Laboratory Manual

ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS: DEVICES AND ANALYSIS

Subject/Code: Electronics Circuits: Devices and Analysis/7152

Time: 1:30 PM – 3:30 PM

Submitted by:
Villanueva, Dexter
Pabroquez, Sim
Canlaon, Jairose
Palawan, Denver
Tadlas, Clarenz
Villarreal, Erjohn

Submitted to:
ENGR. ELENA MATILANO

MAY 17, 2023

 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
TESTING SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES & DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Introduction:
Diode is the simplest of all electronic devices but it has limitless applications. A diode
permits current flow when the voltage on the anode is positive with respect to the voltage
on the cathode, and it inhibits current flow when the voltage on the anode is negative with
respect to the voltage on the cathode.
The characteristics of an ideal diode are those of a switch that can conduct current in only
one direction. A semiconductor diode conducts if it is in forward bias; that is the applied
voltage must be greater than zero.

Objectives:
1. To become familiar with multimeter, breadboard, oscilloscope, and writing circuit;
2. To test diodes using ohmmeter.
3. To display the diode characteristics using oscilloscope.
Materials needed:

 Standard or Digital Multimeter

 Different types of diode

TESTING SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

An ohmmeter has a low-voltage potential place at its leads when measuring resistance. One
lead is positive (usually red in color) and the other lead is negative (usually black in color).
When positive lead is placed on the anode of a diode and the negative lead on the cathode,
this forward resistance (Rf) should be low, since the diode is forward biased. When the
leads are reversed resistance (Rr) should be high, since the diode is reverse biased.

Procedure:
1. Refer to Figure 1-1.a and place the ohmmeter leads accordingly on the diode leads.
 Figure 1-1.a Figure 1-1.b

2. Set the ohmmeter to the lowest scale and record the Rf reading.
3. Refer to Figure1-1.b and place the ohmmeter leads accordingly on the diodes leads.
4. Set the ohmmeter to the highest scale and record the Rr reading.
5. Calculate the ratio of reverse to forward resistance from the formula.
Observation:
- When we conducting our experiment we measured the diode of the forward-bias and the
measurement reading is 39.66 kilo ohms but after the next experiment, we reversed the
diode and the reading measurement is overload.

Result and Computations:

We forgot to take the measurement picture maam but these are the result and
computation that we acquire during the experiment.

Fill-In Questions:
1. A forward-biased diode has 39.66k ohms resistance.
2. A reversed-biased diode has Overload resistance.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
THE DIODE AS A SWITCH
Introduction:
Referring to Figure 1-2.a note that the forward-biased silicon diode has a voltage drop of
0.7V across it with the remaining power supply voltage dropped across the load resistance
(RL). The voltage drop of RL can be found by the formula VL = Vdd - Vf . The forward current (IF)
through the circuit can be found by the formula I D = VL/RL. Referring to Figure 1-2b, note
that a reverse-biased silicon diode has the total power supply voltage dropped across it,
while the voltage drop across the load resistor is zero, since no current is flowing in the
circuit.

Figure 1-2.a Figure 1-2.b

Objective:
1. To recognize a conducting and non conducting diode by its circuit voltage drops;
2. To determine the forward current.
Apparatus/Materials:

 1 Variable Low-Voltage power supply

 1 Standard or Digital Voltmeter
 1 1KΩ Resistor at 0.5W
 1 n4001 Silicon Diode or Similar Type
 1 Breadboard for constructing circuit
Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit shown in figure 1-2a.
2. Set the power supply voltage at +6V.
3. Measure and record VF across the diode.
4. Measure and record VL across RL.
5. Calculate ID and record.
6. Turn the diode around as shown in figure 1-2b.
7. Measure and record VF across the diode.
8. Measure and record VL across the RL.
9. Calculate ID and record.
Observations:

we observed that on the forwaed biased it will allow the current to flow to the circuit that
makes the diode in short or closed circuit but when we do the next process when we make
the circuit diode in reverse biased there is no current that flow into it that makes a sence
that if the diode is in reverse bisaed its become an open circuit.

Results and Computations:

We forgot to take the measurement picture maam but these are the result and
computation that we acquire during the experiment.
Fill-in Questions:
1. The forward voltage across a silicon diode in a normally working circuit
is 0.706 V.
2. A resistor in series with the diode of question 1 would have voltage drop equal to the
Total Voltage minus the voltage drop of the Diode Voltage. .
3. If the diode in question 1 were to open, the voltage drop across it would be
-6 V. (Hint: refer to figure 1-2b)

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
DIODE VOLTAGE DROPS
Introduction:
The voltage drop across a forward-biased is about 0.7V. this voltage drop is
somewhat stable, and in some instances diodes are placed in series to develop a reference
voltage. In this experiment, you will measure the voltage drops across diodes in series.
Objective:
1. To demonstrate how voltage drops across diodes in series are additive and to show the
shorting effect of a forward-biased diode.
Apparatus/Materials:

 1 Variable Power Supply

 1 Standard or Digital Voltmeter
 1 Dual-Trace Oscilloscope
 1 Sine-wave Generator or Function Generator
 1 100-Ω Resistor at 0.5W
 1 1-KΩ Resistor at 0.5W
 3 1N4001 Silicon Diode or Similar type
 1 Breadboard for constructing circuit
Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit shown in figure1-4a.
2. Apply power to the circuit.
3. With the voltmeter, measure the voltage across each diode and record here.
V1 = 0.646 V , V2 = 0.646 V , V3 = 0.646 V .
4. Place the black lead of the voltmeter on ground.
5. With the red lead, measure the voltage across D1, as shown by M1. Record the value
here: 0.646 V . It should be the same as V1.
6. Measure the voltage across D1 and D2 in series as shown by M2. Record the value here:
1.290 V . It should be the same as V1 + V2.
7. Measure the voltage across D1, D2 and D3 series as shown by M3. Record the value here:
1.936 V . It should be the same as V1 + V2 + V3.

FIG 1-4a FIG 1-4b

8. Construct the circuit shown figure 1-4b.

9. Set the Sine-wave Generator for 1 KHZ and amplitude of 2V.
10. Place one channel of the oscilloscope across VIN.
11. Place the other channel of the oscilloscope across the VOUT of the circuit.
If a forward-biased diode is placed in parallel with a resistor of some resistance, nearly not
all of the current will flow through the diode. In other words, in forward-biased condition
the diode “short out” the resistor. If the diode is reversed, the diode has an extremely high
resistance and most of the current will flow through the resistor, developing a voltage drop.
Notice that only the negative alternation is seen at the output of the circuit. When the
positive alternation is present, the diode conducts and only a 0.7V line appears across on
the face of the CRT. When the negative alternation is present, the diode does not conduct
and the current flows through the resistor, developing the negative-going voltage.

Results and Computations:

We forgot to take the measurement picture maam but these are the result and
computation that we acquire during the experiment.

Fill-in Questions: be
1. The voltage drop of forward-biased diodes in series is The conduction voltage will add
for each diode connected in series eqaul to 1.936 Volts .
2. In four silicon diodes are forward-biased and connected in series, the total voltage drop
across them will be 2.8 volts.
3. A forward-biased diode has negligible resistance and will allow a
Maximum current to flow through it.
4. A reverse-biased has Large/High or infinite resistance and allows little or it
will not allow the electric current to flow through it.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION
Introduction:
Refer to figure 1-5 and note that when point A of T 1 is positive point B will be
negative. The diode will be forward biased, and the current flow from point B up through R L,
through D1 to point A and the transformer, developing a positive going output voltage
waveform across RL. When point A is negative, point B will be positive, the diode is
reversed-biased, no current flows, and there is no voltage output across R L. Therefore, the
output voltage is positive pulsating do, which can be filtered with capacitors in an attempt
to produce pure DC.
Objective:
1. To demonstrate how a diode will rectify (or pass) only one alternation of a sine wave
Apparatus/Materials:

 1 Oscilloscope
 1 12- or 24- V Center-tapped transformer (T1)
 1 1N4001 Diode (D1) or similar type
 1 10KΩ resistor at 0.5W (RL)
 1 Breadboard
Procedure:
1. Before applying power, construct the circuit shown in figure 1-5.

Vout = ___600mV__ V p-p

FIGURE 1-5
2. Apply power to the circuit.
3. Place the oscilloscope across RL, observing polarity.
4. Record the amplitude of the voltage seen on the oscilloscope in the location marked
VOUT = 8.80 V .
5. Remove power from the circuit.
6. Turn the diode around the circuit.
7. Apply power to the circuit.
8. Observe the oscilloscope and draw the output waveform, indicating its amplitude: V OUT
= 8.80 V .
The diode is now passing the negative alternation of the sine wave, and the polarity across
RL has been reversed. The voltage can be used to develop negative DC supply voltage.
Observations:
As we continue in our experiment we notice that there is a line gap in a half wave before it
creates another wave that indicates that it is not totally dc stable, and when the diode is on
forward biased around the circuit we notice that the voltage peak is being positive and it
creates half wave at the quadrant 1 based on reading of oscilloscope, also when we reverse
or turn around the diode the voltage peak is being negative and it form a upside down sine
wave that located at quadrant 4 based in the oscilloscope.

Results and Computations:

Fill-in Questions:
1. A diode will pass only half of full cycle alternations of a sine wave.
2. A half-wave rectifier can produce positive or negative pulsating DC, depending on the
Polarity or Biasing that the diode is placed in the circuit.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION
Introduction:
Refer to the figure 1-6, note that when point A of T 1 is positive, point B is negative.
Diode D1 is forward biased, and current flows from the center tap of T 1, up through RL.
through D1 to point A and the transformer. This develops a positive-going voltage across R L.
Diode D2 is reversed biased and no current flows through it. When point A is negative, pint B
will be positive. Diode D2 is now forward biased and current flows from the center tap, up
through R1 through D2 to point B and the transformer. Since the current is in the same
direction through R1 for this alternation, a positive going voltage is again developed across
RL. Diode D1 is reversed biased and no current flows through it. This voltage output is much
easier to filter with capacitors in an attempt to produce pure DC.

Objective:
we observed in this

1. To show two diodes pass both alternations of sine wave to prove a better pulsation DC
voltage.
Apparatus/Materials:

 1 Oscilloscope
 1 12- or 24- V Center-tapped transformer (T1)
 2 1N4001 Diodes (D1 and D2) or similar type
 1 10KΩ resistor at 0.5W (RL)
 1 Breadboard for constructing circuit
Procedure:
1. Before applying power, construct the circuit shown in figure 1-6.
2. Apply power to the circuit.
3. Place the oscilloscope across RL observing polarity.
4. Record the amplitude of the voltage seen on the oscilloscope in the location marked
VOUT.
5. Remove power from the circuit.
6. Turn both diodes around the circuit.
7. Apply power to the circuit.
8. Observe the oscilloscope and draw the output waveform, indicating its amplitude:
VOUT = 8.40 V
This is similar to the procedure in Experiment No. 5. The current is now reversed in R L and a
negative going pulsating DC voltage is developed.
Vout = ___8.40 V_____ V p-p

FIGURE 6-1
Observations:

We observed that the in this full wave it makes the alternations of sine wave to prove a
better pulsation DC voltage. When the diode is in the forward biased and current flows from
the center tap of T1, up through RL. through D1 to point A and the transformer it makes a
sine wave to be full wave located at quadrant 1 that makes the voltage peak be positive and
when it is in reverse biased the full wave was loxated at quadrant 4 where the voltage peak
becomes negative and no current flows through it.

Results and computations:

Fill-in Questions:
1. A full-wave rectifier passes both Half of a sine wave.
2. In terms of polarity, the output of a full wave rectifier has both alternations of the sine-
wave input voltage going in Same the direction.
3. A full-wave rectifier can produce positive or negative DC, depending on the
Connection the diodes are placed in the circuit.