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CH 12 Notes SAE

This document discusses stoichiometry, which is the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. It covers mole and mass relationships in balanced chemical equations, how to approach stoichiometry problems, mass-mass and mole calculations, limiting reactants, theoretical and percent yields, and stoichiometry involving Avogadro's number and density.

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Carly Graham
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33 views

CH 12 Notes SAE

This document discusses stoichiometry, which is the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. It covers mole and mass relationships in balanced chemical equations, how to approach stoichiometry problems, mass-mass and mole calculations, limiting reactants, theoretical and percent yields, and stoichiometry involving Avogadro's number and density.

Uploaded by

Carly Graham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMISTRY I Chapter 12 Stoichiometry 1

I. What is Stoichiometry?
Definition: the study of quantitative relationships between the amounts of reactants used
and products formed by a chemical reaction; based on the law of conservation of mass and energy

Mole and mass relationships in chemical reactions; balanced chemical equation


gives the mole ratio coefficients represent not only individual particles, but also number of moles;
mole ratio – ratio between the # of moles of any 2 substances; # species in eqn. x next lower # =
# of mole ratios (n x (n-1)) = # mole ratios; i.e. Iron + Oxygen  Iron (III) oxide =
4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3 = 4 atoms of Fe + 3 molecules O2  2 formula units Fe2O3 =
4 moles Fe + 3 mole O2  2 moles Fe2O3 = 223.4g Fe + 96.0g O2  319.4g Fe2O3
II. Stoichiometric Calculations
A. Mass-mass calculations
Example: What mass of hydrogen gas can be formed when 12.5 grams of zinc reacts
with excess hydrochloric acid?

How to approach a stoichiometry problem:


1. Read the problem, then write a balanced equation.
2. Identify the given and desired quantities.
3. Determine molar masses if necessary.
4. Carry out the factor-label calculation, labeling the answer with units.

a. Do the above example:


Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
Given: 12.5 grams of Zn (65.4g/mol) Find: mass of H2 (2.02g/mol)

12.5gZn x 1 mol Zn x 1 mol H2 x 2.02 g H2


65.4 g Zn 1 mol Zn 1 mol H2 = 0.386 g H2

b. When 10.0 grams of propane (C3H8) is burned in air, what is the mass of water formed?
C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

Given: 10.0g C3H8 *44.1g/mol) Find: mass of H2O (18.0g/mol)

10.0gC3H8 x 1 mol C3H8 x 4 mol H2O x 18.0g H2O


44.1 g C3H8 1 mol C3H8 1 mol H2O = 16.3g H2O

B. Non-mass-mass calculations
These problems involve moles and/or grams in some combination. These problems have
fewer fractions than the normal mass-mass problems.
a. Example: If 12.8 grams of lithium are reacted with oxygen gas, how many moles of
lithium oxide are formed?
4Li + O2  2Li2O
Given: 12.8g Li (6.94g/mol) Find: moles Li2O

12.8 g Li x 1 mol Li x 2 mol Li2O


6.94 g Li 4 mol Li = 0.922 mol Li2O
CHEMISTRY I Chapter 12 Stoichiometry 2

b. If 0.45 mole of water is decomposed, how many moles of oxygen gas are produced?
2H2O  2H2 + O2
Given: 0.45 mol H2O Find: moles O2

0.45 mol H2O x 1 mol O2


2 mol H2O = 0.23 mol O2

c. Design a problem that involves barium sulfate as a precipitate.

III. Limiting Reactants


A. Why do reactions stop? Are all reactions 100% efficient?
Reactions might stop for a number of reasons including: consumption of one or multiple
reactants; occurrence of side reactions;

B. Calculating the product when a reactant is limited


Limiting reactant: limits the extent to which a reaction can proceed, thus
determining the amount of product formed; the portion of all the other reactants that
remain after the reaction stops = excess reactants;
Theoretical yield: the maximum amount of product that can be formed
from the quantities of reactants given

To determine the limiting reactant:


1. Read the question and write the balanced equation.
2. Label all given amounts (usually 2 reactant masses).
3. Do stoichiometry twice, determining the amount of product (or of one product
if there is more than one), starting with each given reactant.
4. Choose the smaller answer – that is the theoretical yield. The reactant that
gives you this answer is the limiting reactant. The other reactant is the excess reagent.
Examples: a. If 5.0 grams of nickel and 5.0 grams of chlorine gas are reacted
completely, how many grams of product could be formed, theoretically?
Ni + Cl2  NiCl2 Given: 5.0 g Ni ( = 58.7g/mol) Find: g NiCl2 ( = 129.7g/mol)
5.0 g Cl2 ( =71.0g/mol)
5.0g Ni x 1 mol Ni x 1 mol NiCl2 x 129.7g NiCl2
58.7g Ni 1 mol Ni 1 mol NiCl2 = 11g NiCl2

5.0g Cl2 x 1 mol Cl2 x 1 mol NiCl2 x 129.7g NiCl2


71.0 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 1 mol NiCl2 = 9.1g NiCl2

It is possible to determine the limiting reactant from the mole ratio; however,
most problems ask for the mass.
CHEMISTRY I Chapter 12 Stoichiometry 3

b. If you react 13.5 grams of HCl with 14.8 grams of FeS, how many grams of H2S
could be produced?
2HCl + FeS  H2S + FeCl2 Given: 13.5g HCl (= 36.5g/mol) Find: g H2S (= 33.1g/mol)
14.8g FeS (=87.9g/mol)
13.5g HCl x 1 mol HCl x 1 mol H2S x 33.1g H2S
36.5g HCl 2 mol HCl 1 mol H2S = 6.12g H2S

14.8g FeS x 1 mol FeS x 1 mol H2S x 33.1g H2S


87.9g FeS 1 mol FeS 1 mol H2S = 5.57g H2S

C. Why use an excess of a reactant? Helps force the reaction to completion and
can sometimes speed up a reaction; often the least expensive reactant is used as the excess
reactant; think of burner – use excess air to create a blue flame which completely burns the
fuel rather than fuel as the excess which creates a residue (carbon) on glassware.
To determine the quantity of excess:
1. Read the question and write the balanced equation.
2. Use stoichiometry, determine the quantity of reactant needed to completely
consume the limiting reactant.
3. Subtract the quantity used from the quantity given.

Example: Determine the amount of HCl in excess using the above example.
2HCl + FeS  FeCl2 + H2S

14.8g FeS x 1 mol FeS x 2 mol HCl x 36.5g HCl = 12.3g HCl (used)
87.9g FeS 1 mol FeS 1 mol HCl

13.5g – 12.3 = 1.2g excess


IV. Percent yield
How efficient was your process?
Percent yield = experimental yield x 100
theoretical yield
Most reactions never succeed in producing the predicted amount of product

Why experimental yields < theoretical yields? not every reaction goes cleanly or
completely; many reactions stop before all the reactants are used up, so the actual amount
of product is less than expected; liquid reactants or products may adhere to the surface of
containers or evaporate; solid product is always left behind on filter paper or lost in the
purification process; products other than the intended ones may be formed by competing
reactions, thus reducing the yield of the desired product.
CHEMISTRY I Chapter 12 Stoichiometry 4

Examples: 1. You reacted 2.78 grams of magnesium with excess sulfuric acid. You
massed the resulting magnesium sulfate and found it had a mass of 3.45 grams. What
was your percentage yield?
Mg + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2 Given: 2.78g Mg (=24.3g/mol) Find: g MgSO4 (=120.4g/mol)
3.45g MgSO4 produced
2.78g Mg x 1 mol Mg x 1 mol MgSO4 x 120.4g MgSO4
24.3g Mg 1 mol Mg 1 mol MgSO4 =13.8g MgSO4

% yield =3.45g MgSO4


13.8 g x 100 = 25.0%

2. If you react 7.82 grams of copper with excess silver nitrate solution, how many
grams of silver would be produced if the reaction were 85% efficient?
Cu + 2AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Given: 7.82g Cu (63.5g/mol) Find: g Ag ( 108g/mol)

7.82g Cu x 1 mol Cu x 2 mol Ag x 108 g Ag


63.5g Cu 1 mol Cu 1 mol Ag = 26.6g Ag

26.6g Ag x .85 = 22.6g Ag

V. Stoichiometry involving Avogadro’s number and density


A. One fraction could involve the conversion factor 1 mole=6.02 x 1023
particles
Example: How many molecules of carbon dioxide are formed when 50.0 grams of
methane are burned in air?
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Given: 50.0 g CH4 (16.0g/mol) Find: molecules CO2

50.0 g CH4 x 1 mol CH4 x 1 mol CO2 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules


16.0 g CH4 1 mol CH4 1 mol CO2 = 1.88 x 1024 m-c
B. One fraction could involve the density of a reactant or product.
Example: If you burn 1.00 L of octane in your car, how many moles of carbon dioxide
are generated? The density of octane is 0.789 g/mL.
2C8H18 + 25O2  16CO2 + 18H2O
Given: 1.00L C8H18 (114.2 g/mol) Find: mole CO2

1000mL C8H18 x 0.789g C8H18 x 1 mol C8H18 x 16 mol CO2


1 mL C8H18 114.2 g C8H18 2 mol C8H18 =55.3 mol CO2

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