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Discrete12 Functions

The document discusses functions, which are used to represent relationships between sets in mathematics and computer science. It defines functions and different types of functions, including injective, surjective, and bijective functions. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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samuelcapuras.haha
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5 views

Discrete12 Functions

The document discusses functions, which are used to represent relationships between sets in mathematics and computer science. It defines functions and different types of functions, including injective, surjective, and bijective functions. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

samuelcapuras.haha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete12

Functions
FUNCTION
• extremely important in mathematics and
computer science

• used in the definition of such discrete


structures as sequences and strings

• also used to represent how long it takes a


computer to solve problems of a given
size
FUNCTION
• In many instances, we assign to each
element of a set a particular element of
a second set.

• For example, suppose that each


student in a discrete mathematics class
is assigned a letter grade from the set
{A, B, C, D, F}.
FUNCTION
• And suppose that the grades are:
• A for Adams;
• C for Chou;
• B for Goodfriend;
• A for Rodriguez; and
• F for Stevens.
FUNCTION
Definition 6
Functions and Nonfunctions
• Which of the following arrow diagrams define
functions from X = {a, b, c} to Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}?
Function: Visualization
Range
Preimage Image, f(a)=b
f
a b

c
A B
Domain Co-Domain

A function, f: A → B
Functions - image & preimage

image ({Michael, Toby}) = ? image (John) = ?


image (A) = ?
pre-image (Kathy) = ?

Kathy
Michael
Toby Carol
John
Mary
Chris
Brad

B
A
FUNCTIONS
What are the domain, co-domain, and range of
the function that assigns grades to students?

Let G be the function that


assigns a grade to a student.
FUNCTIONS
• A function is something that associates each
element of a set with an element of another
set.

• Non-technical examples:
• a social security number uniquely identifies
the person
• the income tax rate varies depending on
the income
• letter grade for a course is often
determined by exam scores
Functions
• Injective Function - One-to-One Functions
• Surjective Function - Onto Functions
• Bijective Function - Both One-to-One and Onto
Injective Function
Functions - Injection
Every b  B has
An injection simply means
at most 1
that each element in the
preimage.
range has at most one
preimage (antecedent).

Not one-to-one

Michael Kathy
Toby Carol
John
Chris Mary
Brad
Surjective Function
Functions - Surjection
Every b  B has • A surjection means that every
at least 1 element in the codomain is
preimage. mapped (i.e., it is an image, has
an antecedent).

Not onto

Michael Kathy
Toby Carol
John
Chris Mary
Brad
Bijective Function
Functions: Example1

A B
a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
a4 b4

• Is this function
▫ One-to-one (injective)? Why?
▫ Onto (surjective)? Why?
Functions: Example2

A B
a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
b4

• Is this function
▫ One-to-one (injective)? Why?
▫ Onto (surjective)? Why?
Functions: Example3
A B
a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
a4

• Is this function
▫ One-to-one (injective)? Why?
▫ Onto (surjective)? Why?
Functions: Example4
• Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c}
• Is f a bijection? Why?
f:A→B
A B
1 a
2 b

3 c
END

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