CHAPTER 10

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND IDENTITIES

Exercise 10.1

1. Identify the terms, their numerical as well as literal coefficients in

each of the following expressions:
(i) 12x2yz – 4xy2
(ii) 8 + mn + nl – lm

(iii) + −

(iv) -4p + 2.3q + 1.7r

Solution:
Terms Numerical coefficient Literal coefficient
i. 12 12
−4 -4
ii. 8 8 -
1
1
− -1
iii.

− -1
iv. −4 -4
2.3 2.3
1.7 1.7

2. Identify monomials, binomials, and trinomials from the following

algebraic expressions:
(i) 5p × q × r2
(ii) 3x2 + y ÷ 2z
(iii) -3 + 7x2
!" # $ % &'
(iv)
(v) 7x5 –
(vi) 5p ÷ 3q – 3p2 × q2
Solution:
(i) 5p × q × r2 = 5pqr2
As this algebraic expression has only one term, its therefore a monomial.

(ii) 3x2 + y ÷ 2z = +
) )
As this algebraic expression has two terms, its therefore a binomial.

(iii) -3 + 7x2
As this algebraic expression has two terms, its therefore a binomial.

*+ # , % -' *+ , -
(iv) = − +
As this algebraic expression has three terms, its therefore a trinomial.

(v) 7x5 –
As this algebraic expression has two terms, its therefore a binomial.

*/
(vi) 5p ÷ 3q – 3p2 × q2 = – 3p2q2
0
As this algebraic expression has two terms, its therefore a binomial.
3. Identify which of the following expressions are polynomials. If so,
write their degrees.
(i) –√ + 5x – 1
! 1
(ii) 3 – + √!
(iii) 4a3b2 – 3ab4 + 5ab +
(iv) 2x2y – + 5y3 + √
Solution:

(i) It is a polynomial and the degree of this expression is 4.

(ii) It is not a polynomial.

(iii) It is a polynomial and the degree of this expression is 5.

(iv) It is not a polynomial.

4. Add the following expressions:

(i) ab – bc, bc – ca, ca – ab
(ii) 5p2q2 + 4pq + 7, 3 + 9pq – 2p2q
(iii) l2 + m2 + n2, lm + mn, mn + nl, nl + lm
(iv) 4x3 – 7x2 + 9, 3x2 – 5x + 4, 7x3 – 11x + 1, 6x2 – 13x
Solution:
(i) ab – bc, bc – ca, ca – ab

On adding the expressions, we have

⇒ ab – bc + bc – ca + ca – ab = 0

(ii) 5p2q2 + 4pq + 7, 3 + 9pq – 2p2q2

On adding the expressions, we have

= 5p2q2 + 4pq + 7 + 3 + 9pq – 2p2q2

= 5p2q2 – 2p2q2 + 4pq + 9pq + 7 + 3

= 3p2q2 + 13pq + 10

(iii) l2 + m2 + n2, lm + mn, mn + nl, nl + lm

On adding the expressions, we have

= l2 + m2 + n2 + lm + mn + mn + nl + nl + lm

= l2 + m2 + n2 + 2lm + 2mn + 2nl

(iv) 4x3 – 7x2 + 9, 3x2 – 5x + 4, 7x3 – 11x + 1, 6x2 – 13x

On adding the expressions, we have

= 4x3 – 7x2 + 9 + 3x2 – 5x + 4 + 7x3 – 112 + 1 + 6x2 – 13x

= 4x2 + 7x3 – 7x2 + 3x2 + 6x2 – 5x – 11x – 13x + 9 + 4 + 1

= 11x3 – 2x2 – 29x + 14

5. Subtract:
(i) 8a + 3ab – 2b + 7 from 14a – 5ab + 7b – 5
(ii) 8xy + 4yz + 5zx from 12xy – 3yz – 4zx + 5xyz
(iii) 4p2q – 3pq + 5pq2 – 8p + 7q -10 from 18 – 3p – 11q + 5pq –
2pq2 + 5p2q
Solution:
(i) Subtracting 8a + 3ab – 2b + 7 from 14a – 5ab + 7b – 5, we have

= (14a – 5ab + 7b – 5) – (8a + 3ab – 2b + 7)

= 14a – 5ab + 7b – 5 – 8a – 3ab + 2b – 7

= 6a – 8ab + 9ab – 12

(ii) Subtracting 8xy + 4yz + 5zx from 12xy – 3yz – 4zx + 5xyz, we have

= (12xy – 3yz – 4zx + 5xyz) – (8xy + 4yz + 5zx)

= 12xy – 3yz – 4zx + 5xyz – 8xy – 4yz – 5zx

= 4xy – 7yz – 9zx + 5xyz

(iii) Subtracting 4p2q – 3pq + 5pq2 – 8p + 7q – 10 from 18 – 3p – 11q +

5pq – 2pq2 + 5p2q, we have

= (18 – 3p – 11q + 5pq – 2pq2 + 5p2q) – (4p2q – 3pq + 5pq2 – 8p + 7q –

10)

= 18 – 3p – 11q + 5pq – 2pq2 + 5p2q – 7p2q + 3pq – 5pq2 + 8p – 7q + 10

= 28 + 5p – 78q + 8pq – 7pq2 + p2q

6. Subtract the sum of 3x2 + 5xy + 7y2 + 3 and 2x2 – 4xy – 3y2 + 7
from 9x2 – 8xy + 11y2
Solution:
First, adding 3x2 + 5xy + 7y2 + 3 and 2x2 – 4xy – 3y2 + 7, we have
= 3x2 + 5xy + 7y2 + 3 + 2x2 – 4xy – 3y2 + 7
= 5x2 + xy + 4y2 + 10
Now,
Subtracting 5x2 + xy + 4y2 + 10 from 9x2 – 8xy + 11y2
= (9x2 – 8xy + 11y2) – (5x2 + xy + 4y2 + 10)
= 9x2 – 8xy + 11y2 – 5x2 – xy – 4y2 – 10
= 4x2 – 9xy + 7y2 – 10

7. What must be subtracted from 3a2 – 5ab – 2b2 – 3 to get 5a2 – 7ab
– 3b2 + 3a?
Solution:
From the question, its understood that we have to subtract 5a2 – 7ab –
3b2 + 3a from 3a2 – 5ab – 2b2 – 3
= 3a2 – 5ab – 2b2 – 3 – (5a2 – 7ab – 3b2 + 3a)
= 3a2 – 5ab – 2b2 – 3 – 5a2 + 7ab + 3b2 – 3a
= -2a2 + 2ab + b2 – 3a – 3

8. The perimeter of a triangle is 7p2 – 5p + 11 and two of its sides are

p2 + 2p – 1 and 3p2 – 6p + 3. Find the third side of the triangle.
Solution:
Given,
Perimeter of a triangle = 7p2 – 5p + 11
And, two of its sides are p2 + 2p – 1 and 3p2 – 6p + 3

We know that,

Perimeter of a triangle = Sum of three sides of triangle

⇒ 7p2 – 5p + 11 = (p2 + 2p – 1) + (3p2 – 6p + 3) + (Third side of

triangle)

7p2 – 5p + 11 = (4p2 – 4p + 2) + (Third side of triangle)

⇒ Third side of triangle = (7p2 – 5p + 11) – (4p2 – 4p + 2)

= (7p2 – 4p2) + (- 5p + 4p) + (11 – 2)

= 3p2 – p + 9

Thus, the third side of the triangle is 3p2 – p + 9.

 Exercise 10.2

1. Find the product of:

(i) 4x3 and -3xy
(ii) 2xyz and 0
(iii) – 5 6p2q, 5 6pq2 and 5pqr
1
(iv) -7ab, -3a3 and – 5 6ab2
3
7 2 !
(v) – x – 5 6xy, 5 6yz and 5 6xyz
! 3
Solution:
Product of:

(i) 4x3 and -3xy = 4x3 × (-3xy) = -12x3+1 y = -12x4y

(ii) 2xyz and 0 = 2xyz × 0 = 0

(iii) 5− 6×5 6 × :5 <

9

=− × ×5× × ×
9
*
=− 9 9

(iv) :−7=>< × :−3= < × 5− => 6

?

= :−7< × :−3< × 5− 6 × => × = × =>

?

= −6=* >
*
(v) 5− 6 × 5− 6×5 6×5 6
* ?
*
= 5− 6 × 5− 6 × 5 6 × 5 6 × × × +
* ?

9
=
?
2. Multiply:
(i) (3x – 5y + 7z) by – 3xyz
(ii) (2p2 – 3pq + 5q2 + 5) by – 2pq
1
(iii) 5 – + + 6 by 35ab
" $ !"$ 3"$
(iv) (4x2 – 10xy + 7y2 – 8x + 4y + 3) by 3xy
Solution:
(i) – 3xyz × (3x – 5y + 7z)

= (- 3xyz) × 3x + (- 3xyz) × (- 5y) + (- 3xyz) × (7z)

= – 9x2yz + 15xyz2 – 21xyz2

(ii) -2pq × (2p2 – 3pq + 5q2 + 5)

= (-2pq) × 2p2 + (-2pq) × (-3pq) + (- 2pq) × (5q2) + (-2pq) × 5

= -4p3q + 6p2q2 – 10pq3 – 10pq

9
(iii) 5 – + + 36 by 35ab
+ , *+, ?+,
9
= 5 6 a2b × 35ab – 5 6 ab2 × 35ab + 5 6 ab × 35ab + 3 × 35ab
* ?

?A
= 5 6 a3b2 – 28a2b3 + 10a2b2 + 105ab

(iv) (4x2 – 10xy + 7y2 – 8x + 4y + 3) by 3xy

= 4x2 × 3xy – 10xy × 3xy + 7y2 × 3xy – 8x × 3xy + 4y × 3xy + 3 × 3xy

= 12x3y – 30x2y2 + 21xy3 – 24x2y + 12xy2 + 9xy

3. Find the areas of rectangles with the following pairs of monomials
as their lengths and breadths respectively:
(i) (p2q, pq2)
(ii) (5xy, 7xy2)
Solution:
(i) Given, sides of a rectangle are p2q and pq2

hence,
Area = p2q × pq2 = p2+1 × q2+1 = p3q3
(ii) Given, sides are 5xy and 7xy2
Hence,

Area = 5xy × 7xy2 = 35x1+1 × y1+2 = 35x2y3

4. Find the volume of rectangular boxes with the following length,

breadth and height respectively:
(i) 5ab, 3a2b, 7a4b2
(ii) 2pq, 4q2, 8rp
Solution:

Given are the length, breadth and height of a rectangular box:

(i) 5ab, 3a2b, 7a4b2

∴ Volume = Length × breadth × height

= 5ab × 3a2b × 7a4b2

= 5 × 3 × 7 × a1+2+4 × b1+1+2

= 105a7b4
(ii) 2pq, 4q2, 8rp

∴ Volume = Length × breadth × height

= 2pq × 4q2 × 8rp

= 2 × 4 × 8 × p1+1 × q1+2 × r

= 64p2q3r

5. Simplify the following expressions and evaluate them as directed:

7
(i) x2(3 – 2x + x2) for x = 1; x = -1; x = and x = –
(ii) 5xy(3x + 4y – 7) – 3y(xy – x2 + 9) – 8 for x = 2, y = -1
Solution:

(i) x2(3 – 2x + x2)

For x = 1; x = -1; x = and x = –

x2(3 – 2x + x2) = 3x2 – 2x3 + x4

(a) For x = 1

3x2 – 2x3 + x4 = 3(1)2 – 2(1 )3 + (1)4

=3×1–2×1+l

=3–2+1=2
(b) For x = -1

3x2 – 2x3 + x4 = 3(-1)2 – 2(-1)3 + (-1)4

= 3 × 1 – 2 × (-1) + 1
=3+2+1=6

(c) For x =
9
3x2 – 2x3 + x4 = 3 5 6 − 2 5 6 + 5 6
9 D
= 3 × 5 6– 2 × 5 6 + 5 6
C ? D
9
= 5 6– 5 6 + 5 6
? D
AD – 9D %
=
D
9 – 9D
=
D

= 76/81

(d) For x = −
9
3x – 2x + x = 3 5− 6 − 2 5− 6 + 5− 6
2 3 4

= 3 × 5 6 – 2 × 5− 6 + 5 6
9 D

=5 6+ + 5 6
9 9
%9% ?
= =

(ii) 5xy(3x + 4y – 7) – 3y(xy – x2 + 9) – 8

= 15x2y + 20xy2 – 35xy – 3xy2 + 3 x2y – 21y – 8

= 18x2y + 17xy2 – 35xy – 27y – 8

When x = 2, y = -1, we have

= 18(2)2 × (-1) + 17(2) (-1)2 – 35(2) (-1) – 27(-1) – 8

= 18 × 4 × (-1) + 17 × 2 × 1 – 35 × 2 × (-1) – 27 × (-1) – 8

= -74 + 34 + 70 + 27 – 8

= 131 – 80 = 51

6. Add the following:

(i) 4p(2 – p2) and 8p3 – 3p
(ii) 7xy(8x + 2y – 3) and 4xy2(3y – 7x + 8)
Solution:

Adding,

(i) 4p(2 – p2) and 8p3 – 3p

= 8p – 4p3 + 8p3 – 3p

= 5p + 4p3

= 4p3 + 5p
(ii) 7xy(8x + 2y – 3) and 4xy2(3y – 7x + 8)

= 56x2y + 14xy2 – 21xy + 12xy3 – 28x2y2 + 32xy2

= 12xy3 – 28x2y2 + 56x2y +46xy2 – 21xy

7. Subtract: (i) 6x(x – y + z)- 3y(x + y – z) from 2z(-x + y + z)
(ii) 7xy(x2 -2xy + 3y2) – 8x(x2y – 4xy + 7xy2) from 3y(4x2y – 5xy + 8xy2)
Solution:
Subtracting,

(i) 6x(x – y + z) – 3y(x + y – z) from 2z(-x + y + z)

⇒ 6x2 – 6xy + 6xz – 3xy – 3y2 + 3yz from – 2xz + 2yz + 2z2

= (-2xz + 2yz + 2z2) – (6x2 – 6xy + 6xz – 3xy – 3y2 + 3yz)

= – 2xz + 2yz + 2z2 – 6x2 + 6xy – 6xz + 3xy + 3y2 – 3yz

= 9xy – yz – 8zx – 6x2 + 3y2 + 2z2

(ii) 7xy(x2 – 2xy + 3y2) – 8x(x2y – 4xy + 7xy2) from 3y(4x2y – 5xy + 8xy2)
⇒ 7x3y – 14x2y2 + 21xy3 – 8x3y + 32x2y – 56x2y2 from 12x2y2 – 15xy2 +
24xy3
= (12x2y2 – 15xy2 + 24xy3) – (7x3y – 14x2y2 + 21xy3 – 8x3y + 32x2y –
56x2y2
= 12x2y2 – 15xy2 + 24xy3 – 7x3y + 14x2y2 – 12xy3 + 8x3y – 32x2y +
56x2y2
= 82x2y2 + 3xy3 + x3y – 15xy2 – 32x2y
 Exercise 10.3

1. Multiply:
(i) (5x – 2) by (3x + 4)
(ii) (ax + b) by (cx + d)
(iii) (4p – 7) by (2 – 3p)
(iv) (2x2 + 3) by (3x – 5)
(v) (1.5a – 2.5b) by (1.5a + 2.56)
(vi) 5 E + 1F 6 by 5E − F 6
3 1
Solution:

(i) (5x – 2) by (3x + 4)

= (5x – 2) × (3x + 4)

= 5x (3x + 4) – 2 (3x + 4)

= 15x2 + 20x – 6x – 8

= 15x2+ 14x – 8

(ii) (ax + b) by (cx + d)

= (ax + b) × (cx + d)

= ax (cx + d) + b (cx + d)

= acx2 + adx + bcx + bd

(iii) (4p – 7) by (2 – 3p)

= (4p – 7) × (2 – 3p)
= 4p(2 – 3p) -7(2 – 3p)

= 8p – 12p2 – 14 + 21p

= 29p – 12p2 – 14

(iv) (2x2 + 3) by (3x – 5)

= (2x2 + 3) (3x – 5)

= 2x2(3x – 5) + 3(3x – 5)

= 6x3 – 10x2 + 9x – 15

(v) (1.5a – 2.5b) by (1.5a + 2.5b)

= (1.5a – 2.5b) (1.5a + 2.5b)

= 1.5a(1.5 + 2.5b) – 2.5b(1.5a + 2.5b)

= 2.25a2 + 3.75ab – 3.75a6 – 6.25b2

= 2.25a2 – 6.25b2

(vi) 5 +4 6 By 7 5 − 6
? 9

=5 +4 6× 75 − 6
? 9

= 75 +4 65 − 6
? 9
= 7G 5 − 6+4 5 − 6H
? 9 9
C
= 7G 9
− +4 −3 9
H
? D
C
=3 9
− + 28 − 21 9
9
C/ 0 % / 0
=3 9
− − 21 9
9
A
=3 9
− − 21 9
9

2. Multiply:
(i) (x – 2y + 3) by (x + 2y)
(ii) (3 – 5x + 2x2) by (4x – 5)

Solution:

(i) (x – 2y + 3) by (x + 2y)
= (x – 2y + 3) × (x + 2y)

= x (x + 2y) – 2y(x + 2y) + 3 (x + 2y)

= x2 + 2xy – 2xy – 4y2 + 3x + 6y

= x2 – 4y2 + 3x + 6y
(ii) (3 – 5x + 2x2) by (4x – 5)

= (4x – 5) (3 – 5x + 2x2)

= 4x(3 – 5x + 2x2) – 5(3 – 5x + 2x2)

= 12x – 20x2 + 8x3 – 15 + 25x – 10x2

= 8x3 – 30x2 + 37x – 15

3. Multiply:
(i) (3x2 – 2x – 1) by (2x2 + x – 5)
(ii) (2 – 3y – 5y2) by (2y – 1 + 3y2)
Solution:

(i) (3x2 – 2x – 1) by (2x2 + x – 5)

= (3x2 – 2x – 1) (2x2 + x – 5)

= 3x2(2x2 + x – 5) – 2x(2x2 + x – 5) -1(2x2 + x – 5)

= 6x4 + 3x3 – 15x2 – 4x3 – 2x2 + 10x – 2x2 – x + 5

= 6x4 – x3 – 19x2 + 9x + 5
(ii) (2 – 3y – 5y2) by (2y- 1 + 3y2)
= (2 – 3y – 5y2) × (2y- 1 + 3y2)

= 2(2y – 1 + 3y2 ) – 3y (2y – 1 + 3y2) -5y2(2y – 1 + 3y2)

= 4y – 2 + 6y2 – 6y2 + 3y – 9y3 – 10y3 + 5y2 – 15y4

= -15y4 – 19y3 + 5y2 + 7y – 2

4. Simplify:
(i) (x2 + 3) (x – 3) + 9
(ii) (x + 3) (x – 3) (x + 4) (x – 4)
(iii) (x + 5) (x + 6) (x + 7)
(iv) (p + q – 2r) (2p – q + r) – 4qr
(v) (p + q) (r + s) + (p – q)(r – s) – 2(pr + qs)
(vi) (x + y + z) (x – y + z) + (x + y – z) (-x + y + z) – 4zx
Solution:

(i) (x2 + 3) (x – 3) + 9

= x2 (x – 3) + 3(x – 3) + 9

= x2 – 3x2 + 3x – 9 + 9

= x3 – 3x2 + 3x
(ii) (x + 3) (x – 3) (x + 4) (x – 4)

= {(x + 3) (x – 3)} × {(x + 4) (x – 4)}

= {x (x – 3) + 3 (x – 3)} {x (x – 4) + 4 (x – 4)}

= (x2 – 3x + 3x – 9) {x2 – 4x + 4x – 16}

= (x2 – 9) (x2 – 16)

= x2 (x2 – 16) – 9 (x2 – 16)

= x4 – 16x2 – 9x2 + 144

= x4 – 25x2 + 144
(iii) (x + 5) (x + 6) (x + 7)
= {(x + 5) × (x + 6)} (x + 7)

= (x2 + 6x + 5x + 30) (x + 7)
= (x2 + 11x + 30) (x + 7)

= x(x2+ 11x + 30) + 7(x2+ 11x + 30)

= x3 + 11x2 + 30x + 7x2 + 77x + 210

= x3 + 18x2 + 107x + 210

(iv) (p + q – 2r)(2p – q + r) – 4qr

= p(2p – q + r) + q(2p – q + r) – 2r(2p – q + r) – 4qr

= 2p2 – pq + pr + 2pq – q2 + qr – 4pr + 2qr – 2r2 – 4qr

= 2p2 – q2 – 2r2 + pq – 3pr – 2qr

(v) (p + q)(r + s) + (p – q) (r – s) – 2(pr + qs)

= (pr + ps + qr + qs) + (pr – ps – qr + qs) – 2pr – 2qs

=0
(vi) (x + y + z)(x – y + z) + (x + y – z)(-x + y + z) – 4zx

= x2 – xy + xz + xy – y2 + yz + xz – yz + z2 – x2 + xy + xz – xy + x2 + yx
+ xz – yz – z2 – 4zx
=0

5. If two adjacent sides of a rectangle are 5x2 + 25xy + 4y2 and 2x2 –
2xy + 3y2, find its area.
Solution:
Given,
The adjacent sides of a rectangle are 5x2 + 25xy + 4y2 and 2x2 – 2xy +
3y2
So,
Area of rectangle = Product of two adjacent sides

= (5x2 + 25xy + 4y2) (2x2 – 2xy + 3y2)

= 10x4– 10x3y+ 15x2y2 + 50x3y – 50x2y2 + 75xy3 + 8x2y2 – 8xy3 + 12y4

= 10x4 + 40x3y – 27x2y2 + 67xy3 + 12y4

Thus,
The area of the rectangle is 10x4 + 40x3y – 27x2y2 + 67xy3 + 12y4.
 Exercise 10.4

1. Divide:
(i) – 39pq2r5 by – 24p3q3r
(ii) –a2b3 by a3b2
Solution:
(i) – 39pq2r5 (÷) – 24p3q3r
# C/0 I J
= KM
# 9/KL

# C /0 I J
=5 6×5 KM 6
# 9 /KL

IN IN
= × =
D / 0 9/ 0

(ii) − = > ÷ = >

9 ?
K
# N+ , K
= P K
Q
+ ,

SK
+ ,K
=R N
P T×5 6
+K ,
Q

# ? ,
=5 × 6×5 6
9 +
#? , #?,
= × =
D + D+

2. Divide:
(i) 9x4 – 8x3 – 12x + 3 by 3x
(ii) 14p2q3 – 32p3q2 + 15pq2 – 22p + 18q by – 2p2q.
Solution:
 C N #D K # %
(i)
C N D K
= − − +
D
=3 − −4+

9/ 0K # /K 0 % */0 # /% D0
(ii)
# / 0

9/ 0K /K 0 */0 / D0
= − + − +
# / 0 # / 0 # / 0 # / 0 # / 0
*0 C
= −7 + 16 − + −
/ /0 /

3. Divide:
(i) 6x2 + 13x + 5 by 2x + 1
(ii) 1 + y3 by 1 + y
(iii) 5 + x – 2x2 by x + 1
(iv) x3 – 6x2 + 12x – 8 by x – 2
Solution:
(i) 6x2 + 13x + 5 ÷ 2x + 1
2 +1 6 + 13 + 5 3 +5
6 + 3
- -
10 + 5
10 + 5
- -
0

∴ Quotient = 3x + 5 and remainder = 0

(ii) 1 + y3 ÷ 1 + y
+1 +1 − +1
+
- -
− +1
− −
+ +
+1
+1
- -
0

∴ Quotient = y2 – y + 1 and remainder = 0

(iii) On arranging the terms of dividend in descending order of powers

of x and then dividing, we get
– 2x2 + x + 5 ÷ x + 1

+ 1 −2 + +5 −2 + 3
−2 −3
+ +
3 +5
3 +3
- -
2

∴ Quotient = – 2x + 3 and remainder = 2

(iv) x3 – 6x2 + 12x – 8 ÷ x – 2

−2 −6 + 12 − 8 −4 +4
−2
- +
−4 + 12
−4 +8
+ -
4 −8
4 −8
- +
0

∴ Quotient = x2 – 4x + 4 and remainder = 0

4. Divide:
(i) 6x3 + x2 – 26x – 25 by 3x – 7
(ii) m3 – 6m2 + 7 by m – 1
Solution:
(i) 6x3 + x2 – 26x – 25 ÷ 3x – 7
3 −7 6 + − 26 − 25 2 +5 +3
6 − 14
- +
15 − 26 − 25
15 − 35
- +
9 − 25
9 − 21
- +
-4
∴ Quotient = 2x2 + 5x + 3 and remainder = – 4

(ii) m3 – 6m2 + 7 ÷ m – 1
−1 −6 +7 −5 −5
−
- +
−5 +7
−5 +5
+ -
−5 +7
−5 +5
+ -
2

∴ Quotient = m2 – 5m – 5 and remainder = 2.

5. Divide:
(i) a3 + 2a2 + 2a + 1 by a2 + a + 1
(ii) 12x3 – 17x2 + 26x – 18 by 3x2 – 2x + 5
Solution:
(i) a3 + 2a2 + 2a + 1 ÷ a2 + a + 1
= + = + 1 = + 2= + 2= + 1 =+1
= + = + =
- - -
= +=+1
= +=+1
0

∴ Quotient = a + 1 and remainder = 0.

(ii) 12x3 – 17x2 + 26x – 18 ÷ 3x2 – 2x + 5

3 − 2 + 5 12 − 17 + 26 − 18 4 − 3
12 − 8 + 20
- + -
−9 + 6 − 18
−9 + 6 − 15
+ - +
-3

∴ Quotient = 4x – 3 and remainder = -3

6. If the area of a rectangle is 8x2 – 45y2 + 18xy and one of its sides is
4x + 15y, find the length of adjacent side.
Solution:
Given,
Area of rectangle = 8x2 – 45y2 + 18xy and, one side = 4x + 15y
WXYZ [\ XY]^Z_`aY
∴ Second (adjacent) side =
b_Y cdeY

= 8x2 – 45y2 + 18xy ÷ 4x + 15y

4 + 15 8 + 18 − 45 2 −3
8 + 30
- -
−12 − 45
−12 − 45
+ +
0

Thus, length of the adjacent side is 2x – 3y.

 Exercise 10.5

1. Using suitable identities, find the following products:

(i) (3x + 5) (3x + 5)
(ii) (9y – 5) (9y – 5)
(iii) (4x + 11y) (4x – 11y)
f g f g
(iv) 5 + 65 – 6
! !
(v) 5 + 6 5 " + 6
" $ $
E E
(vi) 5 + 65 − 6
F F
Solution:
(i) (3x + 5) (3x + 5)
= (3x + 5)2
= (3x)2 + 2 × 3x × 5 + (5)2 [Using, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 9x2 + 30x + 25

(ii) (9y – 5) (9y – 5)

= (9y – 5)2
= (9y)2 – 2 × 9y × 5 + (5)2 [Using, (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= 81y2 – 90y + 25

(iii) (4x + 11y) (4x – 11y)

= (4x)2 – (11y)2
= 16x2 – 121y2 [Using, (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]

h i h i
(iv) 5 + 65 – 6

h i
=5 6 −5 6
 Ch 9i
= – [Using, (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]
9 C

* *
(v) 5 + 6 52= + 6
+ , ,

*
=5 + 6
+ ,

* *
= 5 6 + 25 65 6 + 5 6 [Using, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
+ + , ,
9 A+ *
= + +
+ , ,

/ /
(vi) 5 + 65 − 6
0 0

/
=5 6 −5 6 [Using, (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
0

/N 9
= −
9 0N

2. Using the identities, evaluate the following:

(i) 812
(ii) 972
(iii) 1052
(iv) 9972
(v) 6.12
(vi) 496 × 504
(vii) 20.5 × 19.5
(viii) 9.62
Solution:
(i) (81)2 = (80 + 1)2
= (80)2 + 2 × 80 × 1 + (1)2 [Using, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 6400 + 160 + 1
= 6561
(ii) (97)2 = (100 – 3)2

= (100)2 – 2 × 100 × 3 + (3)2 [Using, (a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]

= 10000 – 600 + 9

= 10009 – 600
= 9409
(iii) (105)2 = (100 + 5)2

= (100)2 + 2 × 100 × 5 + (5)2 [Using, (a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= 10000+ 1000 + 25
= 11025
(iv) (997)2 = (1000 – 3)2

= (1000)2 – 2 × 1000 × 3 + (3)2 [Using, (a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]

= 1000000 – 6000 + 9

= 1000009 – 6000
= 994009
(v) (6.1)2 = (6 + 0.1)2

= (6)2 + 2 × 6 × 0.1 + (0.1)2 [Using, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= 36 + 1.2 + 0.01
= 37.21
(vi) 496 × 504

= (500 – 4) (500 + 4) [Using, (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]

= (500)2 – (4)2

= 250000 – 16
= 249984
(vii) 20.5 × 19.5

= (20 + 0.5) (20 – 0.5) [Using, (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]

= (20)2 – (0.5)2

= 400 – 0.25
= 399.75
(viii) (9.6)2 = (10 – 0.4)2

= (10)2 – 2 × 10 × 0.4 + (0.4)2 [Using, (a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]

= 100 – 8.0 + 0.16
= 92.16

3. Find the following squares, using the identities:

!" $
(i) (pq + 5r)2 (ii) 5 – 6
!

(iii) √ " + √ $' (iv) 5 – 6

Solution:
(i) (pq + 5r)2

= (pq)2 + 2 × pq × 5r + (5r)2 [Using, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= p2q2 + 10pqr + 25r2
 *+ ,
(ii) 5 – 6
*

*+ *+ # , ,
=5 6 −2×5 6×5 6+5 6 [Using, (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
* *
*+ C,
= − 3=> +
9 *

(iii) √2= + √3>'

= √2=' + 2 × √2= × √3> + √3>'

[Using, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 2a2 + 2√6ab + 3b2

(iv) 5 – 6

=5 6 −2× × +5 6 j:= − >< = = − 2=> + > k

9 C
= −2+
C 9

4. Using the identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab, find the

following products:
(i) (x + 7) (x + 3)
(ii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5)
(iii) (p2 + 2q) (p2 – 3q)
(iv) (abc + 3) (abc – 5)
Solution:
(i) (x + 7) (x + 3)

= (x)2 + (7 + 3)x + 7 × 3
= x2 + 10x + 21
(ii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5)

= (3x)2 + (4 – 5) (3x) + 4 × (-5)

= 9x2 – 3x – 20
(iii) (p2 + 2q)(p2 – 3q)

= (p2)2 + (2q – 3q)p2 + 2q × (-3q)

= p4 – p2q – 6pq
(iv) (abc + 3) (abc – 5)

= (abc)2 + (3 – 5)abc + 3 × (-5)

= a2b2c2 – 2abc – 15

5. Using the identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab, evaluate the

following:
(i) 203 × 204
(ii) 8.2 × 8.7
(iii) 107 × 93
Solution:
(i) 203 × 204

= (200 + 3) (200 + 4)

= (200)2 + (3 + 4) × 200 + 3 × 4

= 40000 + 1400 + 12
= 41412
(ii) 8.2 × 8.7

= (8 + 0.2) (8 + 0.7)

= (8)2 + (0.2 + 0.7) × 8 + 0.2 × 0.7

= 64 + 8 × (0.9) + 0.14

= 64 + 7.2 + 0.14
= 71.34
(iii) 107 × 93

= (100 + 7) (100 – 7)

= (100)2 + (7 – 7) × 100 + 7 × (-7)

= 10000 + 0 – 49
= 9951

6. Using the identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b), find

(i) 532 – 472
(ii) (2.05)2 – (0.95)2
(iii) (14.3)2 – (5.7)2
Solution:
(i) 532 – 472

= (50 + 3) (50 – 3)

= (50)2 – (3)2
= 2500 – 9
= 2491
(ii) (2.05)2 – (0.95)2

= (2.05 + 0.95) (2.05 – 0.95)

= 3 × 1.10
= 3.3
(iii) (14.3)2 – (5.7)2

= (14.3 + 5.7) (14.3 – 5.7)

= 20 × 8.6
= 172

7. Simplify the following:

(i) (2x + 5y)2 + (2x – 5y)2
3 ! ! 3
(ii) 5 "– $6 − 5 "– $6
(iii) (p2 – q2r)2 + 2p2q2r
Solution:
(i) (2x + 5y)2 + (2x – 5y)2 [Using, (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2]
= (2x)2 + 2 × 2x × 5y + (5y)2 + (2x)2 – 2 × 2x × 5y + (5y)2

= 4x2 + 20xy + 25y2 + 4x2 – 20xy + 25y2

= 8x2 + 50y2
? * * ?
(ii) 5 =– >6 − 5 =– >6
 ? ? * * * * ? ?
= l5 =6 − 2 × = × > − 5 >6 m − l5 =6 − 2 × = × > − 5 >6 m
9C * * * * 9C
=G = − => + > H−G = − => + > H
9 9 9 9
9C * * * * 9C
= = − => + > − = + => − >
9 9 9 9
9C * * 9C
= = − = + > − =
9 9 9 9
9 # 9
= = + >
9 9

= 6= − 6>

(iii) (p2 – q2r)2 + 2p2q2r [Using, (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]

= (p2)2 – 2 × p2 × q2r + (q2r)2 + 2p2q2r

= p4 – 2p2q + q4r2 + 2p2q2r

= p4 + q4r2

8. Show that:
(i) (4x + 7y)2 – (4x – 7y)2 = 112xy
3 n 1n
(ii) 5 E– F6 + EF = E + F
3 1n
(iii) (p – q)(p + q) + (q – r)(q + r) + (r – p) (r + p) = 0
Solution:
(i) Taking LHS, we have

LHS = (4x + 7y)2 – (4x – 7y)2 [Using, (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2]

= [(4x)2 + 2 × 4x × 7y + (7y)2] – [(4x)2 – 2 × 4x + 7y + (7y)2]
= (16x2 + 56xy + 49y2) – (16x2 – 56xy + 49y2)
= l6x2 + 56xy + 49y2 – 16x2 + 56xy – 49y2

= 112xy = RHS

(ii) Taking LHS, we have

?
LHS = 5 – 6 +
?

? ?
=5 6 −2× × +5 6 +
? ?

j:= − >< = = − 2=> + > k

C 9C
= − + +
9C
C 9C
= + = RHS
9C

(iii) Taking LHS, we have

LHS = (p – q) (p + q) + (q – r) (q + r) + (r – p)(r + p)

= p2 – q2 + q2 – r2 + r2 – p2 [Using, (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]
= 0 = RHS

7
9. If + = 2, evaluate:
7 7
(i) + (ii) 1
+ 1

Solution:

(i) We have, + =2

On squaring on both sides, we get

5 + 6 =2

+2×x× + =4

+2+ =4

+ =4–2

Thus,

+ =2

(ii) Again squaring, we get

5 + 6 = 22
9
+ 2 × x2 × + N =4
9
+2+ N =4
9
+ N =4–2

Thus,
9
+ N =2

7
10. If − = 7, evaluate:
7 7
(i) + (ii) 1
+ 1

Solution:
We have, − =7

On squaring on both sides, we get

5 – 6 = 72

–2× × + = 49

–2+ = 49

+ = 49 + 2

Thus,

+ = 51

(ii) Again squaring, we get

5 + 6 = 512
9
+ N +2× × = 2601
9
+ N + 2 = 2601
9
+ N = 2601 – 2

Thus,
9
+ N = 2599
7
11. If + = 23, evaluate:
7 7
(i) + (ii) −
Solution:
We have, + = 23

(i) 5 + 6 = + +2

= 23 + 2
= 25
Taking square root on both sides, we get

5 + 6 = ±5

Thus, + = 5 or -5

(ii) 5 − 6 = x2 + –2

= 23 – 2
= 21
Taking square root on both sides, we get

5 + 6 = ± √21

Thus, + = √21 or −√21

12. If a + b = 9 and ab = 10, find the value of a2 + b2.

Solution:
Given,
a + b = 9 and ab = 10

Now, squaring a + b = 9 on both sides, we have

(a + b) 2 = (9)

a2 + b2 + 2ab = 81

a2 + b2 + 2 × 10 = 81

a2 + b2 + 20 = 81
a2 + b2 = 81 – 20 = 61

∴ a2 + b2 = 61

13. If a – b = 6 and a2 + b2 = 42, find the value of

Solution:
Given

a – b = 6 and a2 + b2 = 42

a–b=6

Now, squaring a – b = 6 on both sides, we have

(a – b)2 = (6)2

a2 + b2 – 2ab = 36

42 – 2ab = 36

2ab = 42 – 36 = 6

ab = = 3

∴ ab = 3

14. If a2 + b2 = 41 and ab = 4, find the values of

(i) a + b
(ii) a – b
Solution:
Given, a2 + b2 = 41 and ab = 4

(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab

= 41 + 2 × 4
= 41 + 8
= 49

∴ a + b = ±7
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab

= 41 – 2 × 4
= 41 – 8
= 33

∴ a – b = ± √33
 Mental Maths
Question 1: Fill in the blanks:
(i) A symbol which has a fixed value is called a ……….
(ii) A symbol which can be given various numerical values is called
……….. or ………
(iii) The various parts of an algebraic expression separated by + or –
sign are called ………..
(iv) An algebraic expression having ………… terms is called a
binomial.
(v) Each of the quantity (constant or literal) multiplied together to
form a product is called a ………… of the product.
(vi) The terms having same literal coefficients are called a …………
otherwise they are called …………
(vii) Degree of the polynomial is the greatest sum of the powers of
………… in each term.
(viii)An identity is an equality which is true for ………… of
variables in it.
(ix) (a + b)2 = …………
(x) (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + ………… + ab.
(xi) Dividend = ………… + remainder.
Solution:
(i) A symbol which has a fixed value is called a constant.
(ii) A symbol which can be given various numerical values
is called variable or literal.
(iii) The various parts of an algebraic expression
separated by + or – sign are called terms.
(iv) An algebraic expression having two terms is called a binomial.
(v) Each of the quantity (constant or literal) multiplied together
to form a product is called a factor of the product.
(vi) The terms having same literal coefficients are called
alike terms otherwise they are called unlike terms.
(vii) Degree of the polynomial is the greatest sum of the
powers of variables in each term.
(viii)An identity is an equality which is true
for all values of variables in it.
(ix) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.
(x) (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab.
(xi) Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder.

Question 2: State whether the following statements are true (T) or

false (F):
(i) An algebraic expression having only one term is called a
monomial.
(ii) A symbol which has fixed value is called a literal.
(iii) The term of an algebraic expression having no literal factor is
called its constant term,
(iv) In any term of an algebraic expression the constant part is
called literal coefficient of the term.
(v) An algebraic expression is called polynomial if the powers of the
variables involved in it in each term are non-negative integers.
1
(vi) 5x2y2z, 3x2zy2, − zx2y2 are unlike terms.
!
(vii) 5x + + 7 is a polynomial of degree 1.
(viii) 3x2y + 7x + 8y + 9 is a polynomial of degree 3.
(ix) Numerical coefficient of -7x3y is 7.
(x) An equation is true for all values of variables in it.
(xi) (a – b)2 + 2ab = a2 + b2.
Solution:
(i) An algebraic expression having only one term is called a monomial.
True.
(ii) A symbol which has fixed value is called a literal. False
Correct:
It is called constant.
(iii) The term of an algebraic expression having no literal factor is called
its constant term. True.
(iv) In any term of an algebraic expression, the constant part is called
literal coefficient of the term. False
Correct:
It is called the constant coefficient.
(v) An algebraic expression is called polynomial if the powers of the
variables involved in it in each term are non-negative integers. True.
9
(vi) 5x2y2z, 3x2zy2, − zx2y2 are unlike terms. False
*
Correct:
They are like terms.
(vii) 5x + + 7 is a polynomial of degree 1. False
Correct:
∵ has negative power of y i.e. x-1.
(viii) 3x2y + 7x + 8y + 9 is a polynomial of degree 3. True.
(ix) Numerical coefficient of -7x3y is 7. False Correct: It is -7.
(x) An equation is true for all values of variables in it. False
Correct:
It is true for some specific values of variables.
(xi) (a – b)2 + 2ab = a2 + b2. True

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options (3 to 18):

Question 3: The literal coefficient of -9xyz2 is

(a) -9
(b) xy
(c) xyz2
(d) -9xy
Solution:
Literal co-efficient of -9xyz2 is -9 (a)

Question 4: Which of the following algebraic expression is

(a) 3x2 – 2x + 7
!
(b) + 3x2 + 8
(c) 3x + + 7
(d) √ x2 + √ x + √
Solution:
3x2 – 2x + 7 is not an algebraic expression. (c)

Question 5: Which of the following algebraic expressions is not a

monomial?
(a) 3x × y × z
(b) -5pq
(c) 8m2 × n ÷ 31
(d) 7x ÷ y – z
Solution:
?
7x ÷ y – z = – z
It is not monomial.
(As it has two terms) (d)

Question 6: Degree of the polynomial 7x2yz2 + 6x3y2z2 – 5x + 8y is

(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 7
Solution:
Degree of polynomial
7x2yz2 + 6x3y2z2 – 5x + 8y is 3 + 2 + 2 = 7 (d)

Question 7: a(b -c) + b(c – a) + c(a – b) is equal to

(a) ab + bc + ca
(b) 0
(c) 2(ab + bc + ca)
(d) none of these
Solution:
a(b -c) + b(c – a) + c(a – b)
= ab – ac + bc – ab + ac – bc = 0 (b)

3 p
Question 8: − + is equal to
! n
3 3
(a) (b) −
1! 1!

(c) (d) none of these

Solution:
? D
− +
* C
# A %9A ?
= = (a)
9* 9*

Question 9: (3p2qr3) × (-4p3q2r2) x (7pq3r) is equal to

(a) 84p6q6r6
(b) -84p6q6r6
(c) 84p6q5r6
(d) -84p6q5r6
Solution:
(3p2qr3) × (-4p3q2r2) × (7pq3r)
= 3(-4) × 7p2+3+1 × q1+2+3 × r3+2+1
= -84p6q6r6 (b)

Question 10: 3m × (2m2 – 5mn + 4n2) is equal to

(a) 6m3 + 15m2n – 12mn2
(b) 6m3 – 15m2n + 12mn2
(c) 6m3 – 15m2n – 12mn2
(d) 6m3 + 15m2n + 12mn2
Solution:
3m × (2m2 – 5mn + 4n2)
= 6m3 – 15m2n + 12mn2 (b)

Question 11: Volume of a rectangular box whose adjacent edges are

3x2y, 4y2z and 5z2x respectively is
(a) 60xyz
(b) 60x2y2z2
(c) 60x3y3z3
(d) none of these
Solution:
Volume = 3x2y × 4y2z × 5z2x = 60x3y32z3 (c)

Question 12: (x – 1) (x + 2) is equal to

(a) 2x + 3
(b) x2 + 2x + 2
(c) x2 + 3x + 2
(d) x2 + 2x + 3
Solution:
(x + 1) (x + 2) = x2 + (1 + 2)x + 1 × 2
= x2 + 3x + 2 (c)
 7 7
Question 13: If x + = 2, then x2 + is equal to
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) none of these
Solution:
x+ =2
Squaring both sides,

5 + 6 = :2<

⇒ + +2×x× =4
r

⇒ + =4−2

⇒ + =2 (b)

Question 14: If x2 + y2 = 9 and xy = 8, then x + y is equal to

(a) 25
(b) 5
(c) -5
(d) ±5
Solution:
x2 + y2 = 9, xy = 8
(x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy
= (9)2 + 2 × 8
= 9 + 16 = 25 = ± (5) (d)

Question 15: (102)2 – (98)2 is equal to

(a) 200
(b) 400
(c) 600
(d) 800
Solution:
(102)2 – (98)2
= (102 + 98) × (102 – 98)
= 200 × 4 = 800 (d)

Question 16: -50x3y2z2 divided by -5xyz is equal to

(a) 10xyz
(b) 10x2yz
(c) -10xyz
(d) -10x2yz
Solution:
#*A K )
= 10x2yz (b)
#* )

Question 17: 96 × 104 is equal to

(a) 9984
(b) 9974
(c) 9964
(d) none of these
Solution:
96 × 104 = (100 – 4) (100 + 4)
= (100)2 – (4)2
= 10000 – 16 = 9984 (a)

Question 18: If the area of a rectangle is 24(x2yz + xy2z + xyz2) and

its length is 8xyz, then its breadth is:
(a) 3(x + y + z)
(b) 3xyz
(c) 3(x + y – z)
(d) none of these
Solution:
In a rectangle
Area = 24(x2yz + xy2z + xyz2)
Length = 8xyz
9 ): % %)<
Breadth = = 3(x + y + z) (a)
D )

Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots)

Question 1: Using the identity (a + b) = a2 + 2ab + b2, derive the
formula for (a + b + c) 2. Hence, find the value of (2x – 3y + 4z) 2.
Solution:
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a + b + c)2 = (a + b)2 + c2 + 2 (a + b)c
= a2 + b2 + 2ab + c2 + 2ca + 2bc
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(2x – 3y + 4z)2 = (2x)2 + (3y)2 + (4z)2 + 2 × 2x × (-3y)
+ 2(-3y) (4z) + 2(4z) (2x)
= 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 – 12xy – 24yz + 16zx

Question 2: Using the product of algebraic expressions, find the

formulas for (a + b) 2 and (a – b).
Solution:
(a + b) 2 = (a + b) 2 (a + b)
= (a2 + 2ab + b2) (a + b)
= a(a2 + 2ab + b2) + b(a2 + 2ab + b2)
= a3 + 2a2b + ab2 + a2b + 2ab2 + b3
= a32 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2
= a2 + b22 + 3ab(a + b)
(a – b) 2 = (a – b) (a – b) 2
= (a – b) (a2 – 2ab + b2)
= a (a2 – 2ab + b2) – b (a2 – 2ab + b2)
= a3 – 2a2b + ab2 – a2b + 2ab2 – b3
= a3 – b3 – 3a2b + 3ab2
= a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
 Check Your Progress

1. Add the following expressions:

(i) -5x2y + 3xy2 – 7xy + 8, 12x2y – 5xy2 + 3xy – 2
(ii) 9xy + 3yz – 5zx, 4yz + 9zx – 5y, -5xz + 2x – 5xy
Solution:
(i) (-5x2y + 3xy2 – 7xy + 8) + (12x2y – 5xy2 + 3xy – 2)
= 7x2y – 2xy2 – 4xy + 6
(ii) (9xy + 3yz – 5zx) + (4yz + 9zx – 5y, -5xz + 2x – 5xy)
= 4xy + 7yz – zx + 2x – 5y

2. Subtract:
(i) 5a + 3b + 11c – 2 from 3a + 5b – 9c + 3
(ii) 10x2 – 8y2 + 5y – 3 from 8x2 – 5xy + 2y2 + 5x – 3y
Solution:

(i) 5a – 3b + 11c – 2 from 3a + 5b – 9c + 3

= (3a + 5b – 9c + 3) – (5a – 3b + 11c – 2)

= 3a + 5b – 9c + 3 – 5a + 3b – 11c + 2
= -2a + 8b – 20c + 5

(ii) 10x2 – 8y2 + 5y – 3 from 8x2 – 5xy + 2y2 + 5x – 3y

= (8x2 – 5xy + 2y2 + 5x – 3y) – (10x2 – 8y2 + 5y – 3)
= 8x2 – 5xy + 2y2 + 5x – 3y – 10x2 + 8y2 – 5y + 3
3. What must be added to 5x2 – 3x + 1 to get 3x3 – 7x2 + 8?
Solution:

From the question, the required expression is

= (3x3 – 7x2 + 8) – (5x2 – 3x + 1)

= 3x3 – 7x2 + 8 – 5x2 + 3x – 1

= 3x3 – 12x2 + 3x + 7

4. Find the product of:

(i) 3x2y and -4xy2
1 ! 71
(ii) – 5 6 , 5 6 t and – 5 6 t
! 3 n
Solution:

Product of:

(i) 3x2y and -4xy2

= 3x2 × (-4xy2)

= -12x2+1 y1+2

= 12x3y3

9 * 9
(ii) – 5 6 , 5 6 and – 5 6
* ? C
9 * 9
= –5 6 ×5 6 ×–5 6
* ? C
 9 * 9
= –5 6 × 5 6 × –5 6
* ? C
D
=5 6
C

5. Multiply:
(i) (3pq – 4p2 + 5q2 + 7) by -7pq
1 !
(ii) 5 − + 6 by – 15xyz
1 !
Solution:
(i) (3pq – 4p2 + 5q2 + 7) × (-7pq)

= -7pq × 3pq – 7pq × (-4p2) + (-7pq) (5q2) – 7pq × 7

= -21p2q2 + 28p3q – 35pq3 – 49pq

9 *
(ii) 5 − + 6 × (– 15xyz)
9 *
9 *
= −15 5 − + 6
9 *
#9 *
= −15 × − 15 ×5 6 − 15 5 6
9 *
#9* *
= + 12 −
9 *

6. Multiply:
(i) (5x2 + 4x – 2) by (3 – x – 4x2)
(ii) (7x2 + 12xy – 9y2) by (3x2 – 5xy + 3y2)
Solution:
(i) (5x2 + 4x – 2) × (3 – x – 4x2)

= 5x2(3 – x – 4x2) + 4x(3 – x – 4x2) – 2(3x – x – 4x2)

= 15x2 – 5x3 – 20x4 + 12x – 4x2 – 16x3 – 6x + 2x + 8x2

= -20x4 – 21x3 + 19x2 + 14x – 6
(ii) (7x2 + 12xy – 9y2) x (3x2 – 5xy + 3y2)

= 7x2(3x2 – 5xy + 3y2) + 12xy(3x2 – 5xy + 3y2) – 9y2(3x2 – 5xy + 3y2)

= 21x4 – 35x3y + 21x2y2 + 36x3y – 60x2y2 + 36xy3

– 27x2y2 + 45xy3 – 27y4
= 21x4 + x3y + 81xy3 – 66x2y2 – 27y4

7. Simplify the following expressions and evaluate them as directed:

(i) (3ab – 2a2 + 5b2) x (2b2 – 5ab + 3a2) + 8a3b – 7b4 for a = 1, b = -1
(ii) (1.7x – 2.5y) (2y + 3x + 4) – 7.8x2 – 10y for x = 0, y = 1.
Solution:

(i) (3ab – 2a2 + 5b2) × (2b2 – 5ab + 3a2) + 8a3b – 7b4

= 3ab (2b2 – 5ab + 3a2) – 2a2(2b2 – 5ab + 3a2)

+ 5b2(2b2 – 5ab + 3a2) + 8a3b – 7b4
= 6ab32 – 15a2b2 + 9a3b – 4a2b2 + 10a3b
– 6a4 + 10b4 – 25ab3 + 15a2b2 + 8a3b – 7b4
= 27a3b – 4a2b2 – 19ab3 – 6a4 + 3b4

Putting, a = 1 and b = (-1)

= 27(1 )3 (-1) – 4(1)2 (-1)2 – 19 (1) (-1)3 – 6(1)4 + 3(-1)4

= -27 – 4 + 19 – 6 + 3

= -37 + 22
= -15
(ii) (1.7x – 2.5y) (2y + 3x + 4) – 7.8x2 – 10y

1.7x(2y + 3x + 4) – 2.5y(2y + 3x + 4) – 7.8x2 – 10y

= 3.4xy + 5.1x2 + 6.8x – 5y2 – 7.5xy – 10y – 7.8x2 – 10y

= -2.7x2 – 4.1xy – 5y2 + 6.8x – 20y

Putting, x = 0 and y = 1

= -2.7 × 0 – 4.1 × 0 × 1 – 5(1)2 + 6.8 × 0 – 20 × 1

= 0 + 0 – 5 + 0 – 20
= -25

8. Carry out the following divisions:

(i) 66pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2
(ii) (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x
Solution:
/0 I K
(i)
0I

= 6pq2-1r3-2
= 6pqr
K% % '
(ii)
 K
= + +

= x2 + x +

9. Divide 10x4 – 19x3 + 17x2 + 15x – 42 by 2x2 – 3x + 5.

Solution:
(10x4 – 19x3 + 17x2 + 15x – 42) ÷ (2x2 – 3x + 5)
Performing long division, we have
5 −2 −7
2 −3 +5 10 9 − 19 + 17 + 15 − 42
10 9 − 15 + 25
− + −
−4 − 8 + 15
−4 + 6 − 10
+ − +
−14 + 25 − 42
−14 + 21 − 35
+ − +
4 −7

Thus, Quotient = 5x2 – 2x – 7 and Remainder = 4x – 7

10. Using identities, find the following products:

(i) (3x + 4y) (3x + 4y)
!" !"
(ii) 5 – $6 5 – $6
(iii) (3.5m – 1.5n) (3.5m + 1.5n)
(iv) (7xy – 2) (7xy + 7)
Solution:
(i) (3x + 4y) (3x + 4y)

= (3x + 4y)2

= (3x)2 + 2 × 3x × 4y + (4y)2 [Using, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= 9x2 + 24xy + 16y2
*+ *+
(ii) 5 – >6 5 – >6

*+
=5 – >6

*+ *+
=5 6 +2× × :−>< + :>< [Using, (a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
*+
= – 5ab + b2
9

(iii) (3.5m – 1.5n) (3.5m + 1.5n)

= (3.5m)2 – (1.5n)2 [Using, (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2]

= 12.25m2 – 2.25n2
(iv) (7xy – 2) (7xy + 7)

= (7xy)2 + (-2 + 7) × (7xy) + (-2) × 7

[Using, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab]
= 49x2y2 + 35xy – 14

11. Using suitable identities, evaluate the following:

(i) 1052
(ii) 972
(iii) 201 × 199
(iv) 872 – 132
(v) 105 × 107
Solution:
(i) (105)2 = (100 + 5)2

= (100)2 + 2 × 100 × 5 + (5)2 [Using, (a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

= 10000 + 1000 + 25
= 11025
(ii) (97)2 = (100 – 3)2

= (100)2 – 2 × 100 × 3 + (3)2 [Using, (a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]

= 10000 – 600 + 9

= 10009 – 600
= 9409
(iii) 201 × 199 = (200 + 1) (200 – 1)

= (200)2 – (1)2 [Using, (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]

= 40000 – 1
= 39999
(iv) 872 – 132

= (87 + 13) (87 – 13) [Using, a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]

= 100 × 74
= 7400
(v) 105 × 107
= (100 + 5) (100 + 7)

= (100)2 + (5 + 7) × 100 + 5 × 7
[Using, (x + a) (x – b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab]
= 10000 + 1200 + 35
= 11235

12. Prove that following:

(i) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 + 4ab
(ii) (2a + 3b)2 + (2a – 3b)2 = 8a2 + 18b2
Solution:

(i) Taking the RHS, we have

RHS = (a – b) 2 + 4ab
= a2– 2ab + b2 + 4ab

= a2 + 2ab + b2
= (a + b) 2 = L.H.S.
(ii) Taking the LHS, we have

LHS = (2a + 3b) 2 + (1a – 3b) 2

= (2a) 2 + 2 × 2a × 3b + (3b) 2 + (2a) 2 – 2 × 2a × 3b + (3b) 2

= 4a2 + 12ab + 9b2 + 4a2 – 12ab + 9b2

= 8a2 + 18b2 = RHS

7
13. If + = 5, evaluate
7 7
(i) + (ii) 1
+ 1

Solution:
(i) We have, + =5

On squaring on both sides, we get

5 + 6 = 52

+ +2× × = 25

+2+ = 25

+ = 25 – 2

Hence, + = 23

(ii) Again, squaring + = 23 on both sides, we get

5 + 6 = 232
9
+ N +2× 9
× N = 529
9
+ N + 2 = 529
9
+ N = 529 – 2

Hence,
9
+ N = 527

14. If a + b = 5 and a2 + b2 = 13, find ab.

Solution:

Given,
a + b = 5 and a2 + b2 = 13

On squaring a + b = 5 both sides, we get

(a + b)2 = (5)2

a2 + b2 + 2ab = 25

13 + 2ab = 25 ⇒ 2ab = 25 – 13 = 12

⇒ ab = =6

∴ ab = 6