Stoichiometry: Calculations With Chemical Formulas and Equations
Stoichiometry: Calculations With Chemical Formulas and Equations
Stoichiometry: Calculations With Chemical Formulas and Equations
Calculations with
Chemical Formulas and
Equations
Outline of Presentation
Walk-through of the scope of General
Chemistry 1 (Stoichiometry)
Review of fundamental concepts
Percent Composition
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Stoichiometry based on chemical
formulas
Stoichiometry based on balanced
chemical equations
Stoichiometry
quantitative relationships between the
Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)
Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)
Reaction
Types
Combination Reactions
Two or more
substances
react to form
one product
Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)
2 NH3 (g)
C3H6Br2 (l)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)
2 MgO (s)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)
2 MgO (s)
Decomposition Reactions
One substance breaks down into two or
more substances
Examples:
CaCO3 (s)
2 KClO3 (s)
2 NaN3 (s)
Combustion Reactions
Rapid reactions that
have oxygen as a
reactant sometimes
produce a flame
Most often involve
hydrocarbons reacting
with oxygen in the air to
produce CO2 and H2O.
Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)
2H2
O2
------- 2H2O
Single Replacement
Metal replaces another metal ion from a
solution.
Based on the position in the
activity/electromotive series
Double Displacement
Metathesis
Two compounds react to form two new
compounds.
Formula
Weights
Moles
Therefore:
Any
6.02 x 1023
1 mole of 12C has a
mass of 12 g
The mole
Molar Mass
The trick:
By definition, this is the mass of 1 mol of a
substance (i.e., g/mol)
The molar mass of an element is the mass
number (atomic weight) for the element that
we find on the periodic table
The formula weight (in amus) will be the
same number as the molar mass (in g/mol)
Using Moles
Mole Relationships
Percent Composition
One can find the percentage of the mass
of a compound that comes from each of
the elements in the compound by using
this equation:
% element =
x 100
Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon and hydrogen
in ethane (C2H6, molecular mass = 30.0)
is:
%C =
%H =
(2)(12.0 amu)
(30.0 amu)
(6)(1.01 amu)
(30.0 amu)
24.0 amu
30.0 amu
6.06 amu
30.0 amu
x 100 = 80.0%
x 100 = 20.0%
Finding
Empirical
Formulas
Combustion Analysis
gives % composition
CnHnOn + O2
nCO2 + 1/2nH2O
Calculating Empirical
Formulas
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have
seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the
empirical formula of PABA.
Calculating Empirical
Formulas
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,
C:
H:
N:
O:
1 mol
12.01 g
1 mol
5.14 g x
1.01 g
1 mol
10.21 g x
14.01 g
1 mol
23.33 g x
16.00 g
61.31 g x
= 5.105 mol C
= 5.09 mol H
= 0.7288 mol N
= 1.456 mol O
5.105 mol
0.7288 mol
= 7.005 7
H:
5.09 mol
0.7288 mol
= 6.984 7
N:
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
= 1.000
O:
1.458 mol
0.7288 mol
= 2.001 2
Elemental Analyses
Compounds
containing other
elements are
analyzed using
methods analogous
to those used for C,
H and O
Stoichiometry
We will solve these problems using a T
chart just like we did for unit conversions,
but we will add additional cells
Given info
etc
Units to cancel
Units to cancel
etc
Stoichiometric Calculations
Stoichiometric Calculations
From the mass of
Substance A you can
use the ratio of the
coefficients of A and B
to calculate the mass
of Substance B
formed (if its a
product) or used (if
its a reactant)
Stoichiometric Calculations
Example: 10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a
combustion reaction. How many grams of each product are
produced?
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
10.g
+ ?
Stoichiometric calculations
C6H12O6 +
6O2
10.g
MW: 180g/mol
6CO2
6H2O
44 g/mol
18g/mol
#mol: 10.g(1mol/180g)
0.055 mol
6(.055)
6(.055mol)44g/mol
#grams:
15g
6(.055mol)
6(.055mol)18g/mol
5.9 g
Limiting
Reactants
You can make cookies until you run out of one of the ingredients
Once you run out of sugar, you will stop making cookies
Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant is the reactant present in
the smallest stoichiometric amount
#moles
Left:
2H2
14
10
0
O2 -------->
7
5
2
2H2O
10
10
Limiting Reactants
In the example below, the O2 would be the
excess reagent
Theoretical Yield
The theoretical yield is the amount of
product that can be made
In other words its the amount of product
possible from stoichiometry. The perfect
reaction.
Percent Yield
A comparison of the amount actually
obtained to the amount it was possible
to make
Actual Yield
Percent Yield =
x 100
Theoretical Yield
References
Bookstaver, J.D. (n.d.) Retrieved from
www.pjmcelligottcom.com/chapter_03au.ppt
_______. (n.d.) Retrieved from www.worldofteaching
.com/
powerpoints/chemistry/STOICHIOMETRY.ppt
Redmore, F. (1980). Fundamentals of Chemistry.
Prentice-Hall.