7/2 =
Steps 1 2.60 0.80 0.15 0.31 0.80 m
Total 33.79
cu.m
2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4

Rooms
Long walls 2 10.00 0.90 0.30 5.40
Short walls 3 3.00 0.90 0.30 2.43
Partition wall 1 3.00 0.90 0.30 0.81
Verandah
Front long wall 1 9.90 0.70 0.30 2.08
Side short walls 2 1.05 0.70 0.20 0.29
Steps 1 2.60 1.00 0.15 0.39
Total 11.40
cu.m

First class brick work (CM
1:4) in foundation and
plinth rooms
3
Long walls
9.1+2X0.60/2 = 9.70
1st footing 2 9.70 0.60 0.20 2.33 m
9.1 + 2x0.5/2 = 9.60
2nd footing 2 9.60 0.50 0.20 1.92 m
9.1 + 2x0.4/2 = 9.50
up to plinth 2 9.50 0.40 0.80 6.08 m
Short walls
3.9 - 2x 0.6/2 = 3.30
1st footing 3 3.30 0.60 0.20 1.19 m
3.9 - 2x0.5/2 = 3.40
2nd footing 3 3.40 0.50 0.20 1.02 m
3.9 - 2x0.4/2 = 3.50
up to plinth 3 3.50 0.40 0.80 3.36 m
Total 15.90
cu.m
First class brick work (1:6)

4
in super structure
9.10 + 2x0.3/2 = 9.40
Long walls 2 9.40 0.30 3.60 20.30 m
3.90 - 2x0.3/2 = 3.60
Short walls 3 3.60 0.30 3.60 11.66 m
Vearandah over lintel
9.02 + 2x0.2/2 = 9.40
long Wall 1 9.40 0.20 0.90 1.69 m
Side short wall 2 1.60 0.20 0.90 0.58
1.85 - 0.3/2 - 0.2/2 =
Pillars 5 0.20 0.20 2.70 0.54 1.60 m
Total 34.78
cu.m
Deductions
Doors 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Windows 8 1.10 0.30 1.50 3.96
Shelf 1 1.10 0.20 1.50 0.33
Lintels
4.5+0.3+4.0+2x0.30+
Main walls 1 20.20 0.30 0.15 0.91 3x3.6 = 20.20
4.5+0.3+4.0+2x0.30+
Verandah 1 12.60 0.20 0.15 0.38 2x1.6 = 12.60 m
Shelf Opening 1 1.30 0.20 0.15 0.04 1.1 + 2x0l.1 = 1.30
Net Total 27.65
cu.m
23
0.30 + 3.6 +0.3 +1.6
5 RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab 1 9.40 6.00 0.10 5.64 +0.2 = 6.00 n
cu.m
Steel Reinforcement
(1% of RCC= 5.64 x 0.001 x 7850) 0.5 ton
Abstract of Cost
SI
Particulars Quantity Unit Rate, Rs Per Amount, Rs
No.
1 Earthwork excavation in foundation 31.36 cu.m 140.00 cu.m 4390.40
2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 10.74 cu.m 1200.00 cu.m 12888.00
First Class brick work (1:4) in
3 15.90 cu.m 2000.00 cu.m 31800.00
First class brick work(1:6) in
4 27.65 cu.m 2200.00 cu.m 60830.00
superstructure
5 RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab 5.64 cu.m 3800.00 cu.m 21432.00
6 Steel reinforcement 0.50 ton 3800.00 ton 1900.00
133240.40
Taking 10% extra 13324.04
Total 146564.44
Example 6: The details of a residential building are shown in the below plan. Workout the
quantities and cost of the following items of work by centre line method
1. Earthwork excavation for foundation in soft soil at Rs.102/m3
2. Size stone masonry in CM 1:6 for foundation and basement at Rs.2400/m3
3. BBM with 1:6 CM in super structure at a rate of Rs.3650/m3
Sol: c/c line length of 30 cm wall =
[0.30/2 + 2.5 + 0.30 + 1.0 +0.3 +3.5 + 0.30/2] x 2 + [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.3 + 5.0 + 0.30/2] x 2
+ [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.30 + 6.5 + 0.30 + 1.7 + 0.30/2] x 3 + [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.30/2] = 75.60 m
No. of junctions of 30 cm wall with 30cm is 4
24
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 1 73.60 1.00 0.90 66.24 75.6 - 4(1.00/2)
foundation
cu.m
2 Size Stone Masonry (1:6)

75.6 - 4(0.75/2) =
1st footing 1 74.10 0.75 0.75 41.68 74.10m
75.6 - 4(0.45/2) =
2nd footing 1 74.70 0.45 0.45 15.13 74.70m
25
Total 56.81
cu.m
3 Burnt Brick Masonry

75.6 - 4 (0.30/2) =
for 30 cm wall 1 75.00 0.30 3.00 67.50 75m
for parapet wall 1 41.00 0.15 0.75 4.61
Total 72.11
cu.m
Deduct
Opening for 30 cm wall
Door, D 7 1.20 0.30 0.30 0.76
D2 1 0.90 0.30 2.10 0.57
Window W 6 1.50 0.30 1.35 3.65
W1 1 1.50 0.30 1.20 0.54
V 1 0.90 0.30 0.45 0.12
Deductions for lintel
All round lintel 1 41.00 0.30 0.20 2.46
Lintel over internal walls
D 5 1.20 0.30 0.20 0.36
D2 1 0.90 0.30 0.20 0.05
Net Total 63.61
cu.m
Abstract of Cost
SI Amount,
Particulars Quantity Unit Rate, Rs. Per
No. Rs.
1 Earthwork excavation in foundation 66.24 cu.m 102.00 cu.m 6756.48
2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 56.81 cu.m 2400.00 cu.m 136344.00
First Class brick work (1:4) in
3 63.61 cu.m 3650.00 cu.m 232176.50
375276.98
Taking 10% extra 37527.70
Total 412804.68
26
Example 7: Estimate by centre line method the quantities of the following items of a residential
building: 1) Earthwork in excavation in foundation, 2) Lime concrete in foundation, 3) First
class brickwork in 1:6 cement sand mortar in foundation and plinth, 4) Damp proof course and
5) First class brickwork in lime mortar in superstructure.
27
Sol: Total centre length of all 30 cm walls of main rooms = Total centre length of walls of
drawing and left side bed room + Total centre length of walls of bed rooms right side.
= (2 x c/c length of long wall + 3 x c/c length of short wall) + (2 x c/c length of long wall + 2
x c/c length of short wall) = (2 x 10.60 + 3 x 5.30) + (2 x 9.60 + 2 x 4.80) = 65.90 m.
Number of junctions = 6 with main walls of 30 cm.
Total centre length of all 20 cm walls of front verandah, back verandah and bath room
= (c/c length of front wall + c/c length of side wall) + (c/c length of back verandah long wall
including bath + 2 x c/c length of cross walls of bath room) = (9.65 + 2.25) + (9.65 + 2 x 2.75)
= 27.05 m.
Number of junctions = 5 with walls of 30 cm and 1 with walls of 20 cm.
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1
foundation
Walls of main room (6 L = 65.90 -
1 63.20 0.90 1.00 56.88
junctions) 6x0.90/2 = 63.20 m
L = 27.05 -
Walls of verandah (5 and 1
1 24.50 0.60 0.50 7.35 5x0.90/2 -1x0.60/2
junctions) = 24.50 m
Total 64.23
cu.m
2 Lime Concrete in foundation
Walls of main rooms L = 65.90 -
1 63.20 0.90 0.30 17.06 6x0.90/2 = 63.20 m
Walls of verandah and bath L = 27.05 -
1 25.50 0.60 0.20 3.06 5x0.50/2 - 1x0.60/2
=225.50 m
Total 20.12
cu.m
3 foundation and plinth in 1:6
cement mortar
Walls of main rooms
L = 65.90 -
1st footing 1 64.10 0.60 0.20 7.69 6x0.60/2 = 64.10 m
L = 65.90 -
2nd footing 1 64.40 0.50 0.20 6.44 6x0.50/2 = 64.40 m
L = 65.90 -
Plinth wall above footing 1 64.70 0.40 0.90 23.29 6x0.40/2 = 64.70 m
28
Walls of verandah and bath
L = 27.05 -
footing 1 25.85 0.40 0.20 2.07 5x0.40/2-1x0.40/2
= 25.85 m
L = 27.05 -5x0.40/2
Plinth wall above footing 1 25.90 0.30 0.70 5.44 -1 x 0.30/2 = 25.90
m
Total 44.93
cu.m
4 2.5 cm Damp proof course
L = 40.10 -
Walls of main rooms 1 64.70 0.40 25.88 2x0.40/2 = 39.70
Verandah pillars 4 0.50 0.30 0.60
Bath room (total 3 walls) 1 7.30 0.30 2.19 L = 7.30 m
Total 28.67
sq.m

5 mortar in superstructure
L = 65.90 -
Walls of main rooms 1 65.00 0.30 4.00 78.00 6x0.30/2 = 65 m
L = 27.05 -
Walls of verandah and bath 1 26.20 0.20 3.05 15.98 5x0.30/2 - 1x0.20/2
= 26.20 m
Total 93.98
cu.m
29
ROADWORK ESTIMATION
Cross section of road in banking and cutting is generally in the shape of trapezium.
Quantity of earthwork = Sectional Area * Length
Therefore, Sectional area = Bd + 2*1/2*sd*d
A= Bd + sd2
Therefore, Quantity of earthwork = A * L
S:1 ( side slope = horizontal :Vertical)
i.e. for 1 Vertical, s is the horizontal
for d vertical, sd is the horizontal
Methods of doing roadwork estimation are
1) Mid-sectional area method

2) Mean-sectional area method
3) Prismoidal method
4) Trapezoidal method
1) Mid-sectional area method

Quantity = Area of mid-section x length. Let d1 and d2 be the height of bank at two ends
portion of embankment. L be the length of the section, B the formation width and s:1
(horizontal:vertical) the side slope then,
Area of mid section = Area of rectangular portion + area of two triangular portion
= Bdm + 1/2sdm2 + 1/2sdm2 = Bdm + sdm2
30
Therefore, Quantity of earthwork = (Bd + sd2) x L, where d stands of mean height or depth
The quantities of earthwork may be calculated in a tabular form as shown below
MeanArea
Area Total Length Quantity
Station Depth depthof
of sectional between
or or orcentral
sides area, Bd stations
2
chainage height height portion sd + sd2 L Embankment Cutting
d Bd
2) Mean sectional Area method:

Quantity = Mean sectional area x length. Sectional area at one end A1 = Bd1 + sd 12, Sectional
area at one end A2 = Bd2 + sd22 , d1 and d2 are the heights or depth at the two ends.
The mean sectional area A = (A1 + A2)/2, Quantity Q = [(A1 + A2)/2] x Length
The quantities of earthwork may be calculated in a tabular form as shown below
Area Total Quantity

Area Length
Station Depth of sectional Mean
of between
or or central sides area, Sectional stations
chainage height portion sd2 Bd + Area L Embankment Cutting
Bd sd2
3. Prismoidal Formula Method:

Quantity or volume = L/6 (A1 +A2 + 4Am)
Where A1 and A2 are the cross sectional areas at the two ends of a portion of embankment of
road of length L and Am is the mid-sectional area
Let d1 and d2 be the heights of banks at the two ends, and dm be the mean height at the mid-
section, B be the formation width and s:1 be the side slope.
Cross-sectional area at one end
A1 = Bd1 + sd12
31
Cross-sectional area at other end
A2 = Bd2 + sd22
Cross-section at middle
Dm = (d1 + d2)/2
Am = Bdm + sdm2
= B(d1 + d2)/2 + s[(d1 + d2)/2] 2
Quantity = L/6 (A1 +A2 + 4Am)
4. Trapezoidal method
When a series of cross-sectional areas are calculated at equidistant points, the volume may be
worked out by trapezoidal formula
Volume by trapezoidal formula method
V = (D/2) {A0 + 2A1 +2A2 +2A3 + ….2 An-1 + An}
= D {(A0 + An)/2 + A1 + A2 + A3 + An-1}
Where A0, A1, A2, A3…..An-1 and An are the areas of cross-sections,
D = Distance between the section, V = Volume of cutting or banking
Example 1 Estimate the quantity of earthwork for a road of 12m formation width with the
following data using mid section formula.
Chainage 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
RL of
108.6 109.25 109.4 108.9 108.5 107.25 106.8 107.2 107.2
Ground
The road is proposed at uniform falling gradient 1 in 200 passing through GL at chainage
14. Length of one chain = 30 m, side slope 1.5:1 in cutting and 2:1 in banking. The rate of
earthwork in filling and cutting are Rs 180/m 3 and Rs 120/m3 respectively.
Sol:- B = 12 m, s1=1.5 and ss = 2
To calculate RL of formation
32
The road is at a falling gradient of 1 in 200 i.e. for every 200 m, there is 1 m fall for every 30
m
30
∗ 200 = 0.15 𝑚
1
The road passes from cutting to banking on between the chainage 18 and 19. The distance
where it passes through zero i.e. ground level is determined as follows:
𝑥 30 − 𝑥
=
0.5 0.60
Therefore, x = 13.63 m
RL of RL of Mean
Chainage Depth
Ground Formation Depth
14.00 108.60 108.60 0.00
15.00 109.25 108.45 -0.80 -0.40
16.00 109.40 108.30 -1.10 -0.95
17.00 108.85 108.15 -0.70 -0.90
18.00 108.50 108.00 -0.50 -0.60
Passes from cutting to banking
108.60 108.60 0.00 -0.25
19.00 107.25 107.85 0.60 0.30
20.00 106.80 107.70 0.90 0.75
21.00 107.15 107.55 0.40 0.65
22.00 107.20 107.40 0.20 0.30
33
110.00
Ground Level
109.50
Formation level
109.00
108.50
108.00
107.50
107.00
106.50
14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00
Chainage
Area
Central Total Quantity, cu.m
Mean of Distance,
Chainage Depth Area, area,
Depth sides, m
sq.m sq.m Banking cutting
sq.m
14.00 0.00 - - - - 0
15.00 -0.80 -0.40 4.80 0.24 5.04 30 151.2
16.00 -1.10 -0.95 11.40 1.35 12.75 30 382.5
17.00 -0.70 -0.90 10.80 1.21 12.01 30 360.3
18.00 -0.50 -0.60 7.20 0.54 7.74 30 232.2
Passes from cutting to banking
0.00 -0.25 3.00 0.09 3.09 13.63 42.16
19.00 0.60 0.30 3.60 0.18 3.78 16.37 61.88
20.00 0.90 0.75 9.00 1.13 10.13 30 303.8
21.00 0.40 0.65 7.80 0.85 8.65 30 259.4
22.00 0.20 0.30 3.60 0.18 3.78 30 113.4
total 738.4 1168
cu.m cu.m
34
SL Particulars Quantity Unit Rate/unit Amount
1 Earthwork in Filling 738.38 cu.m 180 132908.40
2 Earthwork in cutting 1168.35 cu.m 120 140202.00
Total 273110.40
Contingencies 3% 8193.31
work charge establishment 2% 5462.20
Grand total, Rs 286765.91
Example 2 Reduced level of a ground along the centre line of a proposed road from the
chainage 10 to chainage 20 are given below. The formation level at the 10th chainage is 107
and the road is downward gradient of 1 in 150 up to chainage 14 and then the gradient changes
to 1 in 100 downward. Formation width of the road is 10 m and side slope of banking are 2:1,
length of the chainage is 30m.
Draw longitudinal section of the road and the typical c/s and prepare an estimate of earthwork
at a rate of Rs 275 per cu.m
Chain
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
age
RL of
105.4 104. 104.
Grou 105 105.6 105.9 105.42 104.3 105 104 103.3
4 1 6
nd
35
107.50
107.00 Ground Level
106.50 Formation level
106.00
105.50
105.00
104.50
104.00
103.50
103.00
102.50
10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00
Chainage
RL of RL of
Chainage Depth
Ground Formation
10.00 105.00 107.00 2.00
11.00 105.60 106.80 1.20
12.00 105.44 106.60 1.16
13.00 105.90 106.40 0.50
14.00 105.43 106.20 0.77
15.00 104.30 105.90 1.60
16.00 105.00 105.60 0.60
17.00 104.10 105.30 1.20
18.00 104.60 105.00 0.40
19.00 104.00 104.70 0.70
20.00 103.03 104.40 1.37
36
B = 10 m and s = 2
Area
Central Total Quantity, cu.m
of Mean Distance
Chainage Depth Area, area,
sides, Area ,m
sq.m sq.m Banking cutting
sq.m
10 2.00 20.00 8.00 28.00
11 1.20 12.00 2.88 14.88 21.44 30 643.20
12 1.16 11.60 2.69 14.29 14.59 30 437.57
13 0.50 5.00 0.50 5.50 9.90 30 296.87
14 0.78 7.80 1.22 9.02 7.26 30 217.75
15 1.60 16.00 5.12 21.12 15.07 30 452.05
16 0.60 6.00 0.72 6.72 13.92 30 417.60
17 1.20 12.00 2.88 14.88 10.80 30 324.00
18 0.38 3.80 0.29 4.09 9.48 30 284.53
19 0.70 7.00 0.98 7.98 6.03 30 181.03
20 0.10 1.00 0.02 1.02 4.50 30 135.00
Total 3389.60
cu.m
SL Particulars Quantity Unit Rate/unit Amount

1 Earthwork in Filling 3389.6 cu.m 275 932140.00
Total 932140.00
Contingencies 3% 8193.31
workcharge establishment 2% 5462.20
Grand total, Rs 945795.51
Example 3 Estimate the cost o fearthwork for a portion of road for 400 m length from the
following data:
Formation width of the road is 10 m. Side slopes are 2:1 in banking and 1.5:1 in cutting
R.L of
Station Distance R.L of
in m Ground foramtion
25 1000 51.00 52.00
26 1040 50.90
37
27 1080 50.50
28 1120 50.80
29 1160 50.60
30 1200 50.70 Downward
31 1240 51.20 gradient of
32 1280 51.40 1 in 200
33 1320 51.30
34 1360 51.00
35 1400 50.60
Sol: The road passes from banking to cutting in between the stations 30 and 31. The distance
where it passes through zero.i.e., ground level may be determined as followa
The two triangles on either side of zero point are symmetrical
𝑥 40 − 𝑥
=
0.3 0.40
Therefore, length of banking portion is 17 m and the length of cutting portion is 40 – 17 = 23

m.
B = 10 m, s = 2 for banking and s = 1.5 for cutting

Area Quantity
Area Total Length
Station Depth of
Distance, Mean of sectional between
or or central Embank Cutti
m depth sides area, Bd stations
chainage height portion ment ng
sd2 + sd2 L
Bd
25 1000 1.00 - - - - - - -
26 1040 0.90 0.95 9.50 1.81 11.31 40.00 452.20
27 1080 1.10 1.00 10.00 2.00 12.00 40.00 480.00
28 1120 0.60 0.85 8.50 1.45 9.95 40.00 397.80
29 1160 0.60 0.60 6.00 0.72 6.72 40.00 268.80

30 1200 0.30 0.45 4.50 0.41 4.91 40.00 196.20
Passes from banking to cutting
- 1217 0.00 0.15 1.50 0.05 1.55 17.00 26.27
31 1240 -0.40 0.20 2.00 0.06 2.06 23.00 47.38
261.6
32 1280 -0.80 0.60 6.00 0.54 6.54 40.00
0
383.3
33 1320 -0.90 0.85 8.50 1.08 9.58 40.00
5
383.3
34 1360 -0.80 0.85 8.50 1.08 9.58 40.00
5
309.4
35 1400 -0.60 0.70 7.00 0.74 7.74 40.00
0
38
1384.
Total 1821.95
98
cu.m cu.m
-ve sign indicates cutting
Item Particulars of Rate,

Quantity Unit Per Cost, Rs.
No. items Rs.
Earthwork in
1 1821.95 cu.m 275.00 cu.m 501036.25
Banking
Earthwork in
2 1384.98 cu.m 350.00 cu.m 484743.00
Cutting
Total 985779.25
Adding 10% extra 98577.93
Grand total 1084357.18
39
VERTICAL DROP IN GROUND
Whenever there is a vertical drop in the ground at any point, there will be two reduced levels
of the ground at that point. In calculating the earthwork the portions on the either side of the
vertical drop should be dealt in two operations one by taking the mean of the consecutive
heights or depths up to the point and the other by taking the mean of the two consecutive heights
or depths beyond the point.
Example 4 Estimate the quantity of earthwork for a portion of a road taking a constant
formation level of 49.50. Length of the chain is 50 m.
The Formation width of the road is 8 m and side slope in banking is 1.5:1 and in cutting is 1:1
R.L of
Station Distance R.L of Ground
foramtion
in m
10 500 50.00
11 550 50.60
50.30
12 600
48.50 49.50
13 650 47.90
14 700 48.20
15 750 48.00
51.00
RL. of Ground
50.50
50.00
49.50
49.00
48.50
48.00
47.50
10 11 12Chainage13 14 15
40
B = 8m, s = 1.5 for banking and s = 1 for cutting
Area Quantity
Area Total Length
Station Depth of
Distance, Mean of sectional between
or or central
m depth sides area, Bd stations Embankme Cutting
chainage height portion mt
sd2 + sd2 L
Bd
10 500 -0.50 - - - - - - -
11 550 -1.10 0.80 6.40 0.64 7.04 50.00 352.00
12 600 -0.80 0.95 7.60 0.90 8.50 50.00 425.13
1.00
13 650 1.60 1.30 10.40 2.54 12.94 50.00 646.75
14 700 1.30 1.45 11.60 3.15 14.75 50.00 737.69
15 750 1.50 1.40 11.20 2.94 14.14 50.00 707.00
Negative sign indicates cutting Total 2091.44 777.13
cu.m cu.m
41
Estimation of RCC Structural Elements
Reinforced cement concrete work is usually estimated under two items. The concrete work
including centring & shuttering is taken under one item in cu.m and steel reinforcement
and its bending is taken under a separate item in quintal. The quantity of steel being small
no deductions is made for steel from the volume of concrete.
Steel reinforcement is calculated as per actual requirement as laid in position including

over=laps hooks, cranks. Etc and is determined from the detailed drawings. The density of steel
is taken as 78.5 q / cu.m.
Usually side covers for the steel bars can be taken as same as the clear covers. If no data on
clear cover or side cover is mentioned in the question, assume the suitable value.
Minimum clear cover for slab is 15 mm, beam is 20 mm, column is 40 mm, footing is 50
mm.
As said earlier, estimation for RCC components is done in two parts namely: 1) Estimation of
Concrete (obtained by multiplying the dimensions of the structural element), 2) Estimation of
steel reinforcement by determining the exact length of steel rebar including hook length, bent-
up or cranked bar length, lap distance The total measured length is multiplied with the steel
density to get the exact quantity of steel required in quintal.
Reinforcement calculation:
1. Hooked length of bar
Length of one hook = 9∅

where, Φ = Bar diameter in mm
If there are two hooks at either ends of straight bar,
then Total length of Bar = L+9 ∅ +9 ∅
= L + 18 ∅
2. Cranked or Bent-up bar length (45o bend) Cranked or Bent-up portion
The additional length for one bent-up = 0.42d
The additional length for two sided bent-up = 2 x 0.42d = 0.84d

where, d = distance b/w lever arm of top & bottom bars
d = Overall Depth – Effective cover at top & bottom
3. Length of stirrup
L = 2 (a+b) + 24 ∅
where, a = horizontal length of stirrup
b = vertical length of stirrup
24 ∅ = Overlapping length
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠
4. Number of Bars = + 1
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
5. Development Length = 45∅
6. Lap Length, L = 65∅

Problems:
1. Workout the quantity of M20 cement concrete and reinforcement in a beam for the
following details.
Clear span = 4m
Bearing = 230mm
Beam size = 300 x 500 mm
Reinforcement = 2#-25 mm ∅ bars in tension region, 2#-12 mm ∅ bars in compression
region.
Stirrups – 10 mm diameter bars @ 200 mm c/c
Side cover = Clear cover = 25 mm
Sol: Type of steel reinforcements in the above data:
a. Straight bars with hook on both ends

b. Stirrups
A. Concrete Estimation
Quantity of M20 concrete = L x B x D
Where, L = Overall length of the beam = 4000 + 230 +230 = 4460 mm = 4.46 m
B = Width of the beam = 300 mm = 0.30 m
D = Depth of the beam = 500 mm = 0.50 m
Therefore, Quantity = 4.46 x 0.30 x 0.50 = 0.67 cu. m
B. Steel Reinforcement Estimation
Length of Bottom bars
Providing 25 mm side cover at the ends
L = 4000 + 230 +230 -2 x side covers + 2 x Hook length
L = 4460 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 4460 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 x 25 = 4860 mm = 4.86 m
Length of Top bars
L = 4000 + 230 +230 – 2x 25 + 2 x 9 x ∅ = 4460 – 50 + 18 x 12 = 4626 mm = 4.63 m
Length of Stirrups
L = 2 (a+b) + 24 ∅
a = 300 – 2 x Clear cover – 2 x ½ of stirrup diameter
= 300 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 10 = 240 𝑚𝑚
2
b = 500 – 2 x Clear cover – 2 x ½ of stirrup diameter
= 500 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 10 = 440 𝑚𝑚
2
Therefore, L = 2 (240 + 440) + 24 x 10 = 1600 mm = 1.60 m

Number of Stirrups = +1
4000 + 2 𝑥230−2 𝑥 25
= + 1 = 23.05 = 24
200
Bar Bending Schedule
Total
Length, Quantity,
Length, Weight,
SI. Nos. m q
Particular m q/m
No. (1) (3) = (5) = (3)
(2) (4)
(1) x x(4)
(2)
Bottom bars, ∅ = 25 𝑚𝑚
1 2 4.86 9.72 0.0385 0.38
Top bars, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚
2 2 4.63 9.26 0.00887 0.08
Stirrups, ∅ = 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 200 c/c
3 24 1.60 38.40 0.00616 0.24
0.70
Total weight of steel
quintal
Note: Density of steel, 𝝆 = 78.5 q/m3
𝝅∅𝟐 ∅𝟐
Weight of steel per unit length = 𝝆 𝒙 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟓∅𝟐 =
𝟒 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟐
Where, ∅ = diameter of bar in meters

Abstract Estimate
SI. Rate,
Particular Quantity Unit Per Amount, Rs
No. Rs
1 RCC work excluding steel 0.67 cu.m 675.00 cu.m 452.00
2 Steel Reinforcement 0.70 q 515.00 q 360.00
Total 812.00
Add 5% extra 41.00
Grand Total 853.00
2. A simply supported doubly reinforced beam has the following data:

Clear span = 5.4 m
Bearing over the supports = 300mm
Size =300x800mm
Main reinforcement tensile: #7- 25 Ø. 4 straight and 3 bent up @ 1400mm from support.
Compression reinforcement: #4-25 Ø Spacer bars =25 Ø
Side face reinforcement = #2-12 Ø
Shear reinforcement: 2L- 12 Ø @ 150 c/c for a distance of 1.5 m from the support and 2L-
12 Ø @ 300 c/c for remaining middle portion.
Workout the quantity cement concrete and reinforcement in a beam.
a. Straight bars with hook on both ends at Top and bottom

b. Bars cranked at both ends
c. Side face reinforcement
d. Stirrups
Quantity of M20 concrete = L x B x D
Where, L = Overall length of the beam = 5400 + 300 + 300 = 6000 mm = 6.00 m
B = Width of the beam = 300 mm = 0.30 m
D = Depth of the beam = 800 mm = 0.80 m
Therefore, Quantity = 6.00 x 0.30 x 0.80 = 1.44 cu. m
Length of Bottom Straight bars
Assuming 25 mm side cover at the ends
L = 5400 + 300 + 300 - 2 x side covers + 2 x Hook length
L = 6000 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 6000 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 x 25 = 6400 mm = 6.40 m
Length of Top Straight bars
L = 6000 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 6000 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 x 25 = 6400 mm = 6.40 m
Length of Cranked bars
Steel bar is bent-up on both sides
Therefore, additional length of bar for 2 sided bent-up bar = 0.84d
d = 800 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 12 – ½ x 25 – ½ x 25 = 701.00 mm
Total length = L – 2 x side cover + 2 x hook length + 0.84d
= 5400 + 300 + 300 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 ∅ + 0.84 d
= 5400 + 300 + 300 – 2x 25 + 2 x 9 x 25 + 0.84 x 701.00
= 6988 mm = 7.00 m
Length of Stirrups
L = 2 (a+b) + 24 ∅
= 300 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 12 = 238 𝑚𝑚
2
= 800 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 12 = 738 𝑚𝑚
2
Therefore, L = 2 (238 + 738) + 24 x 12 = 2240 mm = 2.24 m
Stirrups are placed at 150 mm c/c up to a distance of 1.50 m from the support on either
end & in the remaining distance the spacing is at 300 mm c/c
Number of Closely spaced stirrups = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠 + 1

= 3000 −2 𝑥 25 + 1 = 20.66 = 22
150
Number of stirrups in the remaining portion = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠 + 1

(5400−3000)
= + 1 = 9 = 10
300
Total number of Stirrups = 22 + 10 =32
Length of side face bars
Side face bars are not provided with hooks, they are simple straight
Total length of Side face bar = L – 2 x side covers
= 5400 + 300 + 300 – 2 x 25
= 5950 mm = 5.95 m
Total
Length, Quantity,
Length, Weight,
SI. Nos. m q
Particular m q/m
No. (1) (3) = (5) = (3)
(2) (4)
(1) x x(4)
(2)
Bottom Straight bars, ∅ = 25𝑚𝑚
1 4 6.40 25.60 0.0385 0.97
Top Straight bars, ∅ = 25 𝑚𝑚

2 4 6.40 25.60 0.0385 0.97
Cranked bars, ∅ = 25 𝑚𝑚
3 3 7.00 21.00 0.0385 0.81
Stirrups, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚
4 32 2.24 71.68 0.0088 0.63
Side face bars, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚

5 2 5.95 11.90 0.0088 0.11
3.49
quintal
Note: Density of steel, 𝝆 = 78.5 q/m3

𝝅∅𝟐 ∅𝟐
Weight of steel per unit length = 𝝆 𝒙 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟓∅𝟐 =
𝟒 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟐
Where, ∅ = diameter of bar in meters

Abstract Estimate
SI. Rate,
No. Rs
1 RCC work excluding steel 1.44 cu.m 675.00 cu.m 975.00
Total 2772.00
Add 5% extra 139.00
Grand Total 2911.00
3. Prepare a detailed estimate with abstract for the RCC Slab as shown in figure.
Room size = 3 m x 4 m
Top & Bottom cover = 20 mm
Side cover = 50 mm
Alternate bars of main steel are bent-up
a. Straight bars as main reinforcement along shorter direction

b. Alternate bent-up bars as main reinforcement along shorted direction
c. Straight bars as distribution reinforcement along longer direction
Quantity of Concrete
Overall length of slab along longer direction, Ly = 200 + 4000 + 200 = 4400 mm
Overall length of slab along Shorter direction, Lx = 200 + 3000 + 200 = 3400 mm
Slab thickness, t = 120 mm
Volume of Concrete = Lx x Ly x t = 3.40 x 4.40 x 0.12 = 1.80 cu.m
Length of Straight bottom main bars
L = 3000 + 200 + 200 - 2 x side covers + 2 x Hook length
L = 3400 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 3400 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 x 12 = 3516 mm = 3.52 m
Number of Straight bottom main bars = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠 + 1
4000 + 2 𝑥 200−2 𝑥 50
= + 1 = 22.5 = 24
200
Note: Spacing between two straight bars is 200 mm, because there is bent-up bar in
between the straight bar
Length of Cranked bars
Steel bar is bent-up on both sides
Therefore, additional length of bar for 2 sided bent-up bar = 0.84d
d = 120 – 2 x 20 – ½ x12 – ½ x 12 = 68 mm
Total length = L – 2 x side cover + 2 x hook length + 0.84d
= 3000 + 200 + 200 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 ∅ + 0.84 d
= 3000 + 200 + 200 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 x 12 + 0.84 x 68
= 3573 mm = 3.58 m
Number of Cranked Bars = Number of Straight bottom main bars – 1
= 24 - 1 = 23
Length of Distribution bars
L = 4000 + 200 +200 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 x ∅ = 4400 – 100 + 18 x 6 = 4408 mm = 4.41 m
Number of Distribution bars = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠 + 1

= 3000+2 𝑥 200 − 2 𝑥 50 + 1 = 23 = 24 (Round off to near even number)

150
Number of Distribution bars at top near supports = 2 ( 600+200) − 2 𝑥 50 + 1 = 11 =12
150
(Round off to near even number)
Total
Length, Quantity,
Length, Weight,
SI. Nos. m q
Particular m q/m
No. (1) (3) = (5) = (3)
(2) (4)
(1) x x(4)
(2)
Straight Bottom main bars, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚
1 24 3.52 84.48 0.0088 0.74
Alternate Bent-up bars, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚

2 23 3.58 82.34 0.0088 0.73
Bottom Distribution bars, ∅ = 6 𝑚𝑚

3 24 4.41 105.84 0.0022 0.23
Top Distribution bars, ∅ = 6 𝑚𝑚

2 12 4.41 52.92 0.0022 0.12
1.82
quintal
Abstract Estimate
4. Prepare a detailed estimate with abstract for an isolated rectangular RCC column and
footing has the following details:
Column size (400x600) mm
Size of footing 2mx3m of uniform thickness 450mm
Depth of foundation below GL = 1.5m
Height of column to be shown above GL = 1.0m
Thickness of PCC bed in 1: 3:6 = 75mm
Details of reinforcement: Column: #8- 16Ø as main bars with 2L- 8Ø @ 150 c/c lateral ties
Footing: longer direction steel – 12 Ø @ 130 c/c, Shorter direction steel – 12 Ø 220 c/c
Take side cover & clear cover = 50 mm
a. Straight bars in column with development length

b. Stirrups in column
c. Straight bars with 2 sided hooks in both the direction of footing
Note: In the case of RCC Column & footing Estimation, quantities for earthwork in excavation
& PCC need to be calculated prior to RCC quantity calculations
A. Earthwork excavation
Depth of excavation from Ground level = 1.50 m
Size of footing for excavation from the drawing = 2.20 m x 3.20 m
Therefore, Quantity of Soil to be excavated = 2.20 x 3.20 x 1.50 = 10.60 cu.m
B. Plain Cement Concrete Bed
Size of PCC to be laid is same as excavation pit size = 2.20 m x 3.20 m
Thickness of PCC = 0.075 m
Quantity of PCC = 2.20 x 3.20 x 0.075 = 0.53 cu.m
C. RCC in Footing excluding steel
Size of footing = 2.00 x 3.00 m
Footing Depth = 0.450m
Quantity = 2 x 3 x 0.45 = 2.70 cu.m
D. RCC in Column excluding steel
Column size = 0.40 m x 0.60 m
Column Height = (1.50 – 0.075 – 0.450) + 1.00 = 1.98 m
Quantity = 1.98 x 0.40 x 0.60 = 0.48 cu.m
E. Steel Reinforcement Estimation
1. Column
Length of Straight bars
Providing 50 mm side cover

L = 2500 – 75 – 50 – 2 x 12 + 45 ∅ = 2351 + 45 x 16 = 3071 mm = 3.10 m
Length of Stirrups
L = 2 (a+b) + 24 ∅
= 400 – 2 x 50 – 2 x 8 = 292 𝑚𝑚
2
= 600 – 2 x 50 – 2 x 8 = 492 𝑚𝑚
2
Therefore, L = 2 (292 + 492) + 24 x 8 = 1760 mm = 1.76 m

Number of Stirrups = +1
= 1975 − 50 + 1 = 13.83 = 14
150
Note:
a. Stirrups are provided till the junction of Column & Footing only, hence length of the
column = 1975 mm.
b. Side cover is provided only at top of the column because column height is given in the
detail as 1.00 m above the ground level.
2. Footing
Length of Straight bars with end hooks along 2.00 m
L = 2000 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 1900 + 2 x 9 x12 = 2116 mm = 2.12 m

Number of bars = +1
= 3000 − 2 𝑥 50 + 1 = 25.16 = 26
120
Length of Straight bars with end hooks along 3.00 m
L = 3000 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 2900 + 2 x 9 x12 = 3116 mm = 3.12 m

Number of bars = +1
= 2000 − 2 𝑥 50 + 1 = 15.61 = 16
130
Total
Length, Quantity,
Length, Weight,
SI. Nos. m q
Particular m q/m
No. (1) (3) = (5) = (3)
(2) (4)
(1) x x(4)
(2)
Straight bars, ∅ = 16 𝑚𝑚
1 8 3.10 24.80 0.0158 0.39

Stirrups, ∅ = 8 𝑚𝑚
2 14 1.76 24.64 0.00395 0.10
Straight bars along 2.00 m, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚

3 2.12 26 55.12 0.0088 0.49
Straight bars along 3.00 m, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚

4 3.12 16 49.92 0.0088 0.44
1.42
quintal
Abstract Estimate
SI. Rate,
No. Rs
1 Earthwork in Excavation 10.60 cu.m 350.00 cu.m 3710.00
Plain Cement Concrete
2 0.53 cu.m 450.00 cu.m 239.00
Bed
RCC work in Column &
1 3.18 cu.m 675.00 cu.m 2147.00
Footing excluding steel
Total 6827.00
Add 5% extra 341.00
Grand Total 7168.00
Estimation of Septic Tank & Soak Pit
Septic Tank
• A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass or plastic into

which domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment.
• Settling and anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics, but the treatment
efficiency is only moderate (referred to as "primary treatment").
• Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF). They can be
used in areas that are not connected to a sewerage system, such as rural areas.
• The term "septic" refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the
tank which decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank.
Soak Pit
The basic functions and the need for a soak pit is wastewater management.
• The effluent water coming out from septic tank is called greywater, which must be
subjected to a partial treatment before letting it into the ground soil.
• The greywater passing through the soak pit is subjected to filtration. This results in the
settlement of smaller particles of effluents at the bottom of the soak pit.
• These smaller particles are digested by the microorganisms which are a sustainable
process of degradation. The filtered water is then discharged out through the porous
wall of the soak pit.
Soak Pit
Problem
Estimate the following quantities for the septic tank & soak pit as per the given drawing
Septic tank
1. Earthwork Excavation for septic tank & soak pit @ Rs.300 per cu.m
2. PCC (1:4:8) for bed concrete for septic tank @ Rs.500 per cu.m
3. First class Brick work in CM 1:3 for septic tank @ Rs.2000 per cu.m
4. Second class Brick Work for soak pit @ Rs.1000 per cu.m
5. 12 mm thick cement mortar plastering of walls for septic tank @ Rs.700 per sq.m
6. Plastering of floor for septic tank @ Rs.600 per sq.m
7. RCC (1:2:4) for cover slab with 1% steel reinforcement for septic tank & soak pit @
Rs.1500 per cu.m
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 Earthwork in excavation
H = 140 + 30 + 20
Septic tank 1 2.80 1.70 1.95 9.28 +5 = 1.95 m
𝜋𝑥2.002
Soak pit up to 3 m depth 1 4
= 3.14 3.00 9.42 Diameter = 2.00 m
𝜋𝑥1.40 2
Soak pit lower portion 1 4 = 1.54 0.20 0.31 Diameter = 1.40 m
Total 18.98
cu.m
PCC (1:4:8) for Bed concrete
2
for Septic Tank
Floor and foundation 1 2.80 1.70 0.20 0.95
D = (0+10)/2 =
Sloping floor 1 2.00 0.90 0.05 0.09 5cm
Total 1.04
cu.m
First class brickwork in 1:4
3
CM in septic tank
Long walls
1st step 2 2.60 0.30 0.60 0.94 L = outer to outer
2nd step 2 2.40 0.20 1.15 1.10
Short walls
1st step 2 0.90 0.30 0.60 0.32 L = outer to outer
2nd step 2 0.90 0.20 1.15 0.41
Total 2.78
cu.m
2nd class brickwork in 1:6
4
cement mortar
Soak pit, d1 = 1.00 m, t = 0.20 𝜋 (𝑑22−𝑑12) Thickness must be
1 = 0.75 0.70 0.53 considered
m, d2 = d1 + 2t = 1.40 m 4
cu.m
12 mm cement plaster
5 1:3 with standard water
proofing compound in septic
tank
Long walls 2 2.00 1.70 6.80
Short walls 2 0.90 1.70 3.06
Total 9.86
sq. m
6 1:3 with standard water
proofing compound in floor of 1.80
septic tank 1 2.00 0.90
sq. m
RCC (1:2:4) for cover slab
7 with 1% steel reinforcement
Septic Tank 1 2.40 1.30 0.075 0.23

𝜋𝑥1.402
Soak Pit = 1.54 0.075 0.12
1 4
0.35
cu.m
1
0.35 𝑥 Steel density =
Steel @ 1% of RCC quantity 100 78.5 q 0.27 q
78.5q = 7850 kg
= 0.0035
ABSTRACT ESTIMATE
SI
Particulars unit Quantity Rate, Rs per Amount, Rs
No
Earthwork in
1 cu.m 18.98 300.00 cu.m 5694.00
excavation
PCC(1:4:8) for Bed
2 Concrete for septic cu.m 1.04 500.00 cu.m 520.00
tank
First class brickwork
3 in 1:4 CM in septic cu.m 2.78 2000.00 cu.m 5560.00
tank
2nd class brickwork in
4 cu.m 0.00 1000.00 cu.m 0.00
1:6 cement mortar
5 sq.m 9.86 700.00 sq.m 6902.00
WALL Septic tank
20 mm cement floor
6 sq.m 1.80 600.00 sq.m 1080.00
plaster
RCC (1:2:4) for cover
7 slab with 1% steel cu.m 0.35 1500.00 cu.m 525.00
reinforcement
Total 20281.00
Add 5% extra 1014.05
GRAND TOTAL 21295.05
Estimation of Manhole
A manhole or an inspection chamber is a unit constructed underground to provide access to the
utilities like a sewer system, drainage system, etc. Hence, with the help of a manhole,
underground utilities are inspected, modified, cleaned and maintained.
Purpose
The main purpose of a manhole is:
1. To perform inspection, cleaning, and removal of any obstruction present in the sewage
line.
2. The joining of sewers, the change of direction or the alignment of sewers can be
performed with the help of manhole.
3. These have a perforated cover which helps the foul gases to escape. Hence it is a good
means of ventilation for the underground sewage system.
4. Manholes help to lay the sewer line in the conventional lengths
Types of Manhole:
Based on the depth:
1. Shallow Manhole
2. Normal Manhole
3. Deep Manhole
Based on Purpose:
1. Where a change of sewer line is necessary

2. There is a change in sewer size and alignment.
3. A junction is formed by two or more sewer lines
Based on the material:
1. Plastic Manholes
2. Precast Concrete Manholes
3. Fiberglass Manholes
Prepare a detailed estimate of the following works in the construction of Manhole for the
details given below diagram.
1. Earthwork estimation @ Rs. 300 per cu.m

2. Cement concrete (CC) Bed with 1:3:6 @ Rs. 500 per cu.m
3. First class Brick work (BBM) in Cement Mortar (CM) 1:4 @ Rs. 2000 per cu.m
4. 12mm thick CM plaster 1:4 @ Rs. 700 per sq.m
5. 20 mm thick CM plaster @ Rs. 600 per sq.m
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 Earthwork in excavation 1 2.80 1.90 2.90 15.43
cu.m
Cement concrete 1:3:6
2
with brick ballast
Foundation and bed 1 2.80 1.90 0.20 1.06
Benching 1 1.80 0.90 0.40 0.65
Total 1.71
cu.m
Deduct
Upper portion of main 0.90+0.38
1 1.80 0.64 0.15 0.17 B= = 0.64
channel 2
Upper portion of branch Skew Length of pipe

1 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.01 = 0.20+0.10 = 0.30 m
channel
total deduction 0.18
Net Total 1.53
cu.m
I class brickwork in 1:4
3
cement mortar
Long walls 1st step 2 2.60 0.40 0.90 1.87
Long walls 2nd step 2 2.40 0.30 1.00 1.44
Long walls 3rd step 2 1.00 0.20 0.70 0.28
No deductions for
Short wall 1st step 2 0.90 0.40 0.40 0.29 main pipe
Short wall 2nd step 2 0.90 0.30 1.00 0.54
Short wall 3rd step 2 0.90 0.20 0.70 0.25
Total 4.67
cu.m
4 Cement Plastering 1:4
Long walls up tp slab 2 1.80 1.50 5.40
Short wall up to slab 2 0.90 1.50 2.70
D = 0.70 +0.12; (RCC
Left face Wall 1 0.90 0.82 0.74 slab of 0.12 m thick)
Right face Wall 1 0.90 0.70 0.63
D = 0.70 +0.12; (RCC
Remaining face 2 0.60 0.82 0.98 slab of 0.12 m thick
Total 10.45
sq.m
20 mm thick cement B = 0.90+0.30 =1.20
m
5 plaster 1:3 in floor and 1 1.80 1.20 2.16 Additional 0.30 m for
channels channel curvature
sq.m
ABSTRACT ESTIMATE
SI No Particulars unit Quantity Rate, Rs per Amount, Rs
1 Earthwork in excavation cu.m 15.43 300.00 cu.m 4629.00
Cement concrete 1:3:6

2 cu.m 1.53 500.00 cu.m 765.00
with brick ballast
I class brickwork in 1:4
3 cu.m 4.67 2000.00 cu.m 9340.00
cement mortar
4 Cement Plastering 1:4 cu.m 10.45 700.00 sq.m 7315.00
20 mm thick cement
5 plaster 1:3 in floor and sq.m 2.16 600.00 sq.m 1296.00
channels
Total 23345.00
Add 5% extra 1167.25
GRAND TOTAL 24512.25
SPECIFICATIONS
Definition
A Specification is a statement of particulars. Construction Specification may be defined as

written instructions distinguishing and describing in detail the construction work to be
undertaken.
Purpose of Specification
The Specifications are generally written to supplement the information shown on drawings.
The Specification, when included in the contract documents of a project, serve the following
purposes.
1. Monitors the cost of unit quantity of work.

2. Serves as a guide to the supervising staff of the contract as well as to the owner to
execute the work.
3. Specifies the equipment, tools and plants to be engaged for work.
4. Specifies the workmanship and the method of doing the work.
Drawings do not furnish the details of different items of work, the quantity of materials,
proportion of mortar and workmanship which are described in the specifications. Thus,
drawings and specifications form important parts of contract document.
Specifications depend on the nature of the work, the purpose for which the work is required,
strength of the materials, availability of materials, quality of materials etc.
Specifications are of two types:
1) General Specification or Brief Specification

2) Detailed Specification
General Specification: It gives the nature and class of the work and materials in general terms,
to be used in the various parts of the work, from the foundation to the superstructure. It is a
short description of different types of the work specifying materials, proportions, qualities etc.
Detailed Specification: It specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, the proportion of
mortar, workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and the method of
measurement. The detailed specification of different items of work are prepared separately and
describe what the works should be and how shall be executed and constructed.
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
General specifications give the idea and class of work in general terms and are generally
attached with the rough cost and detailed estimates.
1. General Specifications of First Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth: - Shall be of first class burnt bricks in lime or cement mortar(1:6)over
a bed of cement concrete. (1:6:12 or 1:8:16)
Superstructure:- Shall be of first class burnt brick work in lime or cement mortar (1:6)
Damp Proof Course:- Shall be of a cm thick cement concrete (1:2:4) with on-layer of bitumen
laid hot or any other specified water proof material.
Roofing:- Shall be of R.C.C. slabs (1:2:4) covered with two coats of bitumen lalid hot and a
layer of lime or cement concrete 8 cm. thick over it with a tile flooring with cement flush with
cement flush pointed on the top.
Flooring:- Shall be of TERRAZO in drawing, dining, bath and W.C., 4 cm thick plain
conglomerate polished floors in bed rooms and in other rooms.
Doors and Windows:- Doors and windows shall be of teak wood, panelled or panelled and
glazed with gauze shutters to outer doors and fixed wire gauze to windows and ventilators
Fittings shall preferably of brass or good quality metal.
Finishing:- The inside and outside walls shall have 1.25 cm. thick cement plaster. Drawing,
dining and bed rooms inside of walls shall have 2 coats of distemper and other rooms shall
have three coats of white washing. The outside of the wall shall have two coats of colour
washing over one coat of white washing.
Painting:- Doors and windows shall be given three coats of white lead where exposed and
white zinc or cream or grey silicate paint elsewhere.
Miscellaneous:- First class buildings shall be provided with first class sanitary and water
supply fittings and electrical installations. A plinth protection 1.50 m. wide of bricks sloped
away from the building shall be provided all round the building. Plinth Area Rate Rs. 4500.00
to Rs. 5,500 per sq. meter. (Rates variable).
2. General Specifications of Second Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth:- All walls shall be built of first class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar
over a bed of lime concrete or cement concrete. Top course of the plinth shall be laid in cement
mortar(1:6)
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of first class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar.
The Following portions to be built in cement mortar (1:6.)
a) Shills of windows, C. windows.

b) Top course of parapet.
c) Jambs of doors, windows, C. windows.
d) Drip course, cornice and weather course etc.
e) Two courses below the R.C.C. slab and roof battens.
Damp proof Course: - Damp proof course 4 cm thick shall be of Portland cement concrete
(1:2:4) with one coat of bitumen laid hot.
Roofing:- All main rooms shall have R.B. roof or R.C. roof and first class or second class mud
roofs over other rooms.
Floors:- the main rooms shall have conglomerate floors and verandahs shall have flat or brick
on edge floors over cement concrete and sand.
Doors and Windows:- Interior and exterior surface of wall shall be cement plastered 1.25 cm
thick, covered with three coats of white washing.
Painting: - Doors and windows shall be painted with three coats of chocolate paint or any other
approved paint.
Miscellaneous:- Roof drainage shall be carried by means of Gargolyes and khassi parnalas.
Plinth protection1.50 m. wide of bricks shall be provided all-round the building. Plinth Area
Rate: Rs. 2500 to Rs.3000 per sq.m
3. General Specification of Third Class Buildings

Foundations and Plinth: - All walls shall be built of second class burnt laid in mud mortar
over bed on lime concrete.
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of second class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar.
Roofing:- All rooms shall have second class mud roof and the verandahs shall have G.I. sheet
roof.
Floors:- Floors everywhere shall be of brick over mid concrete and cement pointed.
Doors and Windows: - Doors and windows shall be of kail, Chir, Mango or any other soft
wood, ledged, battened and braced type.
Finishing: - Interior surface of walls shall be mud plastered and covered with three coats of
white washing. The outside surface shall be flush lime pointed.
Painting: - Doors and windows shall be give two coats of ordinary chocolate paint.
Plinth Area Rate: - Rs. 1500.00 to Rs. 1800.00 per sq.m.
4. General Specifications of Fourth Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth:- All walls shall be built of se3cond class brick work laid in mud
mortar.
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of sand moulded sun dried bricks laid in mud mortar
with the exception of the following which shall be built in second class brick work in mud.
1. Two courses underneath the roof battens.
2. Jambs of doors and windows.
3. Pillars under the roof beams.
4. Sills of windows, C. windows.
Roofing:- Third class mud roof. Floors: - Mud floors(2.5cm) mud plaster over the rammed
earth.
Doors and Windows:- Doors and windows shall be of kail, chir or any other soft wood batten
doors. Finishing:- mud and mud plaster inside and outside.
Painting: Two coats of ordinary paint.

Plinth Area Rate:- Rs. 800.00 to Rs. 1000.00 per sq.m.
Detailed Specifications of various items of works are as follows:
1. Earthwork in excavation in foundation

Excavation: Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the foundation
concrete and the side must be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical
sides, the sides should be sloped back or protected with timber shoring. Excavated earth
shall not be placed within 1m of the edge of the trench.
Finish of Trench:
1. The bottom of the trench shall be perfectly levelled in both the directions. The sides of
the trench must be perfectly levelled atleast to the thickness of the Bed Concrete.
2. Before placing the bed concrete, the surface of the trench must be lightly watered and
perfectly rammed.
3. Excess digging if done by mistake, shall be filled with concrete at the expense of the
contractor.
4. If rocks or boulders are found during the excavation, these should be removed and the
bed of the trenches shall be levelled and made hard by consolidation.
5. Concrete shall not be laid before the inspection and approval by the Engineer-In-
charge.
Finds: Any treasure and valuables or materials found during the excavation, shall be the
property of the Government.
Water in foundation: Water if accumulates in trench, should be taken out by pumping

without additional payment and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface
water to enter into the trench.
Trench filling: After the bed concrete has be laid and masonry or RCC work is done, the
remaining portion must be filled by earth in layers of 15 cm and watered and rammed.
Earth fill must be free from rubbish and refuse matters and the clods shall be broken before
filling. Surplus earth not required shall be removed and disposed, and site shall be levelled
and dressed.
Note: Excavation in saturated soil or different kinds of soil, soft or decomposed rock etc.
shall be taken under separate items. The excavation shall be done on the same principle
discussed above.
2. Bed concrete in foundation in CC (1:4:8)
Materials: Cement, fine & coarse aggregates, water
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard IS specifications, and shall have
required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
Fine aggregates shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains
and shall pass through screen of 5 mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard
specifications clean and free from dust and organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used.
Fine aggregates may also be crushed stone if specified.
Coarse aggregates shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from
dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be 20 mm size and down and
shall be retained in 5 mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed
42 %.
Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking
purposes.
Proportion of concrete shall be 1:4:8 as mentioned in the work above will be cement :
fine aggregates : coarse aggregates.
Mixing: Cement is to be placed on the mix of fine & coarse aggregates. The whole mass
mixed three or four times so that it shall be thoroughly incorporated. The required quantity
of water shall be added and the entire wet mass shall be turned over until the homogeneous
mixture of the required consistency is obtained.
Laying: Concrete shall be handled from the mixing platform to the place of final deposit
as rapidly as possible. It shall be laid slowly and gently in layers of 15 cm. and thoroughly
consolidated with 5.5 kg rammers.
Curing: The concrete shall be kept wet for a fortnight. The wetting should be done by
covering with gunny bags and watering frequently to keep the bags moist which helps in
curing process.
3. Size Stone Masonry (SSM) in footing, plinth & wall

Ashlar Masonry
Stone shall be hard, sound, durable and tough, free from cracks, decay and weathering and
defects like cavities, cracks, flaws. Sand holes, veins etc. The stones shall be laid in regular
courses and all the courses shall be of the same height. This class of work is suitable for the
face of piers and abutments of large bridges and also for important building.
Proportions of mortar shall be taken as 1 part of cement and 6 parts of fine aggregates by
volume, the water shall be mixed only at the time of placing the masonry and should be
potable.
Laying of stones: All stones shall be wetted before laying and stones shall be laid on their
natural bed. All courses shall be truly horizontal. All corners shall be truly in plumb and
side shall be in line and level.
Joints shall be full of mortar. Thickness must not exceed 6 mm.
Pointing All exposed joints shall be pointed with mortar as specified. The pointing when
finished shall be sunk from stone face by 5mm.
Scaffolding: Double scaffolding shall be used if necessary. However, single scaffolding is
provided, the holes left in the masonry work for supporting the put logs shall be filled and
made good by stones to match the face work.
Curing shall be done for atleast seven days.
Measurement is taken in cubic metres.
Coursed Rubble Masonry

This masonry will be laid in courses in varying height as may not be convenient and
economical according to the nature of the stone available from the quarry.
No course shall be less than 15 cm and no course shall be of greater depth than any course
below. Mortar shall be specified. Joint shall not be less thicker than 12 mm. All side joints
shall be vertical and beds horizontal.
Random Rubble Masonry

The stones are those which have been quarry dressed and unlike bricks, the stones are not if
uniform size and shape. Each stone shall be laid on its quarry bed and shall be wedged or
pinned strongly into position in the wall by spalls or chips. Mortar joints shall not be
thicker than 2 cm. Not more than 60 cm height of masonry shall be constructed at a time.
4. Damp Proof Course (DPC) 25 mm thick in CC 1:1.5:3

Materials: Damp proof course consist of cement, fine and coarse aggregates with 2% of
imperno or cem-seal by weight of cement or other standard water proofing compound
(1 kg per bag of cement). The DPC shall be applied at the plinth level of 25 mm thick.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement as per IS standards. Fine aggregates shall be clean,
size of 5 mm and down, coarse aggregate shall be hard and tough of 20 mm size well graded
and free from dust and dirt.
Mixing: Mixing shall be done on masonry platform or tray. Cement will be first mixed
with required quantity of water proofing agent, then the mixture is combined with fine
aggregates and mixed till uniform texture is obtained and finally with coarse aggregates.
Water should be potable and shall be added to get the proper consistency until uniform and
homogenous concrete.
Laying:
 The level of the surface of plinth shall be checked vertically and horizontally.
 Side forms or shutters of 2.5 cm thick shall be fixed properly and firmly on both
sides to confine the concrete.
 Inner surface of shuttering shall be oiled or greased.
 Concrete shall be placed within half an hour of mixing and compacted thoroughly
by tamping to make dense concrete and levelled.
 Shuttering may be removed after three days.
 DPC work shall not be carried across door ways and verandah openings.
Curing: Cured by water for at least 7 days.
Painting with Asphalt:
 Two coats of asphalt painting shall be applied on the upper surface of DPC.
 The first coat of hot Asphalt at 1.5 kg / m2 shall be applied uniformly on the concrete
surface when it is dry and the painted surface shall be disturbed immediately with
coarse sand and tamped lightly.
 The second coat of hot Asphalt at 1 kg / m2 shall be applied uniformly on the concrete
surface when it is dry and the painted surface shall be disturbed immediately with
coarse sand and tamped lightly.
20 mm Damp proof course: Thickness of 2 cm with CM 1:2 along with water proofing
agent at a rate of 1 kg per cement bag. Mixing, laying, curing shall be done as above. The
form shall be 2 cm thick.
5. First class Brick Work in CM 1:6
Materials: Bricks, cement, fine aggregates, water
Bricks:
 Shall be of first class of IS standards made of good earth thoroughly burnt.
 Deep cherry red or copper colour.
 Regular in shape with sharp edges
 Emit ringing sound when two bricks are struck against each other
 Free from cracks, chips, flaws & lumps.
 Shall not absorb water more than one-sixth of their weight after one hour of soaking
by immersing in water.
 Crushing strength of 105 kg / m2
Proportions of mortar shall be taken as 1 part of cement and 6 parts of fine aggregates by
volume, the water shall be mixed only at the time of placing the masonry and should be
potable.
Soaking of bricks: Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for
a duration of 12 hours immediately before use.
Laying:
 Bricks shall be well bonded and laid in English Bond unless otherwise specified.
 Every course shall be truly horizontal and wall shall be truly in plumb.
 Vertical joints of consecutive course shall not come directly over one another.
 No damaged or broken bricks shall be used.
 Closers shall be clean cut bricks and shall be placed near the ends of the walls but
not at the other edge.
 Mortar joints shall not exceed 6 mm in thickness joints shall be fully filled with
mortar.
 Bricks shall be laid with frogs upwards except in the top course where frogs shall
be placed downward.
 Brickwork shall be carried out not more than 1m height at a time.
 All joints shall be raked and faces of wall cleaned at the end of each day’s work.
Curing: Shall be done for at least 10 days after laying.
Scaffolding: Suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of brick

wall.
Measurement: Measurement is done in cu.m.

6. 2.5 cm thick CC flooring 1:2:4
Materials: Cement, fine & coarse aggregates, water
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard IS specifications, and shall have required
tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
Fine aggregates shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and
shall pass through screen of 5 mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications
clean and free from dust and organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used. Fine aggregates
may also be crushed stone if specified.
Coarse aggregates shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust,
dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be 20 mm size and down and shall
be retained in 5 mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42
%.
purposes.
Preparation of Surface: The floor shall be levelled and divided into panels of size not
exceeding 1 m in its smaller dimension and 2 m in longer dimensions. Suitable cross stope
shall be provided in the floor for draining wash water.
mixture of the required consistency is obtained. Concrete for one panel shall be mixed in
one lot.
Laying:
 Alternate panels shall be laid in alternate days.

 The base shall be made rough and cleaned and soaked with water thoroughly and
then given a cement wash just before laying.
 Concrete shall be placed gently and evenly and compacted by beating with wooden
‘thapies’ and then the surface shall be tamped with wooden tampers.
 Any unevenness shall be removed by adding 1:2 cement: sand mortar.
Curing: After laying the surface shall be left undisturbed for 2 hours and then covered with
wet bags and after 24 hours cured by flooding water for at least 10 days.
Coloured floor: Surface shall be finished with coloured cement and colouring pigment of
the desired colour added.
Measurement: Measurement is taken in sq.m.
7. Cement Plastering in Cement mortar

Materials: Cement, fine aggregates and water.
Mixing: Cement and fine aggregates are dry mixed to proportion of 1:4 or 1:6 as per the
specification till in to a uniform texture and water shall be added slowly and gradually for
at least four times to give uniform paste. Mortar prepared shall be used with in 30 minutes.
Preparation of Surface: The work of cement plaster shall be carried out after masonry
joints are raked out to a depth of 20 mm and well-watered. Extra projection of masonry
more than 13 mm to the general level surface should be cut-off. To ensure uniform thickness
of plaster as specified, narrow strips of about 10 cm wide plaster shall be applied first a
distance of about 1 m centres and the gaps between such strips shall immediately be filled
up with mortar.
Application of plaster: The first coat of plaster shall be uniformly applied in the best
workmanship. The thickness of the first coat shall not be less than 12 mm and should be
cured for 7 days.
Finish: The second coat shall be started at least after 7 days and should be 8 mm thickness.
Curing: Plastering surface shall be kept wet by sprinkling water after 12 hours for at least
7 days.
Measurement: Measurement is taken in sq.m.
8. Reinforced Cement Concrete (1:2:4)
Steel:
 Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild steel or deformed steel of IS standards and
shall be free from corrosion, loose rust scale, oil, grease, paint etc.
 Bars shall be hooked and bent accurately and placed in position as per design and
drawing and bound together tight with steel wire at their point of intersection.
 Bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even motion, bars of 40 mm
diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allowed to cool slowly
without immersing in water or quenching.
 Joints in the bar should be avoided as far as possible, when joints have to be made
an overlap of 40 times diameter of the bar shall be given with proper hooks at ends
and joints should be staggered. Bigger diameter bars should be joined by welding
and tested before placing in position.
 During laying and compacting of concrete the reinforcing bars should not move from
their positions and bars of the laid portions should not be disturbed.
Centring and Shuttering should be done with timber or steel plates and to prevent leakage
of mortar, if necessary props. Bracing and wedges are placed. A coat of soap solution, raw
linseed oil or form oil of approved manufacture should be applied over the shuttering to
prevent adherence of concrete.
Coarse aggregates shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust,
dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be 20 mm size and down and shall
be retained in 5 mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42
%.
purposes.
mixture of the required consistency is obtained.
Laying:
 Shuttering shall be clean, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters.
 Concrete shall be deposited (not dropped) in its final position.
 In the case of column and wall, it is desirable to place concrete in full height if
practical so as to avoid construction joints but the progress of concreting in the
vertical direction shall be restricted to 1 m per hour.
 Time duration between mixing and placing the concrete should not exceed 20
minutes.
 During winter concreting shall not be done if the temperature falls below 4o C.
 Compaction shall be done using mechanical vibrating machine until dense concrete
is obtained.
 Compaction shall be completed within 30 minutes from the point of water added to
the dry mix.
 Over compaction must be avoided to prevent segregation and bleeding of concrete.
 Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest or the following
day, the end shall be sloped at an angle of 30o and made rough for future joining.
When the work is resumed, the previous sloped portion shall be roughened, cleaned
and watered and coat of neat cement shall be applied and fresh concrete shall be
laid.
 Upper layer shall be laid before the lower layer has set.
 Structures exceeding 45 m in length shall be divided by one or more expansion
joints.
Curing: Concrete surface shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags for 24
hours soon after the removal of shuttering for at least 21 days.
Measurement: Measurement shall be done in cu.m.

9. Painting New wood work
Before commencing painting work, the surface should be rubbed down with sand paper and
make it smooth with 21 paper and then with 11 grade. All knots must be killed or covered
2 2
with two coats of patents knotting or with a preparation of red lead glue laid on hot. When
the wood surface is thoroughly dry, the priming coat shall be applied.
10. Painting on Old wood work

Before repainting, blisters must be removed making the surface level for a new coat. If it is
necessary to remove the old paint, it shall be burnt off with a blow lamp or removed with
paint remover. The surface shall be well scoured with hot water to remove alkaline traces
when paint remover is used.
After the paint as been removed, the surface shall be thoroughly rubbed down smooth with
sand paper and painted with two or three coats. Care shall be taken that wood is not charred
or that an alkaline paint remover does not come in contact with the wood.
11. Tile flooring

Consists of first class burnt bricks or tiles laid flat or on edge over a bed of 10cm, thick lime
concrete or cement (1:6:18) and 10cm. thick sand.
Laying: All bricks or tiles or tiles shall be laid in lime or cement mortar with bed and vertical
joints full of mortar1:4 simple “lipping” at the edge shall not be permitted. The laying shall
be in plain, diagonal, herring bone or other pattern as desired by the Engineer-in-charge.
The work shall be protected from the effect of sun, frost and rain during construction.
Soaking: Before use, all bricks or tiles shall be soaked in clean water in tanks for at least
one hour.
Joints: The joints shall not exceed 6mm in thickness. The mortar in the joints shall be struck
off flush with s trowel. Care shall be taken that no mortar shall spreed over the edge of the
bricks or tiles.
Curing: The floor must be kept wet for seven days after laying. If cement pointing is done,
it shall be kept moist for at least 15days after the pointing has been done.
12. Marble flooring

The marble flooring shall consists of marble tiles laid on 12mm thick mortar bed over the
usual base courses of 10cm base concrete 1:8:16 and 10cm said or stone filling in case of
ground floor or over R.C.C slabs. In case of upper floors the mortar bed shall be of 1:3
cement sand mortar.
The marble slabs should be of approved quality and thickness 20mm to 25mm with truly
plane surface. The size of marble slab shall be slightly oversize to permit cutting to actual
size of tiles at the site of work.
Curing: During the progress of work and for 10days after laying, each section of floor shall
be kept flooded. Three clear days shall be allowed for setting before the pavement is walked
over and no weight should be rested upon the surface, until 7days after laying is completed,
Polishing is done, as in case of Terrazzo flooring and no first cutting is usually needed.
13. Terrazo flooring

A rough foundation of ordinary cement concrete 1:2:4 to within 29mm below the required
finish grade shall first be provide. The material of the terrazzo consisting of 1½ parts of very
small marble chips machine crushed and free from marble dust and foreign matter, 6 to 13
mm, to one part cement shall then be laid and floated over the rough surface, so that flat
sides of the chips lay evenly at the top if the marble chips do not show up sufficiently, the
defective parts may be filled up by hand.
After the terrazzo concrete has hardened enough to prevent dislodgement of aggregate, it
shall be ground down with an approved type of grinding machine shod with free rapid
cutting carborundum stones to expose the coarse aggregate. The floor to be kept wet during
grinding process. After this the finish shall be scrubbed with warm water and soft soap and
mopped dry.
Rate Analysis
The basis of arriving the correct and reasonable price or rate per unit item of work following
its specification is called as Rate analysis.
Rate per unit = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚
Rate analysis includes the following heads of cost:-

a. Cost of materials = Quantity of materials x Rate (from Schedule of rates / Analytical
basis)
b. Cost of labours = Number of labours with category x wage per day (depends upon
turnout per day per labour basis)
c. Cost of tools, plants & machinery = lumpsum (Rs. 300/- to 1500/-) depending on type
of work
d. Cost of over head and water charges = 1 % to 2 % of the total cost of material and
labour
e. Profit = 10 % of total cost of material and labour
Final / Overall Cost = a + b + c + d + e
Calculation of number of labours on the basis of turnout per day per labour
The following are the average turnout of each category of labour and item of work
SI. No. Item of work Turnout per day per labour
1 Earthwork 2.5 cu.m / day / labour
2 Cement Concrete 5.0 cu.m / day / labour
3 RCC works 3.0 cu.m / day / labour
4 Stone Masonry 2.5 cu.m / day / labour
5 Brick Masonry 2.0 cu.m / day / labour
6 Cement Plastering 20 sq.m / day / labour
7 Painting 40 sq.m / day / labour
Note:
1. Minimum number of labours – 02
2. Skilled workers – 02 to 05 (depending upon work)
3. Total strength of labours – 06 to 20
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌

Number of mason =
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓
Ex: Cement concrete work
Sample = 10 cu.m
Turnout = 5.0 cu.m/day/labour
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
Number of mason = = 10 = 2 𝑁𝑜𝑠
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟 5
Therefore, 1 Nos head mason / day

2 Nos mason / day
Team Work
2 Nos skilled labour / day
2 Nos helper / day
Total strength of labours = 07 Nos.
RCC work
Sample = 10 cu.m
Turnout = 3.0 cu.m / day / mason
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
Number of mason = = 10 = 3.33 take nearest whole number = 3
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟 3
Therefore, 1 Nos head mason / day

3 Nos mason / day
3 Nos Skilled labour / day
5 Nos helper / day
Total Strength = 12 Nos
Cost of Material
The cost of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport, local taxes and
other charges. If the materials are to be carried from a distant place, more than 8 km, then
additional cost of transport is also added. The rates of materials and labour vary from place to
place and therefore, the rates of different items of work also vary from place to place.
The rates of all the construction materials along with their specifications for a particular work
at a particular place or state depend upon a market price or by refereeing a manual or guidelines
book called ‘Schedule of Rates’.
Note: For the analysis of rates in this module, if no rates are given for the materials, assume
suitable rate accordingly.
General Rates
1. Cement – Rs. 325 per bag
2. Size stone – Rs. 10 per stone
3. Table mould bricks – Rs. 6 per brick
4. Wood material – Teak wood – Rs. 75000 /cu.m; ordinary wood – Rs. 50000 / cu.m
5. Stone aggregates (jelly)
i. 40mm size – Rs. 600 / cu.m
ii. 20 mm size – Rs. 900 / cu.m
iii. 10 mm and down – Rs. 700 / cu.m
6. Mangalore tile or roof tile – (25 cm x 35 cm) – Rs. 1000 / 100 tiles
7. Mosaic tile – Rs. 3000 / 100 tiles
8. White cement – Rs. 30 / kg
9. Glazed tiles – Rs. 600 / sq.m
10. Bitumen barrel - Rs. 3000 / barrel
11. AC sheet roof covering – Rs. 150 / sq.m or Rs. 250 / sq.m including all fixtures.
12. Paints
i. Distemper paint – Rs. 75/L
ii. Emulsion paint – Rs. 250/L
iii. Enamel paint – Rs. 200/L
iv. Varnish – Rs. 300/L
13. GI pipe (25 mm dia) – Rs. 150 for running meter
14. PVC pipe – Rs. 100 for running meter
15. Water proof compound – Rs. 100 / kg
16. Sand – Rs. 2500 / cu.m
17. Cost of labours
i. Head mason – Rs. 500 / day
ii. Mason – Rs. 400 / day
iii. Skilled labour – Rs. 300 / day
iv. Helper – Rs. 200 / day
v. Carpenter – Rs. 500 / day
vi. Helper to carpenter – Rs. 300 / day
vii. Plumber – Rs. 500 / day
viii. Helper to plumber = Rs. 300 / day
ix. Bar bender – Rs. 500 / day
x. Electrician – Rs. 400 / day
xi. Painter – Rs. 400 / day
For rate analysis purpose, the following sample quantities are taken for the calculation
1. For all types of voluminous work – 10 cu.m
2. For all types of surface work – 100 sq.m
3. For all types of running meter work – 100 R m
IMPORTANT:
a. 1 cu.m of calculation will give higher cost for any particular item of work and a group
can do a minimum work of 6 cu.m (200 cu.f) or 25 sq.m (250 sq.f). Therefore the cost
of any work to be done must be as per the sample quantities shown above.
b. Total cost of the work is for one cu.m or one sq.m. Hence, the final cost of materials
and labours at the end of the calculation will be written in per cu.m or sq.m depending
on the type of work.
Rate Analysis for various items of work

1. Cement concrete of 1:5:10 for bed in foundation with 40 mm size coarse aggregates.
Materials: Cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates & water.
Take 10 cu.m wet volume of concrete
For 10 cu.m of wet volume of concrete, an additional 50 to 60 % of materials must be
taken for dry volume of concrete considering the loss of materials while transporting,
mixing and placing. Lets take 55 % of materials extra.
Dry Volume = 10 + 10 x 𝟓𝟓
= 15.50 cu.m
𝟏𝟎𝟎
For 10 cu.m of wet concrete, the dry volume of materials will be 15.50 cu.m
Concrete proportion = 1:5:10: Therefore, sum of proportion = 1+5+10 = 16
Quantity Calculations
Quantity Calculation = 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑒
𝑥 Each part
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑚
1. Cement = 15.50 𝑥 1 = 0.968 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

16
Always cement quantity must be in terms of number of bags.

1 cu.m volume requires 30 bags of cement (Each bag weighs 50 kg) [STANDARD]
Therefore, 0.968 cu.m requires 29 bags of cement
2. Fine aggregate / sand = 15.50 𝑥 5 = 4.84 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
16
3. Coarse aggregate (40 mm) = 15.50 𝑥 10 = 9.68 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

16
Cost Calculation
Quantity or Rate, per
Particulars unit Cost, Rs.
Nos Rs. unit
Materials
Cement 29 bags 325.00 bag 9425.00
Fine aggregates 4.84 cu.m 2500.00 cu.m 12100.00
Coarse aggregates (40
9.68 cu.m 600.00 cu.m 5808.00
mm)
Labours (as per Turnout)
Head Mason 1 Nos 500.00 per day 500.00
Mason 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Skilled labours 2 Nos 300.00 per day 600.00
Helper 2 Nos 200.00 per day 400.00
Cost of tools &
Lumpsum 800.00
machinery
Net Total 30433.00
Adding 1.5 % of water charges 456.50
Adding 10 % Contractor Profit 3043.30
Grand Total for 10 cu.m of work 33933.00
COST PER cu.m of work = Grand Total for 10 cu.m of work / 10 3395.00
2. Brick masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and plinth with 20 x 10 x 10 cm brick

Materials: Brick, cement, fine aggregates & water
Take volume of brick work = 10 cu.m
As per IS standards, size of modular brick = 20 x 10 x 10 cm
Size of actual brick = 19 x 9 x 9 cm
Since, brick and cement mortar used as two separate constituents in the masonry, their
quantity must be found separately as follow:
10
Number of bricks for 10 cu.m of work = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑒
= = 5000 𝑁𝑜𝑠.
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 0.2 𝑥 0.1 𝑥 0.1
Therefore, for 10 cu.m of work, 5000 bricks are required.

Actual volume of mortar = Total volume – net volume of bricks
= 10 – (5000 x actual brick size)
= 10 – (5000 x 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09) = 2.30 cu.m
Increase the volume of mortar by 15 % for frog filling, for use of cut bricks, for uniform
joints, wastage etc.) = 2.30 + 2.30 x 0.15 = 2.65 cu.m
Further increase the volume of mortar by 25 % for dry volume = 2.65 + 2.65 x 0.25 = 3.31
cu.m
Quantity Calculation
Sum of Proportion (1:6) = 1 + 6 = 7
1. Cement = 3.31 = 0.47 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7

2. Sand = 3.31 𝑥 6 = 2.84 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7
Cost Calculation
Brick masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and plinth with 20 x 10 x 10 cm brick
Quantity
Particulars unit Rate, Rs. per unit Cost, Rs.
or Nos
Materials
Bricks 5000 Nos 6.00 Nos 30000.00
Cement 14.00 bags 325.00 bag 4550.00
Sand 2.84 cu.m 2500.00 cu.m 7100.00
Cost of tools &
Lumpsum 800.00
machinery
Net Total 47850.00
3. Brick masonry in CM 1:6 in Superstructure.

When Brick size is not mentioned, take the size of modular brick i.e. 20 x 10 x 10 cm
Materials: Brick, cement, fine aggregates & water
Take volume of brick work = 10 cu.m
As per IS standards, size of modular brick = 20 x 10 x 10 cm
Size of actual brick = 19 x 9 x 9 cm
Since, brick and cement mortar used as two separate constituents in the masonry, their
quantity must be found separately as follow:
10
Number of bricks for 10 cu.m of work = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑒
= = 5000 𝑁𝑜𝑠.
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 0.2 𝑥 0.1 𝑥 0.1
Therefore, for 10 cu.m of work, 5000 bricks are required.
Actual volume of mortar = Total volume – net volume of bricks
= 10 – (5000 x actual brick size)
= 10 – (5000 x 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09) = 2.30 cu.m
Increase the volume of mortar by 15 % for frog filling, for use of cut bricks, for uniform
joints, wastage etc.) = 2.30 + 2.30 x 0.15 = 2.65 cu.m
Further increase the volume of mortar by 25 % for dry volume = 2.65 + 2.65 x 0.25 = 3.31
cu.m
Sum of Proportion (1:6) = 1 + 6 = 7
1. Cement = 3.31 = 0.47 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7

2. Sand = 3.31 𝑥 6 = 2.84 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7
Cost Calculation
Quantity Rate, per

or Nos Rs. unit
Materials
Bricks 5000 Nos 6.00 Nos 30000.00
Cement 14.00 bags 325.00 bag 4550.00
Sand 2.84 cu.m 2500.00 cu.m 7100.00
Scaffolding Lumpsum 1000.00
Cost of tools & machinery Lumpsum 800.00
Net Total 50050.00
4. RCC work M20 grade with 2 % steel reinforcement in beams and slabs
Concrete proportion for M20 is 1:1.5:3
Materials: Cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates (20 mm), steel & water.
Take 10 cu.m wet volume of concrete
For 10 cu.m of wet volume of concrete, an additional 50 to 60 % of materials must be
taken for dry volume of concrete considering the loss of materials while transporting,
mixing and placing. Lets take 55 % of materials extra.
Dry Volume = 10 + 10 x 𝟓𝟓
= 15.50 cu.m
𝟏𝟎𝟎
For 10 cu.m of wet concrete, the dry volume of materials will be 15.50 cu.m
Summation of proportion = 1+1.5+3 = 5.5
1. Cement = 15.50 𝑥 1 = 2.81 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
5.5

2. Sand = 15.50 𝑥 1.5 = 4.23 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
5.5
3. Coarse Aggregates (20 mm) = 15.50 𝑥 3 = 8.45 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

5.5
4. Steel Reinforcement = 2 % volume of RCC work

2
= 𝑥 10 𝑥 78.5 = 15.70 𝑞
100
Cost Calculation
RCC work M20 grade with 2 % steel reinforcement in beams & slabs
Quantity
or Nos
Materials
Cement 84 bags 325.00 bag 27300.00
Coarse aggregates (20 mm) 8.45 cu.m 600.00 cu.m 5070.00
Steel Reinforcement @ 2 % 15.70 q 75.00 q 1177.50
Binding wires 2.00 kg 100.00 kg 200.00
Bar bender 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Helper for Bar bender 4 Nos 200.00 per day 800.00
Carpenter 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Helper for Carpenter 2 Nos 200.00 per day 400.00
Scaffolding (including
Lumpsum 10000.00
centring and shuttering)
Net Total 62922.50
5. 120 mm thick RCC slab of 1:2:4 with 2 % steel reinforcement

Note: In this item of work, the thickness of slab is specified, therefore consider an area of
100 sq.m and find the volume of concrete required for the slab
Volume of Concrete = Area x thickness of slab = 100 x 0.12 = 12 cu.m
Materials: Cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates (20 mm), steel & water.
Take 12 cu.m as wet volume of concrete
Taking 55 % extra for dry mix, total dry volume = 12 + 12 x 0.55 = 18.60 cu.m = 19 cu.m
Summation of Proportion = 1+2+4 = 7
1. Cement = 19 𝑥 1 = 2.72 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7

2. Sand = 19 𝑥 2 = 5.44 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7
3. Coarse Aggregates = 19 𝑥 4 = 10.88 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7
4. Steel Reinforcement = 2 % volume of RCC work
2
= 𝑥 12 𝑥 78.5 = 18.84 𝑞
100
Cost Calculations
Quantity
or Nos
Materials
Cement 82 bags 325.00 bag 26650.00
Coarse aggregates (20
10.88 cu.m 600.00 cu.m 6528.00
mm)
Steel Reinforcement @ 2
18.84 q 75.00 q 1413.00
%
Binding wires 2.00 kg 100.00 kg 200.00
Bar bender 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Helper for Bar bender 4 Nos 200.00 per day 800.00
Carpenter 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Helper for Carpenter 2 Nos 200.00 per day 400.00
Scaffolding (including
Lumpsum 10000.00
centering and shuttering)
Net Total 66991.00
Grand Total for 100 sq.m of work 74694.97
COST PER cu.m of work = Grand Total for 100 sq.m of work / 100 750.00
6. Random Rubble masonry with CM 1:6 in foundation

Materials – Stones of irregular shape, cement, sand & water
Consider 10 cu.m of volume of the stone masonry.
Since, the stones are procured from the quarry, they are not in definite shape. Therefore,
taking 25 % extra considering the wastage the actual volume of stone is 12.5 cu.m
Assume the dry mortar volume as 4.5 cu.m (Random Rubble masonry)
Summation of proportion = 1+6 = 7
1. Cement = 4.50 𝑥 1 = 0.65 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7
2. Sand = 4.50 𝑥 6 = 3.85 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7
Cost Calculation
Quantity Rate, per
or Nos Rs. unit
Materials
Stone 12.50 cu.m 1500.00 cu.m 18750.00
Cement 0.65 bags 325.00 bags 211.25
Net Total 33886.25
7. Ashlar masonry with CM 1:6 in foundation

Materials – Well-dressed stones, cement, sand & water
Consider 10 cu.m of volume of the stone masonry.
Since, the stones are procured from the quarry, they are not in definite shape. Therefore,
taking 25 % extra considering the wastage the actual volume of stone is 12.5 cu.m
Assume the dry mortar volume as 3.00 cu.m (Ashlar masonry)
3. Cement = 3.00 𝑥 1 = 0.43 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7
4. Sand = 3.00 𝑥 6 = 2.60 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

7
Note: Ashlar masonry work requires more work force in order to chisel the stones into
definite shape.
Cost Calculation
Quantity Rate, per
or Nos Rs. unit
Materials
Stone 12.50 cu.m 1500.00 cu.m 18750.00
Cement 0.43 bags 325.00 bags 139.75
Net Total 35189.75
8. 12 mm thick cement plastering in CM 1:6 over brick masonry
Materials: Cement, fine aggregates & water

Since plastering is a surface work, consider a sample area of 100 sq.m
Therefore, volume of mortar = Sample area x Thickness of plastering
= 100 x 0.012 = 1.2 cu.m
Increase the volume of mortar by 25 % for uneven wall surface = 1.2 + 1.2 x 0.25 = 1.50 cu.m
Further increase the volume by 30 % for dry mortar = 1.50 + 1.50 x 0.30 = 1.95 cu.m
1. Cement = 1.95 𝑥 1 = 0.28 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚 = 9 bags
7
2. Sand = 1.95 𝑥 6 = 1.67 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

7
Cost Calculation
12 mm thick cement plastering in CM 1:6 over brick masonry
Quantity Rate,
Particulars unit per unit Cost, Rs.
or Nos Rs.
Materials
Cement 9.00 bags 325.00 bag 2925.00
Sand 1.67 cu.m 2500.00 cu.m 4175.00
Net Total 13900.00
Grand Total for 100 sq.m of work 15498.50
COST PER sq.m of work = Grand Total for 100 sq.m of work / 100 155.00
9. Earthwork in excavation for foundation in ordinary soil
Take 10 cu.m
Quantity Rate, per
or Nos Rs. unit
No Materials
Net Total 9500.00
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
Tender:
 It is an offer in writing to execute some work or to supply some specified articles at

certain rates, within a fixed time under certain conditions of contract and agreement,
between the contractor and the department or owner or party.
 Agreement to complete the work at competitive rates.
 Time frame is defined to complete a work based on bill of quantities (BOQ) &
specifications.
 Tender document incorporates the sum of money, time and other conditions required to
carry out the contract obligations in order to complete a project or a part of it consisting
of specified works.
Contract: It is defined as any kind of undertaking written or verbal by a person or a firm for
construction, maintenance or repairs of a work or for the supply of materials. This agreement
is enforced by law.
Contractor: A person who enters into an agreement with another person or department, for
the execution of the work or supplies to be made, under certain conditions is called Contractor.
Essential Qualification of Contractor:
1 He should be financially sound

2 He should have sufficient knowledge to read the drawings
3 He should be well versed with the procedure or the department to carry out the work,
submission of boils and experience
4 Good reputation and experience
5 Should have ability to handle labour and material efficiently and properly.
6 Should be capable of arranging men and material as per requirement.
Quotation: It is a response to notice inviting tenders by the department.
Earnest money: It is a guarantee in the shape of money, given by the contractor along with
tender proposals confirming their willingness to work for the department. Earnest money is
generally 2% of total estimate and must be deposited in the form of demand draft in favour of
the department. If the tender of the contractor is not accepted, the earnest money will be
refunded immediately.
Security money: It is a money which the contractor has to deposit with the department when
the contract is allotted to him. It is 10% of total estimate. This money also includes earnest
money already deposited by the contractor. This money can be forfeited by the department if
the progress and quality of the work is not satisfactory.
Purpose of the tender
 To select a suitable contractor at a time appropriate to the situation of the project.

 To obtain an acceptable tender or offer upon which a contract can be let.
 To ensure the completion of project at scheduled time.
 To protect the interest of all stakeholders.
Invitation to tender (ITT):
 It is the initial step in competitive tendering, in which suppliers and contractors are
invited to provide offers for supply or service contracts.
 Invitations to tender are also known as ‘Call for bids’ or ‘Call for tenders’.
 Published in Newspapers and on the Internet.
Tender Notification: It is an advertisement given in all leading newspapers and published in

official gazette of government to attract more number of bidders. Notification includes:-
1. Name of the Project.
2. Name & Address of the organization offering the tender.
3. Name of work, materials or services.
4. Place of work location.
5. Approximate estimated cost of work.
6. Earnest Money.
7. Period of completion.
8. Date on which the Tender Document sale commences.
9. Date and time up to which tender documents can be obtained.
10. The cost of tender documents.
11. Due date of submission.

12. Eligibility Criteria.
Samples of tender notifications published in newspapers
Types of Tender
1. Open tender
 Open to all qualified bidders
 Published in the newspaper and internet
 Chosen on the basis of price and quality.
 Most effective way of obtaining many competitive rates.
2. Close tender / Selective tender
 Open to bidders in the category stated in the notice only
 Contractor of known reputations.

 Contractor who submit the lowest tender.
 Chosen for their expertise and experiences.
3. Negotiated tender
 Only one contractor is approached.
 Architect and other members of the design team.
 As per the wish of client the contractor or firm will be selected.
Tender Procedure:
Stage 1 • Apporval to Tender

Stage 3 • Documentation
Stage 4 • Invitation
Stage 5 • Processing
Stage 6 • Contract Award
1. Approval to Tender
a. Administrative approval: Formal acceptance of the proposed work or project by the

competent authority. Department of Government for a work or project for which preliminary
estimate have been framed by the Public Works Department (P.W.D) to meet the needs of
Department requiring work. A proposal is sent to P.W.D by any other department for its
requirements. The P.W.D studies the proposal, if it is found required, a report along with
preliminary estimate is sent to the department concerned for the approval. After the approval,
the Engineering department prepares a detailed drawings, plans and estimates for the execution
of the work.
b. Expenditure Sanction: Approval of the Government for the expenditure proposed, in the
cases where all necessary. In all other cases, the re-appropriation of funds will operate as
sanctions to the expenditure concerned. A revised expenditure sanction is necessary if the
actual expenditure exceeds or likely to exceed the amount of original sanction up to 10%.
c. Technical Sanction: Sanction of the detailed estimate, design calculations, quantities of

works, rate and cost of the work by the competent authority of the Engineering department.
The work is taken up for construction only after technical sanction is approved. This sanction
guarantees that the proposals are structurally sound, and the estimate is accurately calculated
based on the adequate data.
2. Tender Documentation
Before inviting a tender, the department must have the following criteria fulfilled, so as the
allotment of contract to the contractor becomes a smooth process.
1. A set of detailed drawings of the proposed work.

2. Material statement mentioning material to be supplied by the department and material
to be brought by the contractor.
3. Time required for project completion.
4. Mode of payment.
5. Penalty to be imposed on the contractor in case of delay on the part of the contractor.
6. Detailed specification of item.
7. Conditions on arrangement of labour shelter and rates of minimum wages.
Documentation is a compilation of:
1. Letter of invitation to tenderers

2. Articles of agreement / conditions of contract
3. Form of tender
4. Form of tenderer’s details. i.e: contractor’s registration, organization background, track
record (past and present projects)
5. Letter of acceptance
6. Bank and insurance guarantee forms (performance bond)
7. Bank and insurance guarantee forms (advance payments)
8. Specifications
9. Summary of tender
10. Schedule of rates
11. Relevant drawings
3. Tender Processing
Screening of potential contractors, suppliers, or vendors to develop a list of qualified bidders

who will receive the invitation-to-bid (ITB)/ tender documents.
Parameters for screening: Financial Position, Previous work experience, Technical Expertise,
Management ability, Equipment workmanship and ability, Litigation history.
Opening of Tenders:
1. The tenders are opened at the place mentioned in the tender form on the due date and
time mentioned.
2. Executive Engineer, Divisional Accountant and Office Superintendent represent the
department on one side and contractors or their representatives are on the other side.
3. The lock of the box in which sealed tenders are dropped by the contractors is opened in
presence of all. The sealed tenders are opened and are signed by both the parties.
4. Comparative statement is made item wise and work is allotted to the lowest bidder.
5. The competent authority has powers to reject the tender of the lowest bidder, but he has
to give reasons and confidential remarks.
6. Earnest money of the rejected tenders is returned.
7. Signature of each contractor is taken as a token of certificate that tenders were opened
in their presence and the allotment has be done to the right bidder.
4. Award of Contract
 Notice to a bidder of the acceptance of the submitted bid.
 Written confirmation of an award of a contract by client to a successful bidder.
 Stating the amount of the award, the award date, and when the contract will be signed.
 Contract Agreement: It is a contract deed between the Government and the

Contractor. Divisional Engineer signs on behalf of Government.
Types of contracts
The different types of contracts are
1) Item rate contract

a) Percentage rate contract
b) Schedule rate contract
c) Labour rate contract
d) Through rate contract
2) Lump sum contract
3) Combination of both Item rate and Lump sum contract
4) Piece work contract
1) Item rate contract
It is also known as unit price contract. In this type of contract, the contractor quotes the
rate of each item of work without reference to any schedule of rates. This method is
adopted when a reasonable complete schedule of rates are not available for the place
where the work is to be carried out or when the number of non-schedule items in the
work is more.
a) Percentage rate contract: In this type, the rates of various items are fixed by the
department and the contractor agrees to do the work at a percentage above or below the
fixed rates. This method is adopted for the work at places where reasonable and
complete schedule of rates is available.
b) Schedule rate contract: In this type, the work is allotted at the fixed rates for different
items and the payments depends upon the quantity and kind of work done or supply
made.
c) Labour rate contract: In this type, contractor undertakes only the labour portion of
the work. The necessary materials are supplied to the site by the department or owner
and the contractor arranges his own labours and gets the work done as per the
specifications.
d) Through rate contract: In some cases, the contract quotes the rates at some percentage
above or below the through rates.
2) Lump sum contract: In this contract, the contractor agrees to execute the complete work
in all respects for the specified amount in specified time. The plans, drawings and
specifications of all the items of the work are supplied to the contractor but the details of
the quantities and schedule of items will not be given and the contractor will have to
complete the work as per the plan and specification within the contract period.
3) Combination of both Item rate and Lump sum contract: In those contracts, fixed sum
is agreed upon the completion of a particular work of a contractor. In case of any additions
or alterations the payment is made or deducted on the basis of schedule of rates.
4) Piece work contract: The contractor agrees to execute the different items of work on
mutually agreed rates. The agreement contains different items of work carried out with
proper description and rates for unit quantity of work. Small works which do not require
engineering skills for execution like earthwork excavation, patch work, maintenance work
and white washing etc., may be carried through piecework contract.
Letter of Intent (LOI):
 Interim agreement that summarizes the main points of a proposed deal.

 Does not constitute a definitive contract but signifies a genuine interest in reaching the
final agreement subject to due diligence, additional information, or fulfilment of
certain conditions.
 The language used in writing a letter of intent is of vital importance.
 Memorandum of understanding' or pre-contract.
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
 It is a Government service or private business venture which is funded and operated

through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies.
 Long term partnership.
 Government of India defines PPP as “ A Partnership between a public sector entity and
a private sector entity on commercial terms and in which the private partner has be
procured through a transparent and open procurement system.
Airport
Port
Roads
Urban
Developments
PPP
Energy
Tourism
Railways
Health Care
PPP Engagement Models in India:
1 BOT-Toll (Build Operate Transfer – Toll)

2 BOOT (Build Operate Own Transfer)
3 Joint Venture (JV)
4 Management Contract (MC)
5 BOOST (Build Operate Own Share Transfer)
E-Tendering System:
 An electronic tendering solution facilitates the complete tendering process from the
advertising of the requirement through to the placing of the contract.
 This includes exchange of all relevant documents in electronic format.
 It offers an opportunity for automating most of the tendering process such as preparing
a tender specification, advertising, tender aggregation, to the evaluation and placing of
the contract.
 Allows contractor to download and upload tender documents online, track the status of
tenders and receive mail alerts.
 Tender process cycle is significantly shortened.
VALUATION
Introduction
Valuation means fixation of cost or return expected of a building, engineering

structure project (Govt. or private), at present days rates. The value of a structure may be
more or less depending upon the present utility of a structure. For example, a house having a
number of rooms but smaller in size will fetch less value than a house, may be smaller in area
but having well planned and proper sized of rooms.
Necessity of Valuation
The following reasons necessitate the valuation of property:-
(i) Rent fixation. It is generally taken as 6% of the valuation of the property.

(ii) For buying and selling.
(iii) Acquisition of property by Govt.
(iv) To be mortgaged with bank or any other society to raise loan.
(v) For various taxes to be given and fixed, by the Municipal Committee.
(vi) Insurance: For taking out on insurance policies.
Role of an Engineer
The roll of an Engineer in valuation is felt when an Engineering structure is to be valued, if
and when it is:-
(a) To e acquired
(b) To be divide
(c) To be allotted to a claim holder.
The following factors require consideration for valuation:-

(i) Locality:- In case a building is located in such an area, where there is easy access to
market, schools and is located on road side. The Orientation of the building is
according to Engineering rules. It will fetch more cost than a building which is in a
neglected condition and is locate at unhealthy site.
(ii) Structure:- The structure of a building is also an important consideration while
evaluating a building. Workmanship I attractive and the building is properly
1
maintained, it will fetch more cost than the building in a neglected form with poor
quality of material used.
According to specifications a building is divided in four classes:-
1. First Class
2. Second Class
3. Third Class
4. Fourth Class
Cost: Original cost of construction. It is used to find out the loss of value of property due to
various reasons.
Net Income: Total amount of the income received from a property during the year, without
deducting outgoing.
Gross Income: Total amount of the income received form a property during the year,
without deducting outgoing.
Out goings: These are expenses which are incurred on a building so that it may give back
revenue. The following are-various outgoings.
(i) Taxes:- These are annual taxes paid by the owner, such as wealth tax,
property tax and municipal taxes (varies from 10% to 25% of net income).
(ii) Management:- Up to 10% of the gross revenue is kept aside for this
expenses. This includes, chowkidar sweeper etc. this is applicable only for
big buildings or apartments
(iii) Repairs:- For this 1 ½ % of the total construction is set aside for annual
repairs of the building. These repairs are must to maintain the building. It is
also calculated as 10% of the gross income.
(iv) Sinking fund:- This is also taken as outgoings (For details see definition)
(v) Miscellaneous:- This is again suitable for big buildings. Lighting of
common place, expenditure of liftman etc. are to be paid by the owner.
(vi) Loss of Rent:- This is also an outgoing in case a building in not fully
occupied by the tenants. This has to be deducted from gross income.
(vii) Insurance:- Premium given against fire or for theft policy.
Obsolescence:- The value of property decreases if its style and design are outdated i.e. rooms
not properly set, thick walls, poor ventilation etc. the reasons of this is fast changing
techniques of construction, design, ideas leading to more comfort etc.
2
Free hold Property:- Any property which is in complete possession f the owner is known as
free hold property. The owner can use the property in an way he likes. But he will have to
follow constraints fixed by town planners or Municipality before doing any construction.
Lease hold:- If a property is given to some person on yearly payment basis by the free
holder, then the property is called „lease hold property‟ and the person who take s the
property is called Lease-holder. In case of building, the lease is for 99 years to 9 years.
Easement:- An owner getting over the property of another person, the following faculties is
known as easements.
(i) Facility of running water and sewer pipes through other’s land.
(ii) Facility of air and light.
(iii) Facility of drainage of rain water. (iv) Facility of access.
The owner who gives facilities is known as Servant owner and who enjoys facilities is
called Dominant owner.
Scrap Value:- If a building is to be dismantled after the period of its utility is over, some
amount can be fetched from the sale of old materials. The amount is known as Scrap Value of
a building. If varies from 8% to 10% of the cost of construction according to the availability
of the material.
In case where Wood & Steel are available, the scrap value is more than as R.C.C
structure, as in the latter case, the material has less reuse value.
Salvage Value:- If property after being discarded at the end of the utility period is sold
without being broken into pieces, the amount thus realized by sale is known as its Salvage
Value.
For example, railway sleepers can be re-used as posts and even old iron rails taken out
can be used as beams in a roof or sheds of a building.
Building Cost Index: A building cost index indicates the increase and decrease of the cost
above the cost above the cost at a certain base year and is expressed by a percentage rise &
fall. For instance taking 1960 as a base year, the present 1980 as Building Cost Index may be
taken 1.25% to 150% above the cost during the year 1960.
This index depends upon cost of material, labour, transport etc.
3
Capitalized value:- It is defined as the amount of money whose annual interest at the highest
prevailing rate will be equal to the net income received from the property. To calculate the
capitalized value, it is necessary to know highest rate of interest prevailing on such properties
and net income form the property.
Sinking Fund:- A fund which is gradually accumulated and aside to reconstruct the property
after the expiry of the period of utility is known as sinking Fund. The sinking funds may be
found out by taking a sinking fund policy with any insurance company or depositing some
amount in the bank. Generally while calculating the sinking fund, life of the building is
considered. 90% of cost of construction is used for calculations & 10% is left out as scrap
value.
The formula used to find out the annual sinking fund,
𝑆𝑖
I = (1+𝑖)−1
Where, I = Annual Installment Required

n = Number of years required to create sinking fund.
i = Rate of interest expressed in decimal i.e. 5% as 0.05
S = Amount of sinking fund
Problems
1. A printing machine is to be installed at a cost of Rs. 30000/- in a press. Assuming the life
of the machine as 20 years. Calculate the amount of annual instalment of sinking fund to be
deposited to accumulate the whole amount of 5% interest.
Sol: The annual sinking fund
𝑆𝑖 30000 𝑥 0.05
I = (1+𝑖)−1 = = Rs. 906.30
(1+0.05)20−1
The owner will have to deposit Rs. 906.30 per year in 5 % compound interest for 20 years to
accumulate Rs. 30000/-
2. An old shop in the main market has been purchased by a person at a cost of Rs 20000/-.
Work out the amount of annual sinking fund at 3% interest assuming future life of the
building as 15 years and scrap value of the building as 10% of the cost of purchase.
4
Sol: Cost of the shop = Rs. 20000/-
Scrap value (10%) = Rs. 2000/-
Amount of sinking fund to bea accumulated after 15 years is = Rs. 20000 – Rs. 2000 = Rs.
18000/-
The annual sinking fund
𝑆𝑖 18000 𝑥 0.03
I = (1+𝑖)−1 = = Rs. 971.20
(1+0.03)15−1
The owner will have to deposit Rs. 971.20 per year in 3 % compound interest for 15 years to
accumulate Rs. 18000/-
Annuity: - The return of the capital investment in the shape of annual instalments (monthy,
quarterly, half yearly & yearly) for a fixed number of years in known as annuity.
Deprication
A structure, after sometimes gradually losses some of its value due to consistent use and
some other similar reasons, such as,
a. The property in neglected condition

b. The property being away from essential facilities
c. Design being out of fashion
The depreciated value can be calculated using the formula,
100−𝑟𝑑 𝑛
D = P( )
100
Where, D = Depriciated value

P = Present value
Rd = Fixed Percentage of depreciation
n = Number of years the building has been constructed in existence
Structures with 100 years life, rd =1.0, Structures with 75 years life, rd = 1.3, Structures with
50 years life, rd = 2.0, Structures with 25 years life, rd = 4.0, Structures with 20 years life, rd
= 5.0.
5
Methods of Valuation:
1. Depriciated method of valuation
2. Valuation based on cost
3. Valuation based profit
4. Valuation by Development method
5. Rental method of valuation
1. Depriciated method of valuation: In this method, the structure is divided into four parts
for calculating depreciation:
a. Walls
b. Roofs
c. Floors
d. Doors and Windows
The measurement is done accurately and the cost is found out using current rates.
Problems
1. The estimated cost of the building is Rs.20000/-. It is 20 years old & well maintained. The
life of the structure is assumed to be 80 years. Work out the cost of building for acquisition.
Sol: Take rd = 5
P = Rs. 20000/-
n = 20
100−𝑟𝑑 𝑛
D = P( ) = 𝑹𝒔 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟎/−
100
2. A plot measures 500 sq.m. The built up area is 300 sq.m. The plinth area rate of this 1st
class building is Rs. 6000/- per sq. m. This rate includes cost of water supply, sanitary and
electric installations. The age of the building is 40 years. The cost of the land is Rs. 5000/-
per sq.m.
Sol: Cost of the land = 500 x 5000 = Rs. 2500000.00
Cost of building = 300 x 5000 = Rs. 1800000.00
6
Life of the building is givem 40 years. Take rd = 2, n = 40 years
100−𝑟𝑑 𝑛
D = P( ) = 𝑹𝒔. 𝟖𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
100
Total value of property = 2500000 + 802800 = Rs. 3302800/-
2. Valuation based on cost: The actual cost of the construction is found out and valuation is
done after considering depriciations and also caring for type of construction and desig of the
construction.
3. Valuation based on profit: Valuation of cinemas, theaters, hotels, banks, big shops
etc.located at suitable places is done where profit is of capitalized value. The capitalized
value is calculated by multiplying year’s purchase with net profit. The net profit is worked
out after deducting all possible outgoings & expenditures from the gross income. In such
cases the cost will be too high as compared with the cost of construction actually incurred.
4. Valuation by Development method: This method is also used for working out the value
of a building. In certaion cases, some additions, alterations and improvements are carried out
which increases the cost of the building. The valuator should be careful while doing
evaluation about this.
In cases, when the building is still under development. In this case the future development of
the building and profits from it should be anticipated while evaluating.
5.Rental method of valuation: Rent of the building is used as a base for calculating value of
a building. In this method the net income by the way of rent is found out after deducting all ut
goings from the gross income. A suitable rate of interest prevailing in the market is also to be
assumed of such types of buildings.
Fixation of Rent
1. Government residential bungalows or quarters: Every Govt. official occupying

Govt. accommodation has to pay remt which is called standard rent or 10% of pay,
whichever is less. The practice in PWD is that when a new residential building is
constructed, a rental statement is attached with the estimate, which will give the
calculations of rent to be fixed. The total expenditure incurred on the constructions i.e.
cost of the building, cost of water supply, sanitary and electric installations etc are
7
calculated at 6% interest and divided it by 12, which will give rent per month. This is
also known as standard rent.
Note: If a land is purchased for the construction of the building, its cost should also
be added while calculating the rental statement.
2. Private property or Building: In case of private properties, the Net income is
worked out by dividing the capitalized value by a proper figure of year’s purchase. To
get the gross rent, outgoings such as annual repairs, municipal taxes, property taxes
and sinking funds etc. are added to net income. This gross rent is divided by 12,
which will give rent per month. This is also called as standard rent.
In case of private properties, the rent depends upon the situation, demand, type of
construction, accommodation and facilities provided.
Problems:
1. The present value of a property is Rs. 20000/-. Calculate the standard rent. The rate of
interest may be assumed as 6%.
Sol: Annual rent @ 6% = 20000 𝑥 6 = 𝑅𝑠. 1200/−

100
Therefore, Standard rent per month = 1200 = 𝑅𝑠. 100/−

12
2.A building costing Rs. 700000/- has been constructed on a freehold land measuring 200 sq.
m. recently in the city. Prevailing rate of the land in the neighbourhood is Rs. Q50/- per sq.
m. Determine the net rent of the property, if the expenditure on an outgoing including sinking
fund is Rs. 24000/- per annum. Workout also the gross rent of the property per month.
Sol: Cost of construction = Rs. 700000/-
Cost of land @ Rs. 150/- per sq. m. = 100 x 150 = Rs. 150000/-
Net return:
On building @ 6% on the cost of construction = 700000 x 0.06 = Rs. 42000/-
On the land @ 4% on the cost of land = 150000 x 0.04 = Rs. 6000/-
Total Net income = Rs. 48000/-
48000+24000
Gross rent per month = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑡+𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 = = 𝑅𝑠. 6000/−
12 12

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QUANTITY SURVEYING AND CONTRACTS MANAGEMENT (18CV71)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

QUANTITY SURVEYING & CONTRACTS MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

Estimate: An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and

The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-

1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate.

1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

The following documents should be attached with it.

2. Plinth area Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)

The following documents are attached with the estimate.

a) Line plan with brief specifications.

3. Cubic Contents Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

Documents attached are as in No. 2

(Administrative approval is granted on rough cost estimate)

5. Annual repair estimate

(ii) In case of a road-filling patches, maintenance of berms etc.

6. Special repair estimate

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

The reason of increase may be:-

(i) In case of a building-opening of new doors, change of floors, plastering walls

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

Data required to prepare an estimate

1. Drawings i.e. Plans, elevations, sections etc.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.

Main items of work

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

14. White washing or colour washing or distempering

A. Cement concrete quantity including centering & shuttering excluding steel

Units of measurements in metric system

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

Particulars of materials and

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE

Method 1: INDIVIDUAL WALL METHOD

Short wall length in-to-in = centre to centre length – one breadth

Length of long wall centre to centre = 5 + ½ * 0.30 + ½ * 0.30 = 5.30 m

Length of short wall centre to centre = 4 + ½ * 0.30 + ½ * 0.30 = 4.30 m

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

Long wall c/c length = 4 + 6 + 0.30 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 10.60 m

Short wall c/c length = 6 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 6.30 m

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

Short walls 3 6.00 0.30 4.20 22.68 S = 6.30-0.30 = 6.00 m

Method 2: CENTRE LINE METHOD

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

Example 3: Solve Example 1 problem by Centre Line method

Total centre length of walls = AB + BC + CD + DA = 5.30 + 4.30 + 5.30 + 4.30 = 19.20 M

2 Concrete in foundation 1 19.20 0.90 0.30 5.18

1st class brickwork in

Example 4: Solve Example 2 problem by Centre Line method

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

= 2 x 10.60 + 3 x 6.30 = 40.10 m

Therefore, Sectional area = Bd + 21/2sd*d