Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry:
Calculations with Chemical

Formulas and Equations
RIKSON SIBURIAN
Stoichiometry
Stoikiometri: Kuantitas Produk dan Reaktan
dalam Reaksi Kimia
Reaksi Kimia: Perubahan Kimia dengan
Persamaan Kimia.
Kuantitas: Mol atau Konversinya.
Reaktan: Jumlah stoikiometri terkecil=Pereaksi
Pembatas (membatasi jumlah produk yang
dapat dibentuk)
Stoichiometry
2
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Reactants appear on the

left side of the equation. Stoichiometry
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Products appear on the

right side of the equation.
Stoichiometry
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
The states of the reactants and products

are written in parentheses to the right of Stoichiometry
each compound.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Coefficients are inserted to

balance the equation. Stoichiometry
Subscripts and Coefficients Give
Different Information
• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of

each element in a molecule
• Coefficients tell the number of Stoichiometry
molecules (compounds).
Reaction
Types
Stoichiometry
Combination Reactions
• Two or more
substances
react to form
one product
• Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l)  C3H6Br2 (l)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)
Stoichiometry
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)
Stoichiometry
Decomposition Reactions
• One substance breaks down into two or more
substances
• Examples:
CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 KClO3 (s)  2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s)  2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
Stoichiometry
Combustion Reactions
• Rapid reactions that
have oxygen as a
reactant sometimes
produce a flame
• Most often involve
hydrocarbons reacting
with oxygen in the air to
produce CO2 and H2O.
• Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Stoichiometry
2H2 + O2 ------- 2H2O
Formula
Weights
Stoichiometry
The amu unit
• Defined (since 1961) as:
• 1/12 mass of the 12C isotope.

• 12C = 12 amu
Stoichiometry
Formula Weight (FW)
• Sum of the atomic weights for the atoms
in a chemical formula
• So, the formula weight of calcium
chloride, CaCl2, would be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
• These are generally reported for ionic
compounds
Stoichiometry
Molecular Weight (MW)
• Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms

in a molecule
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the
molecular weight would be
C: 2(12.0 amu)
+ H: 6(1.0 amu)
30.0 amu
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition
One can find the percentage of the mass

of a compound that comes from each of
the elements in the compound by using
this equation:
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

% element = x 100
(FW of the compound)
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon and

hydrogen in ethane (C2H6, molecular
mass = 30.0) is:
(2)(12.0 amu) 24.0 amu
%C = = x 100 = 80.0%
(30.0 amu) 30.0 amu
(6)(1.01 amu) 6.06 amu

%H = = x 100 = 20.0%
(30.0 amu) 30.0 amu
Stoichiometry
Moles
Stoichiometry
The mole
• The mole is just a number of things

• 1 dozen = 12 things
• 1 pair = 2 things
• 1 mole = 6.022141x1023 things
Stoichiometry
Molar Mass
The trick:
• By definition, this is the mass of 1 mol of

a substance (i.e., g/mol)
– The molar mass of an element is the mass
number for the element that we find on the
periodic table
– The formula weight (in amu’s) will be the
same number as the molar mass (in g/mol)
Stoichiometry
Mole Relationships
• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains

Avogadro’s number of those particles
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadro’s number times the number of atoms or
ions of each element in the compound Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry Island Diagram
Known Unknown
Substance A Substance B
Mass
Mass
Use coefficients
from balanced
1 mole = 22.4 L @ STP chemical equation
1 mole = 22.4 L @ STP
Volume Mole Mole Volume
(gases) (gases)
Particles
Particles
Stoichiometry Island Diagram

Stoichiometric Calculations
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6…

we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O…
and then turn the moles of water to grams. Stoichiometry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Finding
Empirical
Formulas
Stoichiometry
Combustion Analysis
gives % composition
CnHnOn + O2 nCO2 + 1/2nH2O

• Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely
analyzed through combustion in a chamber like this
– %C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced
– %H is determined from the mass of H2O produced
– %O is determined by difference after the C and H have
Stoichiometry
been determined
Calculating Empirical Formulas
One can calculate the empirical formula from

the percent composition
Stoichiometry
Excersise-1
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have
seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the
empirical formula of PABA.
Stoichiometry
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,
C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g
Stoichiometry
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005  7
0.7288 mol
5.09 mol
H: = 6.984  7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001  2
0.7288 mol Stoichiometry
The coefficients in the balanced equation give

the ratio of moles of reactants and products
Stoichiometry
Converting grams to moles.
Determine how many moles there are in 5.17 grams of Fe(C5H5)2.
Given units match Goal
5.17 g Fe(C5H5)2 mol

= 0.0278 moles Fe(C5H5)2
185.97 g
Use the molar mass to

convert grams to Fe(C5H5)2
moles. 2 x 5 x 1.001 = 10.01
2 x 5 x 12.011 = 120.11
1 x 55.85 = 55.85
185.97 g
mol 32
Example: 10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a
combustion reaction. How many grams of each product are
produced?
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
10.g ? + ?
Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…

we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O & CO2
and then turn the moles to grams Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric calculations
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
10.g ? + ?
MW: 180g/mol 44 g/mol 18g/mol
#mol: 10.g(1mol/180g)
0.055 mol 6(.055) 6(.055mol)
6(.055mol)44g/mol 6(.055mol)18g/mol
#grams: 15g 5.9 g
Stoichiometry
Limiting
Reactants
Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in
the smallest stoichiometric amount
2H2 + O2 --------> 2H2O

#moles 14 7
10 5 10
Stoichiometry
Left: 0 2 10
Limiting reagent, example:
Soda fizz comes from sodium bicarbonate and citric acid (H3C6H5O7)
reacting to make carbon dioxide, sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) and water.
If 1.0 g of sodium bicarbonate and 1.0g citric acid are reacted, which is
limiting? How much carbon dioxide is produced?
3NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) ------> 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
1.0g 1.0g
84g/mol 192g/mol 44g/mol
1.0g(1mol/84g) 1.0(1mol/192g)
0.012 mol 0.0052 mol
(if citrate limiting)

0.0052(3)=0.016 0.0052 mol
So bicarbonate limiting:
0.012 mol 0.012(1/3)=.0040mol 0.012 moles CO2
44g/mol(0.012mol)=0.53g CO2
.0052-.0040=.0012mol left
0.0012 mol(192 g/mol)= Stoichiometry
0.023 g left.
Theoretical Yield
• The theoretical yield is the amount of

product that can be made
– In other words it’s the amount of product
possible from stoichiometry. The “perfect
reaction.”
• This is different from the actual yield,
the amount one actually produces and
measures
Stoichiometry
Percent Yield
A comparison of the amount actually
obtained to the amount it was possible
to make
Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
Stoichiometry
Example
Benzene (C6H6) reacts with Bromine to produce
bromobenzene (C6H6Br) and hydrobromic acid. If 30. g of
benzene reacts with 65 g of bromine and produces 56.7 g of
bromobenzene, what is the percent yield of the reaction?
C6H6 + Br2 ------> C6H5Br + HBr

30.g 65 g 56.7 g
78g/mol 160.g/mol 157g/mol
30.g(1mol/78g) 65g(1mol/160g)
0.38 mol 0.41 mol
(If Br2 limiting)
0.41 mol 0.41 mol
(If C6H6 limiting)
0.38 mol 0.38 mol 0.38mol(157g/1mol) = 60.g Stoichiometry
56.7g/60.g(100)=94.5%=95%
Example, one more
React 1.5 g of NH3 with 2.75 g of O2. How much NO
and H2O is produced? What is left?
4NH3 + 5O2 --------> 4NO + 6H2O

1.5g 2.75g ? ?
17g/mol 32g/mol 30.g/mol 18g/mol
1.5g(1mol/17g)= 2.75g(1mol/32g)=
.088mol .086
(If NH3 limiting):
.088mol .088(5/4)=.11
O2 limiting:
.086(4/5)= .086 mol .086 mol(4/5)= .086(6/5)=
.069mol .069 mol .10mol
.069mol(17g/mol) .069mol(30.g/mol) .10mol(18g/mol)
1.2g 2.75g 2.1 g 1.8g
Stoichiometry
Gun powder reaction
• 10KNO3(s) + 3S(s) + 8C(s) ---- 2K2CO3(s) + 3K2SO4(s) + 6CO2(g) + 5N2(g)

• Salt peter sulfur charcoal
And heat.
•
What is interesting about this reaction?

What kind of reaction is it?
What do you think makes it so powerful?
Stoichiometry
Gun powder reaction
Oxidizing Oxidizing Reducing
agent agent agent
• 10KNO3(s) + 3S(s) + 8C(s) ---- 2K2CO3(s) + 3K2SO4(s) + 6CO2(g) + 5N2(g)
• Salt peter sulfur charcoal
And heat.
•
What is interesting about this reaction?

Lots of energy, no oxygen
What kind of reaction is it?
Oxidation reduction
What do you think makes it so powerful and explosive?
Makes a lot of gas!!!!
Stoichiometry
Example
Reaction between magnesium and oxygen to

form magnesium oxide. ( fireworks)
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)

Mole Ratios:
2 : 1 : 2
Other Stoichiometric Calculations
Recall that the mole can be related to other

quantities:
• 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles
• 1 mol of a gas = 22.4 L at STP
These provide four more conversion factors:
1 mol 6.02x1023 particles

and
6.02x1023 particles 1 mol
1 mol 22.4 L
22.4 L and 1 mol
Mole-Mole Calculations
How many moles of water can be obtained from
the reaction of 4 moles of O2?
2 H2 (g) + 1 O2 (g) → 2 H2O (g)
4 mol O2 2 mol H2O

x = 8 mol H2O
1 1 mol O2
Mole Ratio
46
How many moles of NH3 can be obtained from
the reaction of 8 moles of H2?
__ 1 N2 (g) → __
3 H2 (g) + __ 2 NH3 (g)
8 mol H2 2 mol NH3

x = 5.33 mol NH3
1 3 mol H2
Mole Ratio
47
Mole-Mass Calculations
2 Al (s) + 6 HCl (aq) → 2 AlCl3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)
What mass of hydrogen gas can be produced by
reacting 6 moles of aluminum with HCl?
6 mol Al 3 mol H2 2.0 g H2

x x = 18 g H2
1 2 mol Al 1 mol H2
Mole Ratio Molar Mass

48
2 Al (s) + 6 HCl (aq) → 2 AlCl3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)
What mass of HCl is needed to react with 6
moles of aluminum?
6 mol Al 6 mol HCl 36.0 g HCl

x x = 648 g HCl
1 2 mol Al 1 mol HCl
Mole Ratio Molar Mass

49
Mass-Mass Calculations
Sn(s) + 2 HF (g) → SnF2 (s) + H2 (g)
How many grams of SnF2 can be produced from
the reaction of 30.00 g of HF with Sn?
30.00 g HF 1 mole HF 1 molSnF2 156.71 g SnF2

x x
x
1 20.01 g HF 2 mol HF 1 mol SnF2
= 117.5 g
Molar Mass
SnF2 Molar Mass
Mole Ratio
50
Stoichiometry 4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
Recall that Chemical formulas are balanced with coefficients
4 X NH3 = __ nitrogen + __ hydrogen
5 X O2 = __ oxygen
6 X H 2O = __ hydrogen + __ oxygen
4 X NO = __ nitrogen + __ oxygen
Examples:
Determine each mole ratio below based on the
reaction shown:
2 C4H10 + 13 O2  8 CO2 + 10 H2O
mol O 2 13
=
mol CO 2 8
mol C4 H10 2
=
mol H 2O 10
52
Practice Problems
1) N2 + 3 H2 ---> 2 NH3
Write the mole ratios for N2 to H2 and
NH3 to H2.
2) A can of butane lighter fluid
contains 1.20 moles of butane
(C4H10). Calculate the number of
moles of carbon dioxide given off
when this butane is burned.
Mole-Mole Problems
Using the practice question 2) above:
Equation of reaction
2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
Mole ratio
C4H10 CO2
1 : 4 [ bases]
1.2 : X [ problem]
By cross-multiplication, X = 4.8 mols of CO2 given off
Mole-Mass Problems
 Problem 1: 1.50 mol of
KClO3 decomposes. How
many grams of O2 will be
produced? [k = 39, Cl =
35.5, O = 16]
2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2
Let’s go!
2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2
2 : 3
1.50 : X
X = 2.25mol
Convert to mass
2.25 mol x 32.0 g/mol = 72.0 grams
Cool!
Try This:
 We want to produce 2.75 mol of KCl. How many
grams of KClO3 would be required?
Soln
KClO3 : KCl
2 : 2
X : 2.75
X = 2.75mol
In mass: 2.75mol X 122.55 g/mol
= 337 grams zooo zimple!
Conversion of mole to
volume
No of moles = Volume
Molar volume
Can you remember a similar equation?
Molar volume
The molar volume is the
volume occupied by one
mole of ideal gas at STP.
Its value is: 22.4dm 3
Practice Problems
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide formed
at STP in ‘dm3' by the complete thermal
decomposition of 3.125 g of pure calcium
carbonate (Relative atomic mass of Ca=40,
C=12, O=16)
Solution:
Convert the mass to mole:
Molar mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + (16 x 3) =
100gmol-1
Mole = mass/molar mass
3.125/100 = 0.03125mol
Practice Problems
As per the equation,
Mole ratio 1 : 1
problem 0.03125mol X
X = 0.03125mol of CO2
Convert mole to volume [slide 17]
Volume = (0.03125 x 22.4)dm 3
= 0.7dm3
Stoichiometry questions (1)
Consider : 4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
• How many moles of H2O are produced if
0.176 mol of O2 are used?
# mol H2O= 0.176 mol O2 x 6 mol H2O = 0.2112
5 mol O2 mol
• How many moles of NO are produced in H2the
O
reaction if 17 mol of H2O are also produced?
# mol NO= 17 mol H2O x 4 mol NO = 11.33
6 mol H2O mol NO
Notice that a correctly balanced equation is
essential to get the right answer
• How many grams of H2O are produced if 1.9
mol of NH3 are combined with excess oxygen?
# g H2O=
1.9 mol NH3 x 6 mol H2O x18.02 g H2O= 51.4 g
4 mol NH3 1 mol H2O H2O
• How many grams of O2 are required to
produce 0.3 mol of H2O?
# g O2=
0.3 mol H2O x 5 mol O2 x 32 g O2 = 8 g O2
6 mol H2O 1 mol O2
• How many grams of NO is produced if 12 g of
O2 is combined with excess ammonia?
# g NO=
12 g O2 x 1 mol O2 x 4 mol NO x 30.01 g NO
32 g O2 5 mol O2 1 mol NO
= 9.0 g NO
Moving along the stoichiometry path
• We always use the same type of information
to make the jumps between steps:
Molar mass of x Molar mass of y
grams (x)  moles (x)  moles (y)  grams (y)
Mole ratio from

balanced equation
Given: 4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
a) How many moles of H2O can be made using 0.5 mol NH3?
b) what mass of NH3 is needed to make 1.5 mol NO?
c) how many grams of NO can be made from 120 g of NH3?
Answers
4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
a)
# mol H2O= 0.5 mol NH3 x 6 mol H2O = 0.75
b) 4 mol NH3 mol
# g NH3= H 2 O
1.5 mol NO x 4 mol NH3 x 17.04 g NH3= 25.6 g
c) 4 mol NO 1 mol NH3 NH3
# g NO=
120 g NH3 x 1 mol NH3 x 4 mol NO x 30.01 g NO
17.04g 4 mol NH3 1 mol NO
NH3
= 211 g NO
More Stoichiometry Questions
Follow the rules for significant digits. Show all calculations.
1. 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 -> 8 CO2 + 10 H2O
a) what mass of O2 will react with 400 g C4H10?
b) how many moles of water are formed in a)?
2. 3 HCl + Al(OH)3 -> 3 H2O + AlCl3
How many grams of aluminum hydroxide will
react with 5.3 moles of HCl?
3. Ca(ClO3)2 -> CaCl2 + 3 O2
What mass of O2 results from the decomposition
of 1.00 kg of calcium chlorate?
4. The reaction of Ca with water can be predicted
using the activity series. What mass of water is
needed to completely react with 2.35 g of Ca?
5. Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2.
a) How many moles of carbon monoxide are
required to react with 163.0 g of iron(III) oxide?
b) How many grams of CO2 are produced from a
reaction that also produces 23.9 grams of Fe?
6. 3Cu + 8HNO3  3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO
a) how many moles of copper(II) nitrate can be
prepared from 17.0 moles of Cu?
b) how many grams of copper(II) nitrate can be
prepared using 3.8 moles of HNO3?
c) what mass of water results from the reaction of
8.50 kg of copper metal?
For more lessons, visit
www.chalkbored.com
Stoichiometry (more working with ratios)
Ratios are found within a chemical equation.
2HCl + 1Ba(OH)2  2H2O + 1 BaCl2
coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS
2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of H2O

and 1 mole of BaCl2
69
Mole – Mole Conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:
2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)

a. How many moles of NO2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?
2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol Units match
4.3 mol N2O5 4mol NO 2
= 8.6 moles NO2
2mol N 2O 5
b. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?

2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol
4.3 mol N2O5 1mol O 2

= 2.2 mole O2
2mol N 2 O 5
70
gram ↔ mole and gram ↔ gram conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)
a. How many moles of N2O5 were used if 210g of NO2 were produced?
2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? moles 210g Units match
210 g NO2 mol NO 2 2mol N 2O 5

= 2.28 moles N2O5
46.0g NO 2 4mol NO 2
b. How many grams of N2O5 are needed to produce 75.0 grams of O2?
2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? grams 75.0 g
75.0 g O2 mol O 2 2mol N 2O 5 108g N 2O 5

= 506 grams N2O5
32.0 g O 2 1mol O 2 mol N 2O 5
71
Gram to Gram Conversions
Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid produces
hydrogen gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of aluminum
chloride can be produced when 3.45 grams of aluminum are reacted with an
excess of hydrochloric acid?
2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)
First write a balanced

equation.
72
Gram to Gram Conversions

3.45 g ? grams
Now let’s get organized.

Write the information
below the substances.
73
gram to gram conversions


3.45 g ? grams
Units match
3.45 g Al mol Al 2 mol AlCl 3 133.3 g AlCl 3
= 17.0 g AlCl3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al mol AlCl 3
Now Let’s
We must
Now
use work
the thethe
always
usemolar problem.
convert
molar
mass ratio.
to
toconvert
moles.
to grams. 74
Exercise : Converting Grams to Moles
Calculate the number of moles of glucose (C6H12O6) in

5.380 g of C6H12O6.
Exercise
How many moles of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

are in 508 g of NaHCO3?
Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
Molarity
Molarity is a term used to express concentration. The units of molarity are

moles per liter (It is abbreviated as a capital M)
When working problems, it

is a good idea to change M
into its units.
moles moles
M 
Liter 1000 mL
76
Solutions
A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.73 grams of AlCl3 in
water to form 200.0 mL solution. A 10.0 mL portion of the
solution is then used to prepare 100.0 mL of solution.
Determine the molarity of the final solution.
What type of
problem(s) is
this?
Molarity
followed by
dilution.
77
Solutions
A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.73 grams of AlCl3 in
water to form 200.0 mL solution. A 10.0 mL portion of the
solution is then used to prepare 100.0 mL of solution.
Determine the molarity of the final solution.
1st:
3.73 g mol
-3
= 0.140 mol
133.4 g 200.0 x 10 L L
molar mass of AlCl3
M1V1 = M2V2 dilution formula

2nd:
(0.140 M)(10.0 mL) = (? M)(100.0 mL)
0.0140 M = M2 final concentration
78
Solution Stoichiometry
50.0 mL of 6.0 M H2SO4 (battery acid) were spilled and
solid NaHCO3 (baking soda) is to be used to neutralize the
acid. How many grams of NaHCO3 must be used?
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3  2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2CO2(g)
79
50.0 mL ? g Our Goal
6.0 M
Look!
=
6.0 mol A conversion

L factor!
80
50.0 mL ? g Our Goal
6.0 M
=
6.0 mol
L
H2SO4 NaHCO3 NaHCO3
50.0 mL 6.0 mol H 2SO 4 2 mol 84.0 g
= 50.4 g NaHCO3
1000mL 1 mol mol
H 2SO 4
H2SO4 NaHCO3
81
Solution Stoichiometry:
Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution are needed to

neutralize 35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.
2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 
+ ____H 2 2O
____H 1 2SO4
+ ____Na

Equation.
82
Exercise 10: How many atoms are in 0.551 g of
potassium (K) ?
1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K
8.49 x 1021 atoms K

Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize

35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.
2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 
+ ____H 2 2O
____H 1 2SO4
+ ____Na
0.102 M mol 35.0 mL
L 0.125 mol 0.125 mol
? mL 
L 1000 mL
Our Goal
Since 1 L = 1000 mL, we can use
this to save on the number of conversions
Now, let’s get organized. Place

numerical Information and
accompanying UNITS below each
compound.
84
Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize

35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.
2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 
+ ____H 2 2O
____H 1 2SO4
+ ____Na
0.102 M mol 35.0 mL
L 0.125 mol 0.125 mol
? mL 
L 1000mL
Units Match
H2SO4 H2SO4 NaOH
35.0 mL 0.125 mol 2 mol 1000 mL NaOH = 85.8 mL NaOH
1000 mL 1 mol 0.102 mol NaOH
H2SO4 H2SO4
Now let’s get to work

converting. 85
What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to

completely neutralize 47.1 mL of 0.75 M Ba(OH)2?
1st write out

a balanced chemical
equation
86
What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to

completely neutralize 47.1 mL of 0.75 M Ba(OH)2?
2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq)  2H2O(l) + BaCl2

0.40 M 47.1 mL
? mL 0.75 M
Units match
Ba(OH)2 HCl HCl

47.1 mL 0.75mol Ba(OH)2 2 mol 1000 mL
0.40 mol
= 176 mL HCl
1000 mL Ba(OH)2 1 mol
Ba(OH)2 HCl
87
Solution Stochiometry Problem:
A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide solution.

If it took 23.28 mL of 0.135 M hydrochloric acid to neutralize 25.00 mL of
the barium hydroxide solution, what was the concentration of the barium
hydroxide solution in moles per liter (M)?
2
____HCl(aq) 1
+ ____Ba(OH) 2(aq)  ____H
2 2O(l) + ____BaCl
1 2(aq)
23.28 mL 25.00 mL
0.135 mol ? mol
L L

chemical reaction.
88
A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide solution.

If it took 23.28 mL of 0.135 M hydrochloric acid to neutralize 25.00 mL of
the barium hydroxide solution, what was the concentration of the barium
hydroxide solution in moles per liter (M)?
2
____HCl(aq) 1
+ ____Ba(OH) 2(aq)  ____H
2 2O(l) + ____BaCl
1 2(aq)
23.28 mL 25.00 mL
? mol Units match on top!
0.135 mol
L L
23.28 mL HCl 0.135 mol HCl l mol Ba(OH)2

= 0.0629 mol Ba(OH)2
25.00 x 10-3 L 1000 mL HCl 2 mol HCl L Ba(OH) 2
Ba(OH)2
Units Already Match on Bottom!

89
48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2

mL of 0.385 M HNO3. Determine the molarity of
the Ca(OH)2 solution.
We must first
write a balanced
equation.
90
48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2

mL of 0.385 M HNO3. Determine the molarity of
the Ca(OH)2 solution.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq)  2 H2O(l) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
48.0 mL 19.2 mL
0.385 mol
?M 0.385 M 
L
HNO3 HNO 3
19.2 mL 0.385 mol 1mol Ca(OH) 2
=0.0770 mol(Ca(OH) 2)
1000 mL 2mol HNO 3 48.0 x 10-3L L (Ca(OH) )

2
HNO 3
units match!
91
Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
Nowthe
First copy down place
numerical the
the BALANCED
information below
equation!
the compounds.
92
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Hide
one
Two starting
amounts?
Where do we
start?
93
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol
Hide ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2
94
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol
Hide 0.10 mol ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2
Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2 = 0.150 mol O2

H2 O 2mol H O 2
95
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2 It was limited by the
amount of KO2.
Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2
= 0.150 mol O2
H2 O 2mol H 2O
H2O = excess (XS) reactant!
What is the theoretical yield?

Hint: Which is the smallest
amount? The is based upon the
limiting reactant? 96
Theoretical yield vs. Actual yield
Suppose the theoretical yield for an

experiment was calculated to be
19.5 grams, and the experiment was
performed, but only 12.3 grams of
product were recovered. Determine
the % yield.
Theoretical yield = 19.5 g based on limiting reactant

Actual yield = 12.3 g experimentally recovered
actual yield
% yield  x 100
theoretica l yield
12.3
% yield  x 100  63.1% yield
19.5 97
Limiting/Excess Reactant Problem with % Yield
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O,
how many grams of O2 can be produced?
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0 g 47.0 one
Hide g ?g
Based on: 120.0 g KO2 mol 3mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 40.51 g O2

KO2
71.1g 4mol KO 2 mol O 2
98
Limiting/Excess Reactant Problem with % Yield
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0
Hideg 47.0 g ?g

KO2
Based on: 47.0 g H2O
mol H 2O 3 mol O 2 32.0g O 2
= 125.3 g O2
H2 O 18.02 g H 2O 2 mol H 2O mol O 2
Question if only 35.2 g of O2 were recovered, what was the percent yield?
actual 35.2
x 100  x 100  86.9% yield
theoretica l 40.51
99
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0 g 47.0 g ?g

KO2
Based on: 47.0 g H2O
mol H 2O 3 mol O 2 32.0g O 2
= 125.3 g O2
H2 O 18.02 g H 2O 2 mol H 2O mol O 2
Determine how many grams of Water were left over.
The Difference between the above amounts is directly RELATED to the XS H2O.
125.3 - 40.51 = 84.79 g of O2 that could have been formed from the XS water.
84.79 g O2 mol O 2 2 mol H 2O 18.02 g H 2O

= 31.83 g XS H2O
32.0 g O 2 3 mol O 2 1 mol H 2O
100
Try this problem (then check your answer):
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 25.6 grams of

Al(NO3)3 in 455 mL of solution.
After you have

worked the
problem, click here 25.6 g mole mol
to see -3
 0.264
setup answer 213 g 455 x 10 L L
101
Percent Composition
One can find the percentage of the

mass of a compound that comes from
each of the elements in the compound
by using this equation:
(number of atoms)(atomic mass)

% Element = x 100
(FW of the compound)
Stoichiometry

Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon in ethane is
(2)(12.011 amu)
%C =
(30.070 amu)
24.022 amu
= x 100
30.070 amu
= 79.887%
Stoichiometry

Exercise : Calculating Percentage Composition
Calculate the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(by mass) in C12H22O11.
Exercise : Calculating Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
Adipic acid, H2C6H8O4, used to produce nylon, is made
commercially by a reaction between cyclohexane (C6H12)
and O2:
2 C6H12(l) + 5 O2(g) 2 H2C6H8O4(l) + 2 H2O(g)
(a) Assume that you carry out this reaction with 25.0 g of
cyclohexane and that cyclohexane is the limiting reactant.
What is the theoretical yield of adipic acid? (b) If you
obtain 33.5 g of adipic acid, what is the percent yield for
the reaction?
Exercise 17
Continued
Avogadro’s Number
• In a lab, we cannot
work with individual
molecules. They are
too small.
• 6.02 × 1023 atoms
or molecules is an
amount that brings
us to lab size. It is
ONE MOLE.
• One mole of 12C has
a mass of 12.000 g.
Stoichiometry

Avogadro’s Number
6.02 x 1023 particles

1 mole
or
1 mole
6.02 x 1023 particles
One can calculate the empirical formula from

the percent composition.
Stoichiometry
Example 13: The compound para-aminobenzoic acid

(you may have seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of
sunscreen) is composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen
(5.14%), nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%).
Find the empirical formula of PABA.
Stoichiometry

Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,
C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g
Stoichiometry

Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005  7
0.7288 mol
5.09 mol
H: = 6.984  7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001  2
0.7288 mol Stoichiometry

These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:
C7H7NO2
Stoichiometry

Calculate the formula weight of the
? following compounds from their

formulas. Report your answers to three
significant figures.
calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
methylamine, CH3NH2
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3 | 114

Ca(OH)2
1 Ca 1(40.08) = 40.08 amu
2O 2(16.00) = 32.00 amu
2H 2(1.008) = 2.016 amu
Total 74.096 2 decimal places
74.10 amu
CH3NH2
1C 1(12.01) = 12.01 amu
1N 1(14.01) = 14.01 amu
5H 5(1.008) = 5.040 amu
Total 31.060 2 significant figures
31.06 amu
What is the mass in grams of the nitric
? acid molecule, HNO3?
First, find the molar mass of HNO3:
1 H 1(1.008) = 1.008
1 N 1(14.01) = 14.01
3 O 3(16.00) = 48.00
63.018 (2 decimal places)
63.02 g/mol

A sample of nitric acid, HNO3, contains
? 0.253 mol HNO3. How many grams is

this?
Note:
First, find the molar mass of HNO3: We need
one digit
1 H 1(1.008) = 1.008 more in the
1 N 1(14.01) = 14.01 molar
3 O 3(16.00) = 48.00 mass than
in the
63.018
measured
(2 decimal places) quantity.
63.02 g/mol
Next, using the molar mass, find the mass of 0.253
mole:
63.02 g
0.253 mole 
1mole
= 15.94406 g
 15.9 g
(3 significant figures)

Calcite is a mineral composed of
? calcium carbonate, CaCO3. A sample

of calcite composed of pure calcium
carbonate weighs 23.6 g. How many
moles of calcium carbonate is this?
First, find the molar mass of CaCO3:
1 Ca 1(40.08) = 40.08
1 C 1(12.01) = 12.01
3 O 3(16.00) = 48.00
100.09 2 decimal places
100.09 g/mol
Next, find the number of moles in 23.6 g:
1mole
23.6 g 
100.09 g
 2.35787791  101 g
1
 2.36  10 g or 0.236 g

The average daily requirement of the
? essential amino acid leucine, C6H14O2N,

is 2.2 g for an adult. What is the average
daily requirement of leucine in moles?
First, find the molar mass of leucine:
6C 6(12.01) = 72.06
2O 2(16.00) = 32.00
1N 1(14.01) = 14.01
14 H 14(1.008) = 14.112 2 decimal places
132.182 132.18 g/mol
Next, find the number of moles in 2.2 g:
1mole
2.2 g 
132.18 g
 1.6643  102 mol
 1.7  102 mol or 0.017 mol


The daily requirement of chromium in
? the human diet is 1.0 × 10-6 g. How

many atoms of chromium does this
represent?

First, find the molar mass of Cr:
1 Cr 1(51.996) = 51.996
Now, convert 1.0 x 10-6 grams to moles:

1mol 6.022  10 atoms
6
23
1.0  10 g  
51.996 g 1mol
=1.158166  1016 atoms
1.2  1016 atoms


Lead(II) chromate, PbCrO4, is used as
? a paint pigment (chrome yellow). What

is the percentage composition of
lead(II) chromate?
First, find the molar mass of PbCrO4:
1 Pb 1(207.2) = 207.2
1 Cr 1(51.996) = 51.996
4 O 4(16.00) = 64.00
323.196 (1 decimal place)
323.2 g/mol

Now, convert each to percent composition:
207.2 g
Pb :  100%  64.11%
323.20 g
51.996 g
Cr :  100%  16.09%
323.20 g
64.00 g
O:  100%  19.80%
323.20 g
Check:
64.11 + 16.09 + 19.80 = 100.00

The chemical name of table sugar is
? sucrose, C12H22O11. How many grams

of carbon are in 68.1 g of sucrose?
First, find the molar mass of C12H22O11:
12 C 12(12.01) = 144.12
11 O 11(16.00) = 176.00
22 H 22(1.008) = 22.176
342.296 (2 decimal places)
342.30 g/mol
Now, find the mass of carbon in 68.1 g sucrose:
144.12 g carbon
68.1g sucrose 
342.30 g sucrose
 28.7 g carbon

Propane, C3H8, is normally a gas, but it is
? sold as a fuel compressed as a liquid in

steel cylinders. The gas burns according
to the following equation:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
How many grams of O2 are required to

burn 20.0 g of propane?

Molar masses:
O2 2(16.00) = 32.00 g
C3H8 3(12.01) + 8(1.008) = 44.094 g
1 mol C 3H8 5 mol O 2 32.00 g O 2

20.0 g C 3H8
44.094 g C 3H8 1 mol C 3H8 1 mol O 2
 72.5722320 5 g O 2
72.6 g O2

Example 1:
How many moles of ammonia can be produced from
32 moles of hydrogen? (Assume excess N2 present)
1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
2 mol NH 3
32 mol H2 x
3 mol H 2 = 21 mol NH3
Mole ratio
131
Example 2:
In one experiment, 6.80 mol of ammonia are
prepared. How many moles of hydrogen were used
up in this experiment?
1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

3 mol H 2
6.80 mol NH3 x
2 mol NH 3 = 10.2 mol H2
Mole ratio
132
Example 3:
How many moles of ammonia can be produced from
the reaction of 125 g of nitrogen?
1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3
125 g N2 x x
28.0 g N 2 1 mol N 2 = 8.93 mol NH3
Molar mass Mole ratio
133
Example 4:
What mass of carbon dioxide will be produced from
the reaction of 175 g of propane, as shown?
1 C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Moles of
Mass of Moles of
carbon
propane propane
dioxide
Mass of
carbon dioxide
134
Example 5:
1 C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
1 mol C3 H 8 3 mol CO2

175 g C3H8 x x
44.1 g C3 H 8 1 mol C3 H 8
44.0 g CO 2
x
1 mol CO 2 = 524 g CO2
Molar mass
Molar mass Mole ratio
135
Example 6:
A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry
was a mixture of N2H4 and N2O4, as shown below.
How many grams of N2 gas is produced when 100 g
of N2H4 and 200 g of N2O4 are mixed?
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Limiting Mass-mass
reactant calculations
136
Example 7:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Assume N2H4 is LR
1 mol N 2 H 4 x 3 mol N 2 =
100 g N2H4 x
32.04 g N 2 H 4 2 mol N 2 H 4
4.68 mol N2
137
Example 8:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Assume N2O4 is LR
1 mol N 2O4 x 3 mol N 2 =
200 g N2O4 x
92.00 g N 2O4 1 mol N 2O 4
6.52 mol N2
138
Example 9:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Assume N2H4 is LR 4.68 mol N2
Assume N2O4 is LR 6.52 mol N2
Correct
N2H4 is
amount
LR
139
Example 10:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Calculate mass of N2
28.0 g N2
4.68 mol N2 x
1 mol N 2 = 131 g N2
140
Example 11:
How many grams of AgBr can be produced when
50.0 g of MgBr2 is mixed with 100.0 g of AgNO3, as
shown below:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3  2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2
Limiting
Reactant
141
Example 12:
Assume MgBr2 is LR
1 mol MgBr2 x 2 mol AgBr
50.0 g MgBr2 x
184.1 g MgBr2 1 mol MgBr2
x
187.8 g AgBr
= 102 g AgBr
1 mol AgBr
142
Example 13:
Assume AgNO3 is LR
x
1 mol AgNO 3 x 2 mol AgBr
100.0 g AgNO3
169.9 g AgNO 3 2 mol AgNO3
x
187.8 g AgBr
= 111 g AgBr
1 mol AgBr
143
Example 14:
Assume MgBr2 is LR 102 g AgBr
Assume AgNO3 is LR 111 g AgBr
Correct
MgBr2
amount
is LR
144
Example 15:
In an experiment forming ethanol, the theoretical
yield is 50.0 g and the actual yield is 46.8 g. What is
the percent yield for this reaction?
Actual yield 46.8 g

% yield = x100 = x100 = 92.7 %
Theoretical yield 50.0 g
145
Example 16:
Silicon carbide can be formed from the reaction of
sand (SiO2) with carbon as shown below:
1 SiO2 (s) + 3 C (s)  1 SiC (s) + 2 CO (g)
When 100 g of sand are processed, 51.4g of SiC is

produced. What is the percent yield of SiC in this
reaction?
Actual
yield
146
Example 17:
1 SiO2 (s) + 3 C (s)  1 SiC (s) + 2 CO (g)
Calculate theoretical yield

1 mol SiO 2 x 1 mol SiC 40.1 g SiC
100 g SiO2 x x =
60.1 g SiO2 1 mol SiO 2 1 mol SiC
66.7 g SiC
147
Example 18:
Calculate percent yield
Actual yield 51.4 g

% yield = x100 = x100 = 77.1 %
Theoretical yield 66.7 g
148
Solving a Stoichiometry Problem
6.50 grams of aluminum reacts with an excess of
oxygen. How many grams of aluminum oxide are
formed?
4 Al + 3 O2  2Al2O3
6.50 g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol Al2O3 101.96 g Al2O3

X X X = ? g Al2O3
26.98 g Al 4 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3
6.50 x 2 x 101.96 ÷ 26.98 ÷ 4 = 12.3 g Al2O3

Combustion Analysis Calculation
Ascorbic Acid ( Vitamin C )
• Combustion of a 6.49 mg sample in excess oxygen,

yielded 9.74 mg CO2 and 2.64 mg H2O
• Calculate it’s Empirical formula!
• C: 9.74 x10-3g CO2 x(12.01 g C/44.01 g CO2)

= 2.65 x 10-3 g C
• H: 2.64 x10-3g H2O x (2.016 g H2/18.02 gH2O)
= 2.92 x 10-4 g H
• Mass Oxygen = 6.49 mg - 2.65 mg - 0.30 mg
= 3.54 mg O
Vitamin C: Calculation
(continued)
• C = 2.65 x 10-3 g C / ( 12.01 g C / mol C ) =

= 2.21 x 10-4 mol C
• H = 0.295 x 10-3 g H / ( 1.008 g H / mol H ) =
= 2.92 x 10-4 mol H
• O = 3.54 x 10-3 g O / ( 16.00 g O / mol O ) =
= 2.21 x 10-4 mol O
• Divide each by 2.21 x 10-4
• C = 1.00 Multiply each by 3 = 3.00 = 3.0
• H = 1.32 = 3.96 = 4.0
• O = 1.00 = 3.00 = 3.0
C3H4O3
QUESTION
Erythrose contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
(MM = 120.0 g/mol). It is an important sugar that is used in many
chemical syntheses.
Combustion analysis of a 700.0 mg sample yielded 1.027 g CO2 and

0.4194 g H2O. Mass Spectrometry produced a molecular ion @ 120
mass units (m/z). What is the molecular formula of erythrose?
A) CH2O
B) C6H12O6
C) C3H6O3
D) C4H8O4
ANSWER D) C4H8O4
Alternative Solution Method
mol C x M of C
Mass ratio of C in CO2 = =
mass of 1 mol CO2
= 1 mol C x 12.01 g C/ 1 mol C = 0.2729 g C / 1 g CO2
44.01 g CO2
Mass ratio of H in H2O = mol H x M of H =

mass of 1 mol H2O
2 mol H x 1.008 g H / 1 mol H
= = 0.1119 g H / 1 g H2O
18.02 g H2O
Calculating masses of C and H:
Mass of Element = mass of compound x mass ratio of element

Alternative Method
Mass (g) of C = 1.027 g CO2 x 0.2729 g C = 0.2803 g C

1 g CO2
0.1119 g H
Mass (g) of H = 0.4194 g H2O x = 0.04693 g H
1 g H2O
Calculating the mass of O:
Mass (g) of O = Sample mass -( mass of C + mass of H )
= 0.700 g - 0.2803 g C - 0.04693 g H = 0.37277 g O
Calculating moles of each element:
C = 0.2803 g C / 12.01 g C/ mol C = 0.02334 mol C
H = 0.04693 g H / 1.008 g H / mol H = 0.04656 mol H
O = 0.37277 g O / 16.00 g O / mol O = 0.02330 mol O
C0.02334H0.04656O0.02330 = CH2O formula weight = 30 g / formula

120 g /mol / 30 g / formula = 4 formula units / cmpd = C4H8O4
Density
• Volume of Avogadro’s number of unit cells = AV
• The number of formula units per unit cell = Z
– Z is a small integer 1 to about 16.
• Weight of Avogadro’s number of unit cells
= Z* FW
Z  FW

A V
Example Density Calculation
• Calculate the density of ferberite

(FeWO4), which is monoclinic with
• a = 4.73; b = 5.70; c = 4.95; b =
90.01; Z = 2.
• Calculate the gram formula weight:
– 1 Fe (55.847) = 55.847
– 1 W (183.85) = 183.85
– 4 O (15.9995) 63.998
– FW = 303.695 g
Example Density
Calculation:
Ferberite FeWO4
• V = abc sin b = (4.73)(5.70)(4.95)(sin
90.01º)
• V = 133.46 Å3
• V = 1.335 x 10-22 cm3
•  = ZFw/AV = 2 (303.70) / 6.02 1023
*1.335 10-22
•  = 7.56 g/cm3

Stoichiometry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stoichiometry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stoichiometry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stoichiometry:

Calculations with Chemical

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Reactants appear on the

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Products appear on the

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

The states of the reactants and products

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Coefficients are inserted to

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of

• Defined (since 1961) as:

• 1/12 mass of the 12C isotope.

• Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms

One can find the percentage of the mass

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

So the percentage of carbon and

(6)(1.01 amu) 6.06 amu

• The mole is just a number of things

• By definition, this is the mass of 1 mol of

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains

Stoichiometry Island Diagram

Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6…

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

CnHnOn + O2 nCO2 + 1/2nH2O

One can calculate the empirical formula from

Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,

C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

The coefficients in the balanced equation give

Determine how many moles there are in 5.17 grams of Fe(C5H5)2.

Given units match Goal

5.17 g Fe(C5H5)2 mol

Use the molar mass to

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…

2H2 + O2 --------> 2H2O

(if citrate limiting)

• The theoretical yield is the amount of

C6H6 + Br2 ------> C6H5Br + HBr

4NH3 + 5O2 --------> 4NO + 6H2O

• 10KNO3(s) + 3S(s) + 8C(s) ---- 2K2CO3(s) + 3K2SO4(s) + 6CO2(g) + 5N2(g)

What is interesting about this reaction?

What is interesting about this reaction?

Reaction between magnesium and oxygen to

2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)

Recall that the mole can be related to other

1 mol 6.02x1023 particles

4 mol O2 2 mol H2O

8 mol H2 2 mol NH3

6 mol Al 3 mol H2 2.0 g H2

Mole Ratio Molar Mass

6 mol Al 6 mol HCl 36.0 g HCl

Mole Ratio Molar Mass

30.00 g HF 1 mole HF 1 molSnF2 156.71 g SnF2

4 X NH3 = __ nitrogen + __ hydrogen

2 C4H10 + 13 O2  8 CO2 + 10 H2O

Volume = (0.03125 x 22.4)dm 3

Mole ratio from

Ratios are found within a chemical equation.

4 X NH3 = nitrogen + hydrogen