Serviceability Req RC

Prepared by:
Engr. ANTONIO O. PARAMBITA, RMP

Instructor
 The structural design profession is concerned with a
limit states philosophy.
 The term limit state is used to describe a condition at

which a structure or some part of a structure ceases
to perform its intended function satisfactorily.
 There are two categories of limit states:

strength and serviceability.
Strength limit states are based on the safety or load-
carrying capacity of structures and include buckling,
fracture, fatigue, overturning, and so on.
Serviceability limit states refer to the performance
of structures under normal service loads and are
concerned with the uses and/or occupancy of
structures.
Serviceability is measured by considering the
magnitudes of deflections, cracks, and vibrations of
structures, as well as by considering the amounts of
surface deterioration of the concrete and corrosion of
the reinforcing.
 The ACI Code contains very specific requirements
relating to the strength limit states of reinforced
concrete members but allows the designer some
freedom of judgment in the serviceability areas.
 This doesn’t mean that the serviceability limit states are

not significant, but by far the most important
consideration (as in all structural specifications) is the
life and property of the public.
 The magnitudes of deflections for concrete members can be
quite important. Excessive deflections of beams and slabs may
cause sagging floors, ponding on flat roofs, excessive
vibrations, and even interference with the proper operation of
supported machinery.
 Such deflections may damage partitions and cause poor
fitting of doors and windows. In addition, they may damage a
structure’s appearance or frighten the occupants of the
building, even though the building may be perfectly safe.
 One of the best ways to reduce deflections is by increasing
member depths—but designers are always under pressure to
keep members as shallow as possible.
 Reinforced concrete specifications usually limit deflections by
specifying certain minimum depths or maximum permissible
computed deflections.
ACI Code, provides a set of
minimum thicknesses for beams
and one-way slabs to be used,
unless actual deflection
calculations indicate that lesser
thicknesses are permissible.
These minimum thickness values,
which were developed primarily
on the basis of experience over
many years, should be used only
for beams and slabs that are not
supporting or attached to
partitions or other members likely
to be damaged by deflections.
NSCP 2015
If the designer chooses not to meet the minimum thicknesses, he or she must
compute deflections. If this is done, the values determined may not exceed
the values specified of the ACI Code.
 The deflection of reinforced concrete members may also be
controlled by cambering. The members are constructed of
such a shape that they will assume their theoretical shape
under some service loading condition.
 A simple beam would be constructed with a slight convex
bend, so that under certain gravity loads, it would become
straight, as assumed in the calculations.
 Some designers take into account both dead and full live
loads in figuring the amount of camber.
 Camber is generally used only for longer-span members.
Deflections for reinforced concrete members can be calculated
with the usual deflection expressions.
 Regardless of the method used for calculating deflections,
there is a problem in determining the moment of inertia to be
used. The trouble lies in the amount of cracking that has
occurred.
 If the bending moment is less than the cracking moment (i.e.,

if the flexural stress is less than the modulus of rupture), the full
uncracked section provides rigidity, and the moment of
inertia for the gross section 𝐼𝑔 is available.
 When larger moments are present, different-size tension

cracks occur and the position of the neutral axis varies.
Effects of Cracks on Deflection
 A concrete section that is fully cracked on its tension side will
have a rigidity of anywhere from one-third to three-fourths of
its uncracked full section rigidity.
 At different sections along the beam, the rigidity varies
depending on the moment present.
 If it is desired to obtain the immediate deflection of an
uncracked prismatic member, the moment of inertia may be
assumed to equal 𝐼𝑔 along the length of the member.
 Should the member be cracked at one or more sections along
its length, or if its depth varies along the span, a more exact
value of 𝐼 needs to be used.
 The code gives a moment of inertia expression that is
to be used for deflection calculations. This moment of
inertia provides a transitional value between 𝐼𝑔 and 𝐼𝑐𝑟
that depends upon the extent of cracking caused by
applied loads.
 It is referred to as 𝐼𝑒 , the effective moment of inertia,
and is based on an estimation of the probable
amount of cracking caused by the varying moment
throughout the span.
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑀𝑃𝑎
For normal weight concrete
From the expression,
 𝐼𝑔 is the gross amount of inertia (without considering the steel)
of the section
 𝑀𝑐𝑟 is the cracking moment
 𝑀𝑎 is the unfactored maximum service-load moment
occurring for the condition under consideration
 𝐼𝑐𝑟 is the transformed moment of inertia of the cracked section
 𝑓𝑟 is the modulus of rupture of concrete
 𝑦𝑡 is the distance from centroidal axis of gross section,
neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fiber in tension
𝐼𝑒 max 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝐼𝑒 max 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑒 =
2
𝐸𝑠
𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐸𝑐
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = ෍(𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )
𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑏𝑐 3 𝑐 2
= + 𝑏𝑐
12 2
+ 𝑛 − 1 𝐴′𝑠 𝑐 − 𝑑′ 2
+ 𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑐 2
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁. 𝐴. = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁. 𝐴.
𝑐
𝑏𝑐 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐴′𝑠 𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
 Long-term of sustained loads cause significant increases in
deflections because of shrinkage and creep. The factors
affecting deflection increases include humidity, temperature,
curing conditions, compression steel content, ratio of stress to
strength, and the age of the concrete at the time of loading.
 If concrete is loaded at an early age, its long-term deflections
will be greatly increased. Excessive deflections in reinforced
concrete structures can very often be traced to the early
application of loads.
 Because of the several factors mentioned the magnitudes of
long-term deflections can only be estimated.
 The code states that to
estimate the increase in
deflection due to these
causes, the part of the
instantaneous deflection
that is due to sustained
loads may be multiplied by
the empirically derived
factor λ and the result
added to the
instantaneous deflection.
A simply supported beam having a span of 12 m. carries a uniform
dead load of 5.8 kN/m and a live load of 8.8 kN/m in addition to a
concentrated dead load of 22 kN at midspan. The beam has a
width of 350 mm and an effective depth of 525 mm. Total depth is
625 mm. It is reinforced with a tensile steel area of 3040 𝑚𝑚2 .
𝑓𝑐′ = 27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1) Compute the effective moment of inertia.
2) Compute the instantaneous deflection.
3) Compute the immediate deflection due to sustained loads.
4) Compute the total deflection after 5 years.
5) Compute the deflection due to dead load plus the additional
long time deflection due to shrinkage and creep.

Serviceability Req RC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Serviceability Req RC

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Serviceability Req RC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prepared by:

Engr. ANTONIO O. PARAMBITA, RMP

 The term limit state is used to describe a condition at

 There are two categories of limit states:

 This doesn’t mean that the serviceability limit states are

 If the bending moment is less than the cracking moment (i.e.,

 When larger moments are present, different-size tension

You might also like