12/8/23, 8:38 PM An Extensive Guide to JavaScript Design Patterns

An Extensive Guide
JavaScript Tutorials

to JavaScript Design
Patterns
Kumar Harsh, October 23, 2023

When building JavaScript applications, you may encounter scenarios where

you need to build objects in a certain, predefined fashion, or reuse a
common class by modifying or adapting it to multiple use cases.

It is, of course, not convenient to solve these problems again and again.

This is where JavaScript design patterns come to your rescue.

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JavaScript design patterns provide you with a structured, repeatable way to

tackle commonly occurring problems in JavaScript development.

In this guide, we will take a look at what JavaScript design patterns are and
how to use them in your JavaScript apps.

Table of Contents
What Is a JavaScript Design Pattern?

Types of JavaScript Design Patterns

Elements of a Design Pattern

Why Should You Use Design Patterns?

Top JavaScript Design Patterns To Master

Best Practices for Implementing Design Patterns

When Should You Use Design Patterns?

What Is a JavaScript
Design Pattern?
JavaScript design patterns are repeatable template solutions for frequently
occurring problems in JavaScript app development.

The idea is simple: Programmers all around the world, since the dawn of
development, have faced sets of recurring issues when developing apps.
Over time, some developers chose to document tried and tested ways to
tackle these issues so others could refer back to the solutions with ease.

As more and more developers chose to use these solutions and recognized
their efficiency in solving their problems, they became accepted as a
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standard way of problem-solving and were given the name “design patterns.”

As the importance of design patterns became better understood, these

were further developed and standardized. Most modern design patterns
have a defined structure now, are organized under multiple categories, and
are taught in computer science-related degrees as independent topics.

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Types of JavaScript
Design Patterns
Here are some of the most popular classifications of JavaScript design
patterns.

Creational
Creational design patterns are those that help solve problems around
creating and managing new object instances in JavaScript. It can be as
simple as limiting a class to having just one object or as complex as defining
an intricate method of handpicking and adding each feature in a JavaScript
object.

Some examples of creational design patterns include Singleton, Factory,

Abstract Factory, and Builder, among others.

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 Structural
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Structural design patterns are those that help solve problems around
managing the structure (or schema) of JavaScript objects. These problems
could include creating a relationship between two unlike objects or
abstracting some features of an object away forspecific users.

A few examples of structural design patterns include Adapter, Bridge,

Composite, and Facade.

Behavioral
Behavioral design patterns are those that help solve problems around how
control (and responsibility) is passed between various objects. These
problems could involve controlling access to a linked list or establishing a
single entity that can control access to multiple types of objects.

Some examples of behavioral design patterns include Command, Iterator,

Memento, and Observer.

Concurrency
Concurrency design patterns are those that help solve problems around
multi-threading and multitasking. These problems could entail maintaining
an active object among multiple available objects or handling multiple
events supplied to a system by demultiplexing incoming input and handling
it piece by piece.

A few examples of concurrency design patterns include active object,

nuclear react, and scheduler.

Architectural
Architectural design patterns are those that help solve problems around
software design in a broad sense. These generally are related to how to
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design your system and ensure high availability, mitigate risks, and avoid
performance bottlenecks.

Two examples of architectural design patterns are MVC and MVVM.

Elements of a Design
Pattern
Almost all design patterns can be broken down into a set of four important
components. They are:

Pattern name: This is used to identify a design pattern while

communicating with other users. Examples include “singleton,”
“prototype,” and more.
Problem: This describes the aim of the design pattern. It’s a small
description of the issue that the design pattern is trying to solve. It can
even include an example scenario to better explain the issue. It can also
contain a list of conditions to be met for a design pattern to fully solve
the underlying issue.
Solution: This is the solution to the problem at hand, made up of
elements like classes, methods, interfaces, etc. It’s where the bulk of a
design pattern lies — it entails relationships, responsibilities, and
collaborators of various elements that are clearly defined.
Results: This is an analysis of how well the pattern was able to solve the
problem. Things like space and time usage are discussed, along with
alternative approaches to solving the same problem.

If you’re looking to learn more about design patterns and their inception,
MSU has some succinct study material that you can refer to.

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Design Patterns?
There are multiple reasons why you would want to use design patterns:

They’re tried and tested: With a design pattern, you have a tried-and-
tested solution to your problem (as long as the design pattern fits the
description of your problem). You don’t have to waste time looking for
alternate fixes, and you can rest assured that you have a solution that
takes care of basic performance optimization for you.
They’re easy to understand: Design patterns are meant to be small,
simple, and easy to understand. You do not need to be a specialized
programmer working in a specific industry for decades to understand
which design pattern to use. They’re purposefully generic (not limited to
any particular programming language) and can be understood by
anyone who has sufficient problem-solving skills. This also helps when
you have a change of hands in your tech team: A piece of code that
relies on a design pattern is easier to understand for any new software
developer.

They’re simple to implement: Most design patterns are very simple, as

you’ll see later on in our article. You don’t need to know multiple
programming concepts to implement them in your code.

They propose code architecture that is easily reusable: Code

reusability and cleanliness are highly encouraged throughout the tech
industry, and design patterns can help you achieve that. Since these
patterns are a standard way of solving problems, their designers have
taken care to ensure that the encompassing app architecture remains
reusable, flexible, and compatible with most forms of writing code.

They save time and app size: One of the biggest benefits of relying on a
standard set of solutions is that they will help you save time when
implementing them. There’s a good chance that your entire
development team knows design patterns well, so it will be easier for
them to plan, communicate, and collaborate when implementing them.

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Tried and tested solutions mean there’s a good chance you will not end
up leaking any resources or taking a detour while building some feature,
saving you both time and space. Also, most programming languages
provide you with standard template libraries that already implement
some common design patterns like Iterator and Observer.

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Top JavaScript Design

Patterns To Master
Now that you understand what a design pattern is made of and why you
need them, let’s take a deeper dive into how some of the most commonly
used JavaScript design patterns can be implemented in a JavaScript app.

Creational
Let’s start the discussion with some fundamental, easy-to-learn creational
design patterns.

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The Singleton pattern is one of the most commonly used design patterns
across the software development industry. The problem that it aims to solve
is to maintain only a single instance of a class. This can come in handy when
instantiating objects that are resource-intensive, such as database handlers.

Here’s how you can implement it in JavaScript:

function SingletonFoo() {

let fooInstance = null;

// For our reference, let's create a counter that will track the numb
let count = 0;

function printCount() {
console.log("Number of instances: " + count);
}

function init() {
// For our reference, we'll increase the count by one whenever in
count++;

// Do the initialization of the resource-intensive object here an

return {}
}

function createInstance() {
if (fooInstance == null) {
fooInstance = init();
}
return fooInstance;
}

function closeInstance() {
count--;
fooInstance = null;
}

return {
initialize: createInstance,
close: closeInstance,
printCount: printCount
}
}

let foo = SingletonFoo();

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foo.printCount() // Prints 0
foo.initialize()
foo.printCount() // Prints 1
foo.initialize()
foo.printCount() // Still prints 1
foo.initialize()
foo.printCount() // Still 1
foo.close()
foo.printCount() // Prints 0

While it serves the purpose well, the Singleton pattern is known to make
debugging difficult since it masks dependencies and controls the access to
initializing or destroying a class’s instances.

2. Factory Method
The Factory method is also one of the most popular design patterns. The
problem that the Factory method aims to solve is creating objects without
using the conventional constructor. Instead, it takes in the configuration (or
description) of the object that you want and returns the newly created
object.

Here’s how you can implement it in JavaScript:

function Factory() {
this.createDog = function (breed) {
let dog;

if (breed === "labrador") {

dog = new Labrador();
} else if (breed === "bulldog") {
dog = new Bulldog();
} else if (breed === "golden retriever") {
dog = new GoldenRetriever();
} else if (breed === "german shepherd") {
dog = new GermanShepherd();
}

dog.breed = breed;
dog.printInfo = function () {
console.log("\n\nBreed: " + dog.breed + "\nShedding Level (ou

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}

return dog;
}
}

function Labrador() {
this.sheddingLevel = 4
this.coatLength = "short"
this.coatType = "double"
}

function Bulldog() {
this.sheddingLevel = 3
this.coatLength = "short"
this.coatType = "smooth"
}

function GoldenRetriever() {
this.sheddingLevel = 4
this.coatLength = "medium"
this.coatType = "double"
}

function GermanShepherd() {
this.sheddingLevel = 4
this.coatLength = "medium"
this.coatType = "double"
}

function run() {

let dogs = [];

let factory = new Factory();

dogs.push(factory.createDog("labrador"));
dogs.push(factory.createDog("bulldog"));
dogs.push(factory.createDog("golden retriever"));
dogs.push(factory.createDog("german shepherd"));

for (var i = 0, len = dogs.length; i < len; i++) {

dogs[i].printInfo();
}
}

run()

/**
Output:

Breed: labrador
Shedding Level (out of 5): 4
Coat Length: short
Coat Type: double

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Breed: bulldog
Shedding Level (out of 5): 3
Coat Length: short
Coat Type: smooth

Breed: golden retriever

Shedding Level (out of 5): 4
Coat Length: medium
Coat Type: double

Breed: german shepherd

Shedding Level (out of 5): 4
Coat Length: medium
Coat Type: double
*/

The Factory design pattern controls how the objects will be created and
provides you with a quick way of creating new objects, as well as a uniform
interface that defines the properties that your objects will have. You can add
as many dog breeds as you want, but as long as the methods and properties
exposed by the breed types remain the same, they will work flawlessly.

However, note that the Factory pattern can often lead to a large number of
classes that can be difficult to manage.

3. Abstract Factory
The Abstract Factory takes the Factory method up a level by making factories
abstract and thus replaceable without the calling environment knowing the
exact factory used or its internal workings. The calling environment only
knows that all the factories have a set of common methods that it can call
to perform the instantiation action.

This is how it can be implemented using the previous example:

// A factory to create dogs

function DogFactory() {
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// Notice that the create function is now createPet instead of create
// it to be uniform across the other factories that will be used with
this.createPet = function (breed) {
let dog;

if (breed === "labrador") {

dog = new Labrador();
} else if (breed === "pug") {
dog = new Pug();
}

dog.breed = breed;
dog.printInfo = function () {
console.log("\n\nType: " + dog.type + "\nBreed: " + dog.breed
}

return dog;
}
}

// A factory to create cats

function CatFactory() {
this.createPet = function (breed) {
let cat;

if (breed === "ragdoll") {

cat = new Ragdoll();
} else if (breed === "singapura") {
cat = new Singapura();
}

cat.breed = breed;
cat.printInfo = function () {
console.log("\n\nType: " + cat.type + "\nBreed: " + cat.breed
}

return cat;
}
}

// Dog and cat breed definitions

function Labrador() {
this.type = "dog"
this.size = "large"
}

function Pug() {
this.type = "dog"
this.size = "small"
}

function Ragdoll() {
this.type = "cat"
this.size = "large"
}

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function Singapura() {
this.type = "cat"
this.size = "small"
}

function run() {

let pets = [];

// Initialize the two factories

let catFactory = new CatFactory();
let dogFactory = new DogFactory();

// Create a common petFactory that can produce both cats and dogs
// Set it to produce dogs first
let petFactory = dogFactory;

pets.push(petFactory.createPet("labrador"));
pets.push(petFactory.createPet("pug"));

// Set the petFactory to produce cats

petFactory = catFactory;

pets.push(petFactory.createPet("ragdoll"));
pets.push(petFactory.createPet("singapura"));

for (var i = 0, len = pets.length; i < len; i++) {

pets[i].printInfo();
}
}

run()

/**
Output:

Type: dog
Breed: labrador
Size: large

Type: dog
Breed: pug
Size: small

Type: cat
Breed: ragdoll
Size: large

Type: cat
Breed: singapura
Size: small

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*/

The Abstract Factory pattern makes it easy for you to exchange concrete
factories easily, and it helps promote uniformity between factories and the
products created. However, it can become difficult to introduce new kinds of
products since you’d have to make changes in multiple classes to
accommodate new methods/properties.

4. Builder
The Builder pattern is one of the most complex yet flexible creational
JavaScript design patterns. It allows you to build each feature into your
product one by one, providing you full control over how your object is built
while still abstracting away the internal details.

In the intricate example below, you’ll see the Builder design pattern in action
along with Director to help make Pizzas!

// Here's the PizzaBuilder (you can also call it the chef)

function PizzaBuilder() {
let base
let sauce
let cheese
let toppings = []

// The definition of pizza is hidden from the customers

function Pizza(base, sauce, cheese, toppings) {
this.base = base
this.sauce = sauce
this.cheese = cheese
this.toppings = toppings

this.printInfo = function() {
console.log("This pizza has " + this.base + " base with " + t
+ (this.cheese !== undefined ? "with cheese. " : "without che
+ (this.toppings.length !== 0 ? "It has the following topping
}
}

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// You can request the PizzaBuilder (/chef) to perform any of the fol
return {
addFlatbreadBase: function() {
base = "flatbread"
return this;
},
addTomatoSauce: function() {
sauce = "tomato"
return this;
},
addAlfredoSauce: function() {
sauce = "alfredo"
return this;
},
addCheese: function() {
cheese = "parmesan"
return this;
},
addOlives: function() {
toppings.push("olives")
return this
},
addJalapeno: function() {
toppings.push("jalapeno")
return this
},
cook: function() {
if (base === null){
console.log("Can't make a pizza without a base")
return
}
return new Pizza(base, sauce, cheese, toppings)
}
}

// This is the Director for the PizzaBuilder, aka the PizzaShop.

// It contains a list of preset steps that can be used to prepare common
function PizzaShop() {
return {
makePizzaMargherita: function() {
pizzaBuilder = new PizzaBuilder()
pizzaMargherita = pizzaBuilder.addFlatbreadBase().addTomatoSa
return pizzaMargherita
},
makePizzaAlfredo: function() {
pizzaBuilder = new PizzaBuilder()
pizzaAlfredo = pizzaBuilder.addFlatbreadBase().addAlfredoSauc
return pizzaAlfredo
},
makePizzaMarinara: function() {
pizzaBuilder = new PizzaBuilder()
pizzaMarinara = pizzaBuilder.addFlatbreadBase().addTomatoSauc
return pizzaMarinara

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}
}
}

// Here's where the customer can request pizzas from

function run() {

let pizzaShop = new PizzaShop()

// You can ask for one of the popular pizza recipes...

let pizzaMargherita = pizzaShop.makePizzaMargherita()
pizzaMargherita.printInfo()
// Output: This pizza has flatbread base with tomato sauce with chees

let pizzaAlfredo = pizzaShop.makePizzaAlfredo()

pizzaAlfredo.printInfo()
// Output: This pizza has flatbread base with alfredo sauce with chee

let pizzaMarinara = pizzaShop.makePizzaMarinara()

pizzaMarinara.printInfo()
// Output: This pizza has flatbread base with tomato sauce without ch

// Or send your custom request directly to the chef!

let chef = PizzaBuilder()
let customPizza = chef.addFlatbreadBase().addTomatoSauce().addCheese(
customPizza.printInfo()
// Output: This pizza has flatbread base with tomato sauce with chees

run()

You can pair up the Builder with a Director, as shown by the PizzaShop class
in the example above, to predefine a set of steps to follow every time to
build a standard variant of your product, i.e., a specific recipe for your pizzas.

The only issue with this design pattern is that it is quite complex to set up
and maintain. Adding new features this way is simpler than the Factory
method, though.

5. Prototype
The Prototype design pattern is a quick and simple way of creating new
objects from existing objects by cloning them.

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A prototype object is first created, which can be cloned multiple times to

create new objects. It comes in handy when directly instantiating an object
is a more resource-intensive operation compared to creating a copy of an
existing one.

In the example below, you’ll see how you can use the Prototype pattern to
create new documents based on a set template document:

// Defining how a document would look like

function Document() {
this.header = "Acme Co"
this.footer = "For internal use only"
this.pages = 2
this.text = ""

this.addText = function(text) {
this.text += text
}

// Method to help you see the contents of the object

this.printInfo = function() {
console.log("\n\nHeader: " + this.header + "\nFooter: " + this.fo
}

// A protype (or template) for creating new blank documents with boilerp
function DocumentPrototype(baseDocument) {
this.baseDocument = baseDocument

// This is where the magic happens. A new document object is created

this.clone = function() {
let document = new Document();

document.header = this.baseDocument.header
document.footer = this.baseDocument.footer
document.pages = this.baseDocument.pages
document.text = this.baseDocument.text

return document
}
}

function run() {
// Create a document to use as the base for the prototype
let baseDocument = new Document()

// Make some changes to the prototype

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baseDocument.addText("This text was added before cloning and will be

let prototype = new DocumentPrototype(baseDocument)

// Create two documents from the prototype

let doc1 = prototype.clone()
let doc2 = prototype.clone()

// Make some changes to both objects

doc1.pages = 3

doc1.addText("This is document 1")

doc2.addText("This is document 2")

// Print their values

doc1.printInfo()
/* Output:
Header: Acme Co
Footer: For internal use only
Pages: 3
Text: This text was added before cloning and will be common in bo
*/

doc2.printInfo()
/** Output:
Header: Acme Co
Footer: For internal use only
Pages: 2
Text: This text was added before cloning and will be common in bo
*/
}

run()

The Prototype method works great for cases where a large part of your
objects share the same values, or when creating a new object altogether is
quite costly. However, it feels like overkill in cases where you don’t need
more than a few instances of the class.

Structural
Structural design patterns help you organize your business logic by
providing tried and tested ways of structuring your classes. There are a
variety of structural design patterns that each cater to unique use cases.

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A common problem when building apps is allowing collaboration between

incompatible classes.

A good example to understand this is while maintaining backward

compatibility. If you write a new version of a class, you’d naturally want it to
be easily usable in all places where the old version worked. However, if you
make breaking changes like removing or updating methods that were
crucial to the functioning of the old version, you might end up with a class
that needs all of its clients to be updated in order to be run.

In such cases, the Adapter design pattern can help.

The Adapter design pattern provides you with an abstraction that bridges
the gap between the new class’s methods and properties and the old class’s
methods and properties. It has the same interface as the old class, but it
contains logic to map old methods to the new methods to execute similar
operations. This is similar to how a power plug socket acts as an adapter
between a US-style plug and a European-style plug.

Here’s an example:

// Old bot
function Robot() {

this.walk = function(numberOfSteps) {
// code to make the robot walk
console.log("walked " + numberOfSteps + " steps")
}

this.sit = function() {
// code to make the robot sit
console.log("sit")
}

// New bot that does not have the walk function anymore
// but instead has functions to control each step independently
function AdvancedRobot(botName) {
// the new bot has a name as well
this.name = botName

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this.sit = function() {
// code to make the robot sit
console.log("sit")
}

this.rightStepForward = function() {
// code to take 1 step from right leg forward
console.log("right step forward")
}

this.leftStepForward = function () {
// code to take 1 step from left leg forward
console.log("left step forward")
}
}

function RobotAdapter(botName) {
// No references to the old interfact since that is usually
// phased out of development
const robot = new AdvancedRobot(botName)

// The adapter defines the walk function by using the

// two step controls. You now have room to choose which leg to begin/
// and do something at each step.
this.walk = function(numberOfSteps) {
for (let i=0; i<numberOfSteps; i++) {

if (i % 2 === 0) {
robot.rightStepForward()
} else {
robot.leftStepForward()
}
}
}

this.sit = robot.sit

function run() {

let robot = new Robot()

robot.sit()
// Output: sit
robot.walk(5)
// Output: walked 5 steps

robot = new RobotAdapter("my bot")

robot.sit()
// Output: sit
robot.walk(5)
// Output:
// right step forward

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// left step forward
// right step forward
// left step forward
// right step forward

run()

The main issue with this design pattern is that it adds complexity to your
source code. You already needed to maintain two different classes, and now
you have another class — the Adapter — to maintain.

7. Bridge
Expanding upon the Adapter pattern, the Bridge design pattern provides
both the class and the client with separate interfaces so that they may both
work even in cases of incompatible native interfaces.

It helps in developing a very loosely coupled interface between the two

types of objects. This also helps in enhancing the extensibility of the
interfaces and their implementations for maximum flexibility.

Here’s how you can use it:

// The TV and speaker share the same interface

function TV() {
this.increaseVolume = function() {
// logic to increase TV volume
}

this.decreaseVolume = function() {
// logic to decrease TV volume
}

this.mute = function() {
// logic to mute TV audio
}
}

function Speaker() {

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this.increaseVolume = function() {
// logic to increase speaker volume
}

this.decreaseVolume = function() {
// logic to decrease speaker volume
}

this.mute() = function() {
// logic to mute speaker audio
}
}

// The two remotes make use of the same common interface

// that supports volume up and volume down features
function SimpleRemote(device) {
this.pressVolumeDownKey = function() {
device.decreaseVolume()
}

this.pressVolumeUpKey = function() {
device.increaseVolume()
}
}

function AdvancedRemote(device) {

this.pressVolumeDownKey = function() {
device.decreaseVolume()
}

this.pressVolumeUpKey = function() {
device.increaseVolume()
}

this.pressMuteKey = function() {
device.mute()
}
}

function run() {

let tv = new TV()

let speaker = new Speaker()

let tvSimpleRemote = new SimpleRemote(tv)

let tvAdvancedRemote = new AdvancedRemote(tv)

let speakerSimpleRemote = new SimpleRemote(speaker)

let speakerAdvancedRemote = new AdvancedRemote(speaker)

// The methods listed in pair below will have the same effect
// on their target devices
tvSimpleRemote.pressVolumeDownKey()
tvAdvancedRemote.pressVolumeDownKey()

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tvSimpleRemote.pressVolumeUpKey()
tvAdvancedRemote.pressVolumeUpKey()

// The advanced remote has additional functionality

tvAdvancedRemote.pressMuteKey()

speakerSimpleRemote.pressVolumeDownKey()
speakerAdvancedRemote.pressVolumeDownKey()

speakerSimpleRemote.pressVolumeUpKey()
speakerAdvancedRemote.pressVolumeUpKey()

speakerAdvancedRemote.pressMuteKey()
}

As you might have already guessed, the Bridge pattern greatly increases the
complexity of the codebase. Also, most interfaces usually end up with only
one implementation in real-world use cases, so you don’t really benefit from
the code reusability much.

8. Composite
The Composite design pattern helps you structure and manage similar
objects and entities easily. The basic idea behind the Composite pattern is
that the objects and their logical containers can be represented using a
single abstract class (that can store data/methods related to the object and
references to itself for the container).

It makes the most sense to use the Composite pattern when your data
model resembles a tree structure. However, you shouldn’t try to turn a non-
tree data model into a tree-like data model just for the sake of using the
Composite pattern, as doing so can often take away a lot of flexibility.

In the example below, you’ll see how you can use the Composite design
pattern to construct a packaging system for ecommerce products that can
also calculate the total order value per package:

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// A product class, that acts as a Leaf node

function Product(name, price) {
this.name = name
this.price = price

this.getTotalPrice = function() {
return this.price
}
}

// A box class, that acts as a parent/child node

function Box(name) {
this.contents = []
this.name = name

// Helper function to add an item to the box

this.add = function(content){
this.contents.push(content)
}

// Helper function to remove an item from the box

this.remove = function() {
var length = this.contents.length;
for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
if (this.contents[i] === child) {
this.contents.splice(i, 1);
return;
}
}
}

// Helper function to get one item from the box

this.getContent = function(position) {
return this.contents[position]
}

// Helper function to get the total count of the items in the box
this.getTotalCount = function() {
return this.contents.length
}

// Helper function to calculate the total price of all items in the b

this.getTotalPrice = function() {
let totalPrice = 0;

for (let i=0; i < this.getTotalCount(); i++){

totalPrice += this.getContent(i).getTotalPrice()
}

return totalPrice
}
}

function run() {
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// Let's create some electronics

const mobilePhone = new Product("mobile phone", 1000)
const phoneCase = new Product("phone case", 30)
const screenProtector = new Product("screen protector", 20)

// and some stationery products

const pen = new Product("pen", 2)
const pencil = new Product("pencil", 0.5)
const eraser = new Product("eraser", 0.5)
const stickyNotes = new Product("sticky notes", 10)

// and put them in separate boxes

const electronicsBox = new Box("electronics")
electronicsBox.add(mobilePhone)
electronicsBox.add(phoneCase)
electronicsBox.add(screenProtector)

const stationeryBox = new Box("stationery")

stationeryBox.add(pen)
stationeryBox.add(pencil)
stationeryBox.add(eraser)
stationeryBox.add(stickyNotes)

// and finally, put them into one big box for convenient shipping
const package = new Box('package')
package.add(electronicsBox)
package.add(stationeryBox)

// Here's an easy way to calculate the total order value

console.log("Total order price: USD " + package.getTotalPrice())
// Output: USD 1063
}

run()

The biggest downside to using the Composite pattern is that changes to the
component interfaces can be very challenging in the future. Designing the
interfaces takes time and effort, and the tree-like nature of the data model
can make it very tough to make changes as you wish.

9. Decorator
The Decorator pattern helps you add new features to existing objects by
simply wrapping them up inside a new object. It’s similar to how you can
wrap an already-wrapped gift box with new wrapping paper as many times
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as you want: Each wrap allows you to add as many features as you’d like, so
it’s great on the flexibility front.

From a technical perspective, no inheritance is involved, so there’sgreater

freedom when designing business logic.

In the example below, you’ll see how the Decorator pattern helps to add
more features to a standard Customer class:

function Customer(name, age) {

this.name = name
this.age = age

this.printInfo = function() {
console.log("Customer:\nName : " + this.name + " | Age: " + this.
}
}

function DecoratedCustomer(customer, location) {

this.customer = customer
this.name = customer.name
this.age = customer.age
this.location = location

this.printInfo = function() {
console.log("Decorated Customer:\nName: " + this.name + " | Age:
}
}

function run() {
let customer = new Customer("John", 25)
customer.printInfo()
// Output:
// Customer:
// Name : John | Age: 25

let decoratedCustomer = new DecoratedCustomer(customer, "FL")

decoratedCustomer.printInfo()
// Output:
// Customer:
// Name : John | Age: 25 | Location: FL
}

run()

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The downsides of this pattern include high code complexity since there is
no standard pattern defined for adding new features using decorators. You
might end up with a lot of non-uniform and/or similar decorators at the end
of your software development lifecycle.

If you’re not careful while designing the decorators, you might end up
designing some decorators to be logically dependent on others. If this is not
resolved, removing or restructuring decorators later down the line can
wreak havoc on your application’s stability.

10. Facade
When building most real-world applications, the business logic usually turns
out to be quite complex by the time you are done. You might end up with
multiple objects and methods being involved in executing core operations
in your app. Maintaining track of their initializations, dependencies, the
correct order of method execution, etc., can be quite tricky and error-prone
if not done correctly.

The Facade design pattern helps you create an abstraction between the
environment that invokes the above-mentioned operations and the objects
and methods involved in completing those operations. This abstraction
houses the logic for initializing the objects, tracking their dependencies, and
other important activities. The calling environment has no information on
how an operation is executed. You can freely update the logic without
making any breaking changes to the calling client.

Here’s how you can use it in an application:

/**
* Let's say you're trying to build an online store. It will have multipl
* complex business logic. In the example below, you will find a tiny seg
* store composed together using the Facade design pattern. The various m
* classes are defined first of all.
*/

function CartManager() {
this.getItems = function() {

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// logic to return items
return []
}

this.clearCart = function() {
// logic to clear cart
}
}

function InvoiceManager() {
this.createInvoice = function(items) {
// logic to create invoice
return {}
}

this.notifyCustomerOfFailure = function(invoice) {
// logic to notify customer
}

this.updateInvoicePaymentDetails = function(paymentResult) {
// logic to update invoice after payment attempt
}
}

function PaymentProcessor() {
this.processPayment = function(invoice) {
// logic to initiate and process payment
return {}
}
}

function WarehouseManager() {
this.prepareForShipping = function(items, invoice) {
// logic to prepare the items to be shipped
}
}

// This is where facade comes in. You create an additional interface on

// existing interfaces to define the business logic clearly. This interf
// very simple, high-level methods for the calling environment.
function OnlineStore() {
this.name = "Online Store"

this.placeOrder = function() {
let cartManager = new CartManager()
let items = cartManager.getItems()

let invoiceManager = new InvoiceManager()

let invoice = invoiceManager.createInvoice(items)

let paymentResult = new PaymentProcessor().processPayment(invoice

invoiceManager.updateInvoicePaymentDetails(paymentResult)

if (paymentResult.status === 'success') {

new WarehouseManager().prepareForShipping(items, invoice)

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cartManager.clearCart()
} else {
invoiceManager.notifyCustomerOfFailure(invoice)
}

}
}

// The calling environment is unaware of what goes on when somebody clic

// place the order. You can easily change the underlying business logic
// your calling environment.
function run() {
let onlineStore = new OnlineStore()

onlineStore.placeOrder()
}

A downside to using the Facade pattern is that it adds an additional layer of

abstraction between your business logic and client, thereby requiring
additional maintenance. More often than not, this increases the overall
complexity of the codebase.

On top of that, the Facade class becomes a mandatory dependency on your

app’s functioning — meaning any errors in the Facade class directly impact
the functioning of your app.

11. Flyweight
The Flyweight pattern helps you solve problems that involve objects with
repeating components in memory-efficient ways by helping you reuse the
common components of your object pool. This helps reduce the load on the
memory and results in faster execution times as well.

In the example below, a large sentence is stored in the memory using the
Flyweight design pattern. Instead of storing each character as it occurs, the
program identifies the set of distinct characters that have been used to
write the paragraph and their types (number or alphabet) and builds
reusable flyweights for each character that contains details of which
character and type are stored.

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Then the main array just stores a list of references to these flyweights in the
order that they occur in the sentence instead of storing an instance of the
character object whenever it occurs.

This reduces the memory taken by the sentence by half. Bear in mind that
this is a very basic explanation of how text processors store text.

// A simple Character class that stores the value, type, and position of
function Character(value, type, position) {
this.value = value
this.type = type
this.position = position
}

// A Flyweight class that stores character value and type combinations

function CharacterFlyweight(value, type) {
this.value = value
this.type = type
}

// A factory to automatically create the flyweights that are not present

// and also generate a count of the total flyweights in the list
const CharacterFlyweightFactory = (function () {
const flyweights = {}

return {
get: function (value, type) {
if (flyweights[value + type] === undefined)
flyweights[value + type] = new CharacterFlyweight(value,

return flyweights[value + type]

},
count: function () {
let count = 0;
for (var f in flyweights) count++;
return count;
}
}
})()

// An enhanced Character class that uses flyweights to store references

// to recurring value and type combinations
function CharacterWithFlyweight(value, type, position) {
this.flyweight = CharacterFlyweightFactory.get(value, type)
this.position = position
}

// A helper function to define the type of a character

// It identifies numbers as N and everything as A (for alphabets)
function getCharacterType(char) {

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switch (char) {
case "0":
case "1":
case "2":
case "3":
case "4":
case "5":
case "6":
case "7":
case "8":
case "9": return "N"
default:
return "A"
}
}

// A list class to create an array of Characters from a given string

function CharactersList(str) {
chars = []
for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
const char = str[i]
chars.push(new Character(char, getCharacterType(char), i))
}

return chars
}

// A list class to create an array of CharacterWithFlyweights from a giv

function CharactersWithFlyweightsList(str) {
chars = []
for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
const char = str[i]
chars.push(new CharacterWithFlyweight(char, getCharacterType(char
}

return chars
}

function run() {
// Our input is a large paragraph with over 600 characters
let input = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.

// We store the string into lists of characters and characterWithFlyw

const charactersList = CharactersList(input)
const charactersWithFlyweightsList = CharactersWithFlyweightsList(inp

// The characters list turns out to be as long as the string, with ea

// more than 3 times the size of a primitive character (because of it

console.log("Character count -> " + charactersList.length)

// Output: Character count -> 656

// The number of flyweights created is only 31, since only

// 31 characters are used to write the entire paragraph.

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// This means that to store 656 characters, a total of
// (31 * 2 + 656 * 1 = 718) memory blocks are used instead of
// (656 * 3 = 1968) which would have used by the standard array.
// (We have assumed each variable to take up one memory block for sim
// This may vary in real-life scenarios.)

console.log("Flyweights created -> " + CharacterFlyweightFactory.coun

// Output: Flyweights created -> 31

run()

As you may have already noticed, the Flyweight pattern adds to the
complexity of your software design by not being particularly intuitive. So, if
saving memory isn’t a pressing concern for your app, Flyweight’s added
complexity can do more bad than good.

Moreover, flyweights trade memory for processing efficiency, so if you’re

short on CPU cycles, Flyweight isn’t a good solution for you.

12. Proxy
The Proxy pattern helps you substitute an object for another object. In other
terms, proxy objects can take the place of actual objects (that they’re a
proxy of) and control access to the object. These proxy objects can be used
to perform some actions before or after an invocation request is passed on
to the actual object.

In the example below, you’ll see how access to a database instance is

controlled via a proxy that performs some basic validation checks on the
requests before allowing them through:

function DatabaseHandler() {
const data = {}

this.set = function (key, val) {

data[key] = val;
}

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this.get = function (key, val) {
return data[key]
}
this.remove = function (key) {
data[key] = null;
}

function DatabaseProxy(databaseInstance) {

this.set = function (key, val) {

if (key === "") {
console.log("Invalid input")
return
}

if (val === undefined) {

console.log("Setting value to undefined not allowed!")
return
}

databaseInstance.set(key, val)
}

this.get = function (key) {

if (databaseInstance.get(key) === null) {
console.log("Element deleted")
}

if (databaseInstance.get(key) === undefined) {

console.log("Element not created")
}

return databaseInstance.get(key)
}

this.remove = function (key) {

if (databaseInstance.get(key) === undefined) {
console.log("Element not added")
return
}

if (databaseInstance.get(key) === null) {

console.log("Element removed already")
return
}

return databaseInstance.remove(key)
}

function run() {

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let databaseInstance = new DatabaseHandler()

databaseInstance.set("foo", "bar")
databaseInstance.set("foo", undefined)
console.log("#1: " + databaseInstance.get("foo"))
// #1: undefined

console.log("#2: " + databaseInstance.get("baz"))

// #2: undefined

databaseInstance.set("", "something")

databaseInstance.remove("foo")
console.log("#3: " + databaseInstance.get("foo"))
// #3: null

databaseInstance.remove("foo")
// databaseInstance.remove("baz")

// Create a fresh database instance to try the same operations

// using the proxy
databaseInstance = new DatabaseHandler()
let proxy = new DatabaseProxy(databaseInstance)

proxy.set("foo", "bar")
proxy.set("foo", undefined)
// Proxy jumps in:
// Output: Setting value to undefined not allowed!

console.log("#1: " + proxy.get("foo"))

// Original value is retained:
// Output: #1: bar

console.log("#2: " + proxy.get("baz"))

// Proxy jumps in again
// Output:
// Element not created
// #2: undefined

proxy.set("", "something")
// Proxy jumps in again
// Output: Invalid input

proxy.remove("foo")

console.log("#3: " + proxy.get("foo"))

// Proxy jumps in again
// Output:
// Element deleted
// #3: null

proxy.remove("foo")
// Proxy output: Element removed already
proxy.remove("baz")
// Proxy output: Element not added

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run()

This design pattern is commonly used across the industry and helps to
implement pre- and post-execution operations easily. However, just like any
other design pattern, it also adds complexity to your codebase, so try not to
use it if you don’t really need it.

You’ll also want to keep in mind that since an additional object is involved
when making calls to your actual object, there might be some latency due to
the added processing operations. Optimizing your main object’s
performance now also involves optimizing your proxy’s methods for
performance.

Behavioral
Behavioral design patterns help you solve problems around how objects
interact with one another. This can involve sharing or passing
responsibility/control between objects to complete set operations. It can
also involve passing/sharing data across multiple objects in the most
efficient way possible.

13. Chain of Responsibility

The Chain of Responsibility pattern is one of the simplest behavioral design
patterns. It comes in handy when you are designing logic for operations that
can be handled by multiple handlers.

Similar to how issue escalation works in support teams, the control is

passed through a chain of handlers, and the handler responsible for taking
action completes the operation. This design pattern is often used in UI
design, where multiple layers of components can handle a user input event,
such as a touch or a swipe.

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Below you will see an example of a complaint escalation using the Chain of
Responsibility pattern. The complaint will be handled by the handlers on the
basis of its severity:

// Complaint class that stores title and severity of a complaint

// Higher value of severity indicates a more severe complaint
function Complaint (title, severity) {
this.title = title
this.severity = severity
}

// Base level handler that receives all complaints

function Representative () {
// If this handler can not handle the complaint, it will be forwarde
this.nextLevel = new Management()

this.handleComplaint = function (complaint) {

if (complaint.severity === 0)
console.log("Representative resolved the following complaint
else
this.nextLevel.handleComplaint(complaint)
}
}

// Second level handler to handle complaints of severity 1

function Management() {
// If this handler can not handle the complaint, it will be forwarde
this.nextLevel = new Leadership()

this.handleComplaint = function (complaint) {

if (complaint.severity === 1)
console.log("Management resolved the following complaint: "
else
this.nextLevel.handleComplaint(complaint)
}
}

// Highest level handler that handles all complaints unhandled so far

function Leadership() {
this.handleComplaint = function (complaint) {
console.log("Leadership resolved the following complaint: " + co
}
}

function run() {
// Create an instance of the base level handler
let customerSupport = new Representative()

// Create multiple complaints of varying severity and pass them to t

let complaint1 = new Complaint("Submit button doesn't work", 0)

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customerSupport.handleComplaint(complaint1)
// Output: Representative resolved the following complaint: Submit b

let complaint2 = new Complaint("Payment failed", 1)

customerSupport.handleComplaint(complaint2)
// Output: Management resolved the following complaint: Payment fail

let complaint3 = new Complaint("Employee misdemeanour", 2)

customerSupport.handleComplaint(complaint3)
// Output: Leadership resolved the following complaint: Employee mis
}

run()

The obvious issue with this design is that it’s linear, so there can be some
latency in handling an operation when a large number of handlers are
chained to one another.

Keeping track of all handlers can be another pain point, as it can get quite
messy after a certain number of handlers. Debugging is yet another
nightmare as each request can end on a different handler, making it difficult
for you to standardize the logging and debugging process.

14. Iterator
The Iterator pattern is quite simple and is very commonly used in almost all
modern object-oriented languages. If you find yourself faced with the task of
going through a list of objects that aren’t all the same type, then normal
iteration methods, such as for loops, can get quite messy — especially if
you’re also writing business logic inside them.

The Iterator pattern can help you isolate the iteration and processing logic
for your lists from the main business logic.

Here’s how you can use it on a rather basic list with multiple types of
elements:

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// Iterator for a complex list with custom methods

function Iterator(list) {
this.list = list
this.index = 0

// Fetch the current element

this.current = function() {
return this.list[this.index]
}

// Fetch the next element in the list

this.next = function() {
return this.list[this.index++]
}

// Check if there is another element in the list

this.hasNext = function() {
return this.index < this.list.length
}

// Reset the index to point to the initial element

this.resetIndex = function() {
this.index = 0
}

// Run a forEach loop over the list

this.forEach = function(callback) {
for (let element = this.next(); this.index <= this.list.length; e
callback(element)
}
}
}

function run() {
// A complex list with elements of multiple data types
let list = ["Lorem ipsum", 9, ["lorem ipsum dolor", true], false]

// Create an instance of the iterator and pass it the list

let iterator = new Iterator(list)

// Log the first element

console.log(iterator.current())
// Output: Lorem ipsum

// Print all elements of the list using the iterator's methods

while (iterator.hasNext()) {
console.log(iterator.next())
/**
* Output:
* Lorem ipsum
* 9
* [ 'lorem ipsum dolor', true ]
* false
*/
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}

// Reset the iterator's index to the first element

iterator.resetIndex()

// Use the custom iterator to pass an effect that will run for each e
iterator.forEach(function (element) {
console.log(element)
})
/**
* Output:
* Lorem ipsum
* 9
* [ 'lorem ipsum dolor', true ]
* false
*/
}

run()

Needless to say, this pattern can be unnecessarily complex for lists without
multiple types of elements. Also, if there are too many types of elements in a
list, it can become difficult to manage too.

The key is to identify if you really need an iterator based on your list and its
future change possibilities. What’s more, the Iterator pattern is only useful in
lists, and lists can sometimes limit you to their linear mode of access. Other
data structures can sometimes give you greater performance benefits.

15. Mediator
Your application design may sometimes require you to play around with a
large number of distinct objects that house various kinds of business logic
and often depend on one another. Handling the dependencies can
sometimes get tricky as you need to keep track of how these objects
exchange data and control between them.

The Mediator design pattern is aimed at helping you solve this problem by
isolating the interaction logic for these objects into a separate object by
itself.

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This separate object is known as the mediator, and it is responsible for

getting the work done by your lower-level classes. Your client or the calling
environment will also interact with the mediator instead of the lower-level
classes.

Here’s an example of the mediator design pattern in action:

// Writer class that receives an assignment, writes it in 2 seconds, and

function Writer(name, manager) {

// Reference to the manager, writer's name, and a busy flag that the
this.manager = manager
this.name = name
this.busy = false

this.startWriting = function (assignment) {

console.log(this.name + " started writing \"" + assignment + "\"
this.assignment = assignment
this.busy = true

// 2 s timer to replicate manual action

setTimeout(() => { this.finishWriting() }, 2000)
}

this.finishWriting = function () {
if (this.busy === true) {
console.log(this.name + " finished writing \"" + this.assign
this.busy = false
return this.manager.notifyWritingComplete(this.assignment)
} else {
console.log(this.name + " is not writing any article")
}
}
}

// Editor class that receives an assignment, edits it in 3 seconds, and

function Editor(name, manager) {

// Reference to the manager, editor's name, and a busy flag that the
this.manager = manager
this.name = name
this.busy = false

this.startEditing = function (assignment) {

console.log(this.name + " started editing \"" + assignment + "\"
this.assignment = assignment
this.busy = true

// 3 s timer to replicate manual action

setTimeout(() => { this.finishEditing() }, 3000)

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}

this.finishEditing = function () {
if (this.busy === true) {
console.log(this.name + " finished editing \"" + this.assign
this.manager.notifyEditingComplete(this.assignment)
this.busy = false
} else {
console.log(this.name + " is not editing any article")
}
}
}

// The mediator class

function Manager() {
// Store arrays of workers
this.editors = []
this.writers = []

this.setEditors = function (editors) {

this.editors = editors
}
this.setWriters = function (writers) {
this.writers = writers
}

// Manager receives new assignments via this method

this.notifyNewAssignment = function (assignment) {
let availableWriter = this.writers.find(function (writer) {
return writer.busy === false
})
availableWriter.startWriting(assignment)
return availableWriter
}

// Writers call this method to notify they're done writing

this.notifyWritingComplete = function (assignment) {
let availableEditor = this.editors.find(function (editor) {
return editor.busy === false
})
availableEditor.startEditing(assignment)
return availableEditor
}

// Editors call this method to notify they're done editing

this.notifyEditingComplete = function (assignment) {
console.log("\"" + assignment + "\" is ready to publish")
}

function run() {
// Create a manager
let manager = new Manager()

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// Create workers
let editors = [
new Editor("Ed", manager),
new Editor("Phil", manager),
]

let writers = [
new Writer("Michael", manager),
new Writer("Rick", manager),
]

// Attach workers to manager

manager.setEditors(editors)
manager.setWriters(writers)

// Send two assignments to manager

manager.notifyNewAssignment("var vs let in JavaScript")
manager.notifyNewAssignment("JS promises")

/**
* Output:
* Michael started writing "var vs let in JavaScript"
* Rick started writing "JS promises"
*
* After 2s, output:
* Michael finished writing "var vs let in JavaScript"
* Ed started editing "var vs let in JavaScript"
* Rick finished writing "JS promises"
* Phil started editing "JS promises"
*
* After 3s, output:
* Ed finished editing "var vs let in JavaScript"
* "var vs let in JavaScript" is ready to publish
* Phil finished editing "JS promises"
* "JS promises" is ready to publish
*/

run()

While the mediator provides your app design with decoupling and a great
deal of flexibility, at the end of the day, it’s another class that you need to
maintain. You must assess whether your design can really benefit from a
mediator before writing one so you don’t end up adding unnecessary
complexity to your codebase.

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It’s also important to keep in mind that even though the mediator class
doesn’t hold any direct business logic, it still contains a lot of code that is
crucial to the functioning of your app and can therefore quickly get pretty
complex.

16. Memento
Versioning objects is another common problem that you’ll face when
developing apps. There are a lot of use cases where you need to maintain
the history of an object, support easy rollbacks, and sometimes even
support reverting those rollbacks. Writing the logic for such apps can be
tough.

The Memento design pattern is meant to solve this problem easily.

A memento is considered to be a snapshot of an object at a certain point in

time. The Memento design pattern makes use of these mementos to
preserve snapshots of the object as it is changed over time. When you need
to roll back to an old version, you can simply pull up the memento for it.

Here’s how you can implement it in a text processing app:

// The memento class that can hold one snapshot of the Originator class
function Text(contents) {
// Contents of the document
this.contents = contents

// Accessor function for contents

this.getContents = function () {
return this.contents
}

// Helper function to calculate word count for the current document

this.getWordCount = function () {
return this.contents.length
}
}

// The originator class that holds the latest version of the document
function Document(contents) {
// Holder for the memento, i.e., the text of the document
this.text = new Text(contents)

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// Function to save new contents as a memento
this.save = function (contents) {
this.text = new Text(contents)
return this.text
}

// Function to revert to an older version of the text using a mement

this.restore = function (text) {
this.text = new Text(text.getContents())
}

// Helper function to get the current memento

this.getText = function () {
return this.text
}

// Helper function to get the word count of the current document

this.getWordCount = function () {
return this.text.getWordCount()
}
}

// The caretaker class that providers helper functions to modify the doc
function DocumentManager(document) {
// Holder for the originator, i.e., the document
this.document = document

// Array to maintain a list of mementos

this.history = []

// Add the initial state of the document as the first version of the
this.history.push(document.getText())

// Helper function to get the current contents of the documents

this.getContents = function () {
return this.document.getText().getContents()
}

// Helper function to get the total number of versions available for

this.getVersionCount = function () {
return this.history.length
}

// Helper function to get the complete history of the document

this.getHistory = function () {
return this.history.map(function (element) {
return element.getContents()
})

// Function to overwrite the contents of the document

this.overwrite = function (contents) {
let newVersion = this.document.save(contents)
this.history.push(newVersion)

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}

// Function to append new content to the existing contents of the do

this.append = function (contents) {
let currentVersion = this.history[this.history.length - 1]
let newVersion
if (currentVersion === undefined)
newVersion = this.document.save(contents)
else
newVersion = this.document.save(currentVersion.getContents()
this.history.push(newVersion)
}

// Function to delete all the contents of the document

this.delete = function () {
this.history.push(this.document.save(""))
}

// Function to get a particular version of the document

this.getVersion = function (versionNumber) {
return this.history[versionNumber - 1]
}

// Function to undo the last change

this.undo = function () {
let previousVersion = this.history[this.history.length - 2]
this.document.restore(previousVersion)
this.history.push(previousVersion)
}

// Function to revert the document to a previous version

this.revertToVersion = function (version) {
let previousVersion = this.history[version - 1]
this.document.restore(previousVersion)
this.history.push(previousVersion)
}

// Helper function to get the total word count of the document

this.getWordCount = function () {
return this.document.getWordCount()
}

function run() {
// Create a document
let blogPost = new Document("")

// Create a caretaker for the document

let blogPostManager = new DocumentManager(blogPost)

// Change #1: Add some text

blogPostManager.append("Hello World!")
console.log(blogPostManager.getContents())
// Output: Hello World!

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// Change #2: Add some more text

blogPostManager.append(" This is the second entry in the document")
console.log(blogPostManager.getContents())
// Output: Hello World! This is the second entry in the document

// Change #3: Overwrite the document with some new text

blogPostManager.overwrite("This entry overwrites everything in the d
console.log(blogPostManager.getContents())
// Output: This entry overwrites everything in the document

// Change #4: Delete the contents of the document

blogPostManager.delete()
console.log(blogPostManager.getContents())
// Empty output

// Get an old version of the document

console.log(blogPostManager.getVersion(2).getContents())
// Output: Hello World!

// Change #5: Go back to an old version of the document

blogPostManager.revertToVersion(3)
console.log(blogPostManager.getContents())
// Output: Hello World! This is the second entry in the document

// Get the word count of the current document

console.log(blogPostManager.getWordCount())
// Output: 53

// Change #6: Undo the last change

blogPostManager.undo()
console.log(blogPostManager.getContents())
// Empty output

// Get the total number of versions for the document

console.log(blogPostManager.getVersionCount())
// Output: 7

// Get the complete history of the document

console.log(blogPostManager.getHistory())
/**
* Output:
* [
* '',
* 'Hello World!',
* 'Hello World! This is the second entry in the document',
* 'This entry overwrites everything in the document',
* '',
* 'Hello World! This is the second entry in the document',
* ''
* ]
*/
}

run()

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While the Memento design pattern is a great solution for managing the
history of an object, it can get very resource-intensive. Since each memento
is almost a copy of the object, it can bloat your app’s memory very quickly if
not used in moderation.

With a large number of objects, their lifecycle management can also be

quite a tedious task. On top of all this, the Originator and the Caretaker
classes are usually very tightly coupled, adding to the complexity of your
codebase.

17. Observer
The Observer pattern provides an alternate solution to the multi-object-
interaction problem (seen before in the Mediator pattern).

Instead of allowing each object to communicate with one another through a

designated mediator, the Observer pattern allows them to observe each
other. Objects are designed to emit events when they are trying to send out
data or control, and other objects that are “listening” to these events can
then receive them and interact based on their contents.

Here’s a simple demonstration of sending out newsletters to multiple

people through the Observer pattern:

// The newsletter class that can send out posts to its subscribers
function Newsletter() {
// Maintain a list of subscribers
this.subscribers = []

// Subscribe a reader by adding them to the subscribers' list

this.subscribe = function(subscriber) {
this.subscribers.push(subscriber)
}

// Unsubscribe a reader by removing them from the subscribers' list

this.unsubscribe = function(subscriber) {
this.subscribers = this.subscribers.filter(
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function (element) {
if (element !== subscriber) return element
}
)
}

// Publish a post by calling the receive function of all subscribers

this.publish = function(post) {
this.subscribers.forEach(function(element) {
element.receiveNewsletter(post)
})
}
}

// The reader class that can subscribe to and receive updates from newsl
function Reader(name) {
this.name = name

this.receiveNewsletter = function(post) {
console.log("Newsletter received by " + name + "!: " + post)
}

function run() {
// Create two readers
let rick = new Reader("ed")
let morty = new Reader("morty")

// Create your newsletter

let newsletter = new Newsletter()

// Subscribe a reader to the newsletter

newsletter.subscribe(rick)

// Publish the first post

newsletter.publish("This is the first of the many posts in this newsl
/**
* Output:
* Newsletter received by ed!: This is the first of the many posts in
*/

// Subscribe another reader to the newsletter

newsletter.subscribe(morty)

// Publish the second post

newsletter.publish("This is the second of the many posts in this news
/**
* Output:
* Newsletter received by ed!: This is the second of the many posts i
* Newsletter received by morty!: This is the second of the many post
*/

// Unsubscribe the first reader

newsletter.unsubscribe(rick)

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// Publish the third post

newsletter.publish("This is the third of the many posts in this newsl
/**
* Output:
* Newsletter received by morty!: This is the third of the many posts
*/

run()

While the Observer pattern is a slick way of passing around control and data,
it is better suited to situations where there are a large number of senders
and receivers interacting with each other via a limited number of
connections. If the objects were to all make one-to-one connections, you
would lose the edge you get by publishing and subscribing to events since
there will always be only one subscriber for each publisher (when it would
have been better handled by a direct line of communication between
them).

Additionally, the Observer design pattern can lead to performance problems

if the subscription events are not handled properly. If an object continues to
subscribe to another object even when it doesn’t need to, it will not be
eligible for garbage collection and will add to the memory consumption of
the app.

18. State
The State design pattern is one of the most used design patterns across the
software development industry. Popular JavaScript frameworks like React
and Angular heavily rely on the State pattern to manage data and app
behavior based on that data.

Put simply, the State design pattern is helpful in situations where you can
define definitive states of an entity (which could be a component, a page, an
app, or a machine), and the entity has a predefined reaction to the state
change.

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Let’s say you’re trying to build a loan application process. Each step in the
application process can be defined as a state.

While the customer usually sees a small list of simplified states of their
application (pending, in review, accepted, and rejected), there can be other
steps involved internally. At each of these steps, the application will be
assigned to a distinct person and can have unique requirements.

The system is designed in such a way that at the end of processing in a

state, the state is updated to the next one in line, and the next relevant set of
steps is started.

Here’s how you can build a task management system using the State design
pattern:

// Create titles for all states of a task

const STATE_TODO = "TODO"
const STATE_IN_PROGRESS = "IN_PROGRESS"
const STATE_READY_FOR_REVIEW = "READY_FOR_REVIEW"
const STATE_DONE = "DONE"

// Create the task class with a title, assignee, and duration of the tas
function Task(title, assignee) {
this.title = title
this.assignee = assignee

// Helper function to update the assignee of the task

this.setAssignee = function (assignee) {
this.assignee = assignee
}

// Function to update the state of the task

this.updateState = function (state) {

switch (state) {
case STATE_TODO:
this.state = new TODO(this)
break
case STATE_IN_PROGRESS:
this.state = new IN_PROGRESS(this)
break
case STATE_READY_FOR_REVIEW:
this.state = new READY_FOR_REVIEW(this)
break
case STATE_DONE:
this.state = new DONE(this)
break

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default:
return
}
// Invoke the callback function for the new state after it is se
this.state.onStateSet()
}

// Set the initial state of the task as TODO

this.updateState(STATE_TODO)
}

// TODO state
function TODO(task) {

this.onStateSet = function () {
console.log(task.assignee + " notified about new task \"" + task
}
}

// IN_PROGRESS state
function IN_PROGRESS(task) {

this.onStateSet = function () {
console.log(task.assignee + " started working on the task \"" +
}
}

// READY_FOR_REVIEW state that updates the assignee of the task to be th

// for the review
function READY_FOR_REVIEW(task) {
this.getAssignee = function () {
return "Manager 1"
}

this.onStateSet = function () {
task.setAssignee(this.getAssignee())
console.log(task.assignee + " notified about completed task \""
}
}

// DONE state that removes the assignee of the task since it is now comp
function DONE(task) {
this.getAssignee = function () {
return ""
}

this.onStateSet = function () {
task.setAssignee(this.getAssignee())
console.log("Task \"" + task.title + "\" completed")
}
}

function run() {
// Create a task
let task1 = new Task("Create a login page", "Developer 1")

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// Output: Developer 1 notified about new task "Create a login page"

// Set it to IN_PROGRESS
task1.updateState(STATE_IN_PROGRESS)
// Output: Developer 1 started working on the task "Create a login p

// Create another task

let task2 = new Task("Create an auth server", "Developer 2")
// Output: Developer 2 notified about new task "Create an auth serve

// Set it to IN_PROGRESS as well

task2.updateState(STATE_IN_PROGRESS)
// Output: Developer 2 started working on the task "Create an auth s

// Update the states of the tasks until they are done

task2.updateState(STATE_READY_FOR_REVIEW)
// Output: Manager 1 notified about completed task "Create an auth s
task1.updateState(STATE_READY_FOR_REVIEW)
// Output: Manager 1 notified about completed task "Create a login p

task1.updateState(STATE_DONE)
// Output: Task "Create a login page" completed
task2.updateState(STATE_DONE)
// Output: Task "Create an auth server" completed

run()

While the State pattern does a great job of segregating steps in a process, it
can become extremely difficult to maintain in large applications that have
multiple states.

On top of that, if your process design allows more than just linearly moving
through all the states, you’re in for writing and maintaining more code, since
each state transition needs to be handled separately.

19. Strategy
Also known as the Policy pattern, the Strategy pattern aims to help you
encapsulate and freely interchange classes using a common interface. This

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helps maintain a loose coupling between the client and the classes and
allows you to add as many implementations as you’d like.

The Strategy pattern is known to help immensely in situations where the

same operation is needed using different methods/algorithms, or where
massive switch blocks need to be replaced with more human-friendly code.

Here’s an example of the Strategy pattern:

// The strategy class that can encapsulate all hosting providers

function HostingProvider() {
// store the provider
this.provider = ""

// set the provider

this.setProvider = function(provider) {
this.provider = provider
}

// set the website configuration for which each hosting provider woul
this.setConfiguration = function(configuration) {
this.configuration = configuration
}

// the generic estimate method that calls the provider's unique metho
this.estimateMonthlyCost = function() {
return this.provider.estimateMonthlyCost(this.configuration)
}
}

// Foo Hosting charges for each second and KB of hosting usage

function FooHosting (){
this.name = "FooHosting"
this.rate = 0.0000027

this.estimateMonthlyCost = function(configuration){
return configuration.duration * configuration.workloadSize * this
}
}

// Bar Hosting charges per minute instead of seconds

function BarHosting (){
this.name = "BarHosting"
this.rate = 0.00018

this.estimateMonthlyCost = function(configuration){
return configuration.duration / 60 * configuration.workloadSize *
}
}

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// Baz Hosting assumes the average workload to be of 10 MB in size
function BazHosting (){
this.name = "BazHosting"
this.rate = 0.032

this.estimateMonthlyCost = function(configuration){
return configuration.duration * this.rate
}
}

function run() {

// Create a website configuration for a website that is up for 24 hou

let workloadConfiguration = {
duration: 84700,
workloadSize: 10240
}

// Create the hosting provider instances

let fooHosting = new FooHosting()
let barHosting = new BarHosting()
let bazHosting = new BazHosting()

// Create the instance of the strategy class

let hostingProvider = new HostingProvider()

// Set the configuration against which the rates have to be calculate

hostingProvider.setConfiguration(workloadConfiguration)

// Set each provider one by one and print the rates

hostingProvider.setProvider(fooHosting)
console.log("FooHosting cost: " + hostingProvider.estimateMonthlyCost
// Output: FooHosting cost: 2341.7856

hostingProvider.setProvider(barHosting)
console.log("BarHosting cost: " + hostingProvider.estimateMonthlyCost
// Output: BarHosting cost: 2601.9840

hostingProvider.setProvider(bazHosting)
console.log("BarHosting cost: " + hostingProvider.estimateMonthlyCost
// Output: BarHosting cost: 2710.4000

run()

The Strategy pattern is great when it comes to introducing new variations of

an entity without changing the clients much. However, it can seem like
overkill if you only have a handful of variations to implement.

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Also, the encapsulation takes away finer details about each variant’s internal
logic, so your client is unaware of how a variant is going to behave.

20. Visitor
The Visitor pattern aims to help you make your code extensible.

The idea is to provide a method in the class that allows objects of other
classes to make changes to objects of the current class easily. The other
objects visit the current object (also called the place object), or the current
class accepts the visitor objects, and the place object handles the visit of
each external object appropriately.

Here’s how you can use it:

// Visitor class that defines the methods to be called when visiting eac
function Reader(name, cash) {
this.name = name
this.cash = cash

// The visit methods can access the place object and invoke availabl
this.visitBookstore = function(bookstore) {
console.log(this.name + " visited the bookstore and bought a boo
bookstore.purchaseBook(this)
}

this.visitLibrary = function() {
console.log(this.name + " visited the library and read a book")
}

// Helper function to demonstrate a transaction

this.pay = function(amount) {
this.cash -= amount
}
}

// Place class for a library

function Library () {
this.accept = function(reader) {
reader.visitLibrary()
}
}

// Place class for a bookstore that allows purchasing book

function Bookstore () {
this.accept = function(reader) {
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reader.visitBookstore(this)
}

this.purchaseBook = function (visitor) {

console.log(visitor.name + " bought a book")
visitor.pay(8)
}
}

function run() {
// Create a reader (the visitor)
let reader = new Reader("Rick", 30)

// Create the places

let booksInc = new Bookstore()
let publicLibrary = new Library()

// The reader visits the library

publicLibrary.accept(reader)
// Output: Rick visited the library and read a book
console.log(reader.name + " has $" + reader.cash)
// Output: Rick has $30

// The reader visits the bookstore

booksInc.accept(reader)
// Output: Rick visited the bookstore and bought a book
console.log(reader.name + " has $" + reader.cash)
// Output: Rick has $22
}

run()

The only flaw in this design is that each visitor class needs to be updated
whenever a new place is added or modified. In cases where multiple visitors
and place objects exist together, this can be difficult to maintain.

Other than that, the method works great for enhancing the functionality of
classes dynamically.

Best Practices for

Implementing Design
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Now that you’ve seen the most common design patterns across JavaScript,
here are some tips that you should keep in mind when implementing them.

Take Special Care To

Understand
Solution if a Pattern Fits the
This tip is to be applied before you implement a design pattern into your
source code. While it may look like a design pattern is the end of all of your
worries, take a moment to critically analyze if that is true.

There are many patterns that solve the same problem but take different
approaches and have different consequences. So your criteria for selecting
a design pattern shouldn’t just be whether it solves your problem or not — it
should also be how well it solves your problem and whether there is any
other pattern that can present a more efficient solution.

Understand the Costs of

Implementing a Pattern Before
Starting
While design patterns seem to be the best solution for all engineering
problems, you shouldn’t jump into implementing them in your source code
right away.

While judging the consequences of implementing a solution, you also need

to take into consideration your own situation. Do you have a large team of
software developers that are well adept at understanding and maintaining
design patterns? Or are you an early-stage founder with a minimal
development team looking to release a quick MVP of your product? If you
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answer yes to the last question, design patterns might not be the most
optimal way of development for you.

Design patterns do not lead to heavy code reuse unless they are planned in
a very early stage of app design. Randomly using design patterns at various
stages can lead to an unnecessarily complex app architecture that you’d
have to spend weeks simplifying.

The effectiveness of a design pattern cannot be judged by any form of

testing. It’s your team’s experience and introspection that will let you know if
they work. If you have the time and resources to allocate to these aspects,
only then will design patterns truly solve your problems.

Do Not Turn Every Solution

Into a Pattern
Another rule of thumb to keep in mind is to refrain from trying to turn every
little problem-solution pair into a design pattern and using it wherever you
see room for it.

While it’s good to identify standard solutions and keep them in mind when
you encounter similar problems, there’s a good chance the new problem
you encountered will not fit the exact same description as an older problem.
In such a case, you might end up implementing a suboptimal solution and
wasting resources.

Design patterns are established today as leading examples of problem-

solution pairs because they’ve been tested by hundreds and thousands of
programmers over time and have been generalized as much as possible. If
you try to replicate that effort by just looking at a bunch of problems and
solutions and calling them similar, you might end up doing a lot more
damage to your code than you’d ever expected.

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Design Patterns?
To sum up, here are a few cues that you should look out for to use design
patterns. Not all of them apply to every app’s development, but they should
give you a good idea of what to look out for when thinking of using design
patterns:

You have a strong in-house team of developers that understands design

patterns well.
You are following an SDLC model that allows room for in-depth
discussions around the architecture of your app, and design patterns
have come up in those discussions.
The same set of problems has come up multiple times in your design
discussions, and you know the design pattern that will fit the case.
You have tried to solve a smaller variation of your problem
independently with the design pattern.
With the design pattern in place, your code does not look overly
complex.

If a design pattern solves your problem and helps you write code that’s
simple, reusable, modular, loosely coupled, and free of “code smell,” it might
be the right way to go.

Another good tip to keep in mind is to avoid making everything about design
patterns. Design patterns are meant to help you solve problems. They are
not laws to abide by or rules to strictly follow. The ultimate rules and laws are
still the same: Keep your code clean, simple, readable, and scalable. If a
design pattern helps you do that while solving your problem, you should be
good to go with it.

Summary
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JavaScript design patterns are a wonderful way of approaching problems

that multiple programmers have faced over the course of time. They present
tried-and-tested solutions that strive to keep your codebase clean and
loosely coupled.

Today, there are hundreds of design patterns available that will solve almost
any problem that you encounter while building apps. However, not every
design pattern will really solve your problem every time.

Just like any other programming convention, design patterns are meant to
be taken as suggestions for solving problems. They are not laws to be
followed all the time, and if you treat them like laws, you might end up doing
a lot of damage to your apps.

Once your app is finished, you’ll need a place to host it — and Kinsta’s
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What are the design patterns that you regularly use in your software
programming job? Or is there a pattern that we missed in the list? Let us
know in the comments below!

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https://kinsta.com/blog/javascript-design-patterns/ 60/66