Attendance form https://forms.gle/ZkEbqFpQ7AfhRDy7A Learning Objectives
1. Distinguish between analog and digital representations
2. Cite the advantages and drawbacks of digital techniques compared with analog 3. Understand the need for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) 4. Recognize the basic characteristics of the binary number systems 5. Identify typical digital signals Learning Objectives
6. Identify a timing diagram
7. State the differences between parallel and serial transmission 8. Describe the property of memory 9. Describe the major parts of a digital computer and understand their functions 10. Distinguish among microcomputers, microprocessors, and microcontrollers Activity Digital
The term digital is derived from the way computers
perform operations, by counting digits. In fact, the word “digit” is derived from the Latin word for “finger.” Numerical Representations
Analog Representations The quantity are represented by a voltage, current, or meter movement that is proportional to the value of that quantity. (e.g. microphone)
Digital Representations Thequantity are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called digits. (e.g. digital watch) Which of the following involve analog or digital quantities? a) Ten-position switch b) Current flowing out of an electric outlet c) Temperature of a room d) Sand grains on the beach e) Automobile speedometer
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Which of the following involve analog or digital quantities? a) Ten-position switch = Digital b) Current flowing out of an electric outlet = Analog c) Temperature of a room = Analog d) Sand grains on the beach = Digital e) Automobile speedometer = Analog or Digital To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals. • Data can be analog or digital. • The term analog data refers to information that is continuous; digital data refers to information that has discrete states.
Analog = continuous Digital = discrete (step-by-step) Analog and Digital Data and Signal ▪ Analog and digital data Data can be analog or digital. Analog data are continuous and take continuous values. Digital data have discrete states and take discrete values. ▪ Signals can be analog or digital. Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range. Digital signals can have only a limited number of values. Digital Electronics • Digital Electronics represents information (0, 1) with only two discrete values. Ideally “no voltage” (e.g., 0v) represents a 0 and “full source voltage” (e.g., 5v) represents a 1 Realistically “low voltage” (e.g., <1v) represents a 0 and “high voltage” (e.g., >4v) represents a 1 • We achieve these discrete values by using switches. • We use transistor switches, which operates at high speed, electronically, a small in size. Electronic Aspects of Digital Design
How we represent digital information in electronic devices?
By discrete voltages
What is the Basic Digital Element in Electronics?
Switch Digital Abstraction • It is difficult to make ideal switches means a switch is completely ON or completely OFF. • So, we impose some rules that allow analog behavior to be ignored in most cases, so circuits can be modeled as if they really did process 0s and 1s, known as digital abstraction. • Digital abstraction allows us to associate a noise margin with each logic values (0 and 1). Logic Levels • Undefined region is inherent digital, not analog
• Switching threshold varies with voltage, temp
need “noise margin”
• Logic voltage levels decreasing with new processors
5 , 3.3 , 2.5 , 1.8 V Analog versus Digital • Analog systems process time-varying signals that can take on any value across a continuous range of voltages (in electrical/electronics systems). • Digital systems process time-varying signals that can take on only one of two discrete values of voltages (in electrical/electronics systems). Discrete values are called 1 and 0 (ON and OFF, HIGH and LOW, TRUE and FALSE, etc.) Representing Information Electronically
“Analog electronics” deals with continuous values
“Digital electronics” deals with discrete values
Benefits of Digital over Analog • Reproducibility • Not effected by noise means quality • Ease of design • Data protection • Programmable • Speed • Economy Digital Revolution Digital systems started back in 1940s. Digital systems cover all areas of life: still pictures digital video digital audio telephone
traffic lights Animation What is a system? Analog system Digital system Advantages of Digital Techniques
1. Digital systems are generally easier to design
2. Information storage is easy 3. Accuracy and precision are greater 4. Operation can be programmed 5. Digital circuits are less affected by noise 6. More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips Limitations of Digital Techniques
The real world is mainly analog
To take advantage of digital techniques when dealing with
analog inputs and outputs, three steps must be followed: 1. Convert the real-world analog inputs to digital form. 2. Process (operate on) the digital information. 3. Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analog form. Block diagram of a temperature control system Digital Number Systems
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal Decimal System
It is composed of 10 numerals or symbols (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9). Decimal Counting Binary System
There are only two symbols or possible digit values, 0 and 1,
which is called a bit (short for binary digit). Binary Counting Representing Binary Quantities Representing Binary Quantities
Light bulb (bright or dark)
Diode (conducting or nonconducting)
Relay (energized or deenergized)
Transistor (cutoff or saturated)
Representing Binary Quantities
Photocell (illuminated or dark)
Thermostat (open or closed)
Mechanical clutch (engaged or disengaged)
Spot on a magnetic disk (magnetized or demagnetized)
Digital Signals and Timing Diagrams Digital Circuits / Logic Circuits Basic Logic Operations
NOT
AND
OR Overview of Basic Logic Functions
Comparison Arithmetic Code Conversion Encoding Decoding Data Selection Storage Counting Comparison Function Arithmetic Function Encoding Function Decoding Function Data Selection Function Storage Function Counting Function Introduction to Programmable Logic Simple Programmable Logic Device Complex Programmable Logic Device Field Programmable Gate Array Data Transfer Data Transfer Data Transfer
The principal trade-off between parallel and
serial transmission is…
speed vs. circuit simplicity Memory
The property of retaining its response to a momentarily
input is called memory. Digital Computers
A computer is a system of hardware that performs
arithmetic operations, manipulates data (usually in binary forms), and make decisions. A program is set of instructions which is prepared by one or more persons for each job the computer is to do. Major Parts of a Computer Major Parts of a Computer
1. Input unit A complete set of instructions and data is fed into the computer system and into the memory unit (e.g. keyboard or a disk). 2. Memory unit It stores the instructions and data received from the input unit. It stores the results of arithmetic operations received from the arithmetic unit. It supplies information to the output unit. Major Parts of a Computer
3. Control unit It takes instructions from the memory unit one at a time and interprets them. It then sends appropriate signals to all other units to be executed. 4. Arithmetic logic unit All arithmetic and logical decisions are performed in this unit, which can then send results to the memory unit to be stored. 5. Output unit It takes data from the memory unit and prints out, displays, or otherwise presents the information to the operator. Microcomputers, Microprocessors, and Microcontrollers Trivia
In 1974, from the mountains of Puerto Rico, we launched a
greetings card towards a group of 300,000 stars. As you read this, our digital message is out there, about 250 million, million kilometers away, reaching out the speed of light. Here is the message that we sent: 00000010011 11111101111 01111000011 00011000011 Questions? Attendance form: https://forms.gle/ZkEbqFpQ7AfhRDy7A
