S. G. M. C.O.

E
Accredited by NAAC with B++ and ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute

Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering,

Mahagaon, Site: Chinchewadi, Tal-Gadhinglaj, Dist- Kolhapur, 416503

SYNOPSIS
Title of Project
“ Parallel operation of Transformer to increase Efficiency by novel control
unit’’

Submitted By,
Final Year Electrical Students
Sr. No. Name of Student PRN
1. Patil Vinayak Jalandar 2021076868
2. Savant Vinayak Rajendra 2021076813
3. Salavi Akash Vishnu 2021076820
4. Shaikh Asif Jahangir 2021076893
5. Shedage Sakashi Shivaji 2021076914

Dr. V.G.Mathad Dr.V.G.Mathad Dr. S. H. SAWANT

Project Guide H.O.D Principal

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 Academic Year 2023-24

SYNOPSIS

Name of the Course : B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering)

Name of the Students : 1. Patil Vinayak Jalandar

2. Savant Vinayak Rajendra

3.Shaikh Asif Jahangir

4. Salavi Akash Vishnu

5.Shedage Sakshi Shivaji

Date of Submission
Of Synopsis :

Name of the Guide : Dr.Vireshkumar.G.Mathad

Proposed Title of the Project :

“Parallel operation of Transformer to increase Efficiency by novel control
unit”

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 ABSTRACT
For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, two or more transformers
may be connected in parallel with the existing transformer. The transformers are connected in
parallel when load on one of the transformers is more than its capacity. The reliability is increased
with parallel operation than to have single larger unit. The cost associated with maintaining the
spares is less when two transformers are connected in parallel.
It is usually economical to install another transformer in parallel instead of replacing the
existing transformer by a single larger unit. The cost of a spare unit in the case of two parallel
transformers (of equal rating) is also lower than that of a single large transformer. In addition, it is
preferable to have a parallel transformer for the reason of reliability. With this at least half the
load can be supplied with one transformer out of service.

If two transformers connected in parallel with similar per unit impedances, they will mostly share
the load in the ration of their KVA ratings. Here, load is mostly equal, because it is possible to
have two transformers with equal per unit impedances and X/R ratios but different KVA rating. In
this case, the line current will be less than the sum of the transformer currents and the combined
capacity will be reduced accordingly. A difference in the ratio of the reactance value to resistance
value of the per unit impedance results in a different phase angle of the currents carried by the two
paralleled transformers; one transformer will be working with a higher power factor and the other
with a lower power factor than that of the combined output. Hence, the real power will not be
proportionally shared by the transformers.

The current shared by two transformers running in parallel should be proportional to their KVA
ratings. The current carried by these transformers are inversely proportional to their internal
impedance.

KEYWORDS: same voltage ratio and turn ratio, same percentage impedance and X/R ratio,
circulating current

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 INTRODUCTION

Transformer is the backbone of the electric power transmission and distribution

system.The problem of overburden of load, varying voltage and overheating effects is normal pro
blem. It takes a plenty of time to repair it and it is also very costly. Our aim is to save the
transformer in overload/peak hours. Due to overload, efficiency gets reduced and secondary
winding often gets burnt due to overheating of coils. So, by sharing the load, and reducing the
extra burden from main transformer, it is protected. This is hereby done by doing parallel
operation of transformers. The aim of this project is to develop an automatic
transformer distribution and load sharing system. It will also have sensor to sense the temperature
of transformer and share the load. Parallel operation is used to reduce the extra load; the
transformer is protected.

Parallel operation for load sharing

For parallel operation, the primary winding is connected to the source. The secondary winding is
connected to load. Various conditions must be fulfilled.

 Should have equal voltage and turns ratio.

 Should have equal percentage impedance.

 Should have equal polarity.

 Same phase sequence.

Same voltage and turn ratio

If the voltage rating of primary and secondary would be different, large circulating current will
flow due to unequal EMF induced.

Same percentage impedance

A different phase angle results due to a difference in ratio of respective reactance and resistance.
Power factors of two transformers will be then different. For connecting
single phase T/F’s in three phase banks, we should try to match the X/R ratios of the three seriesi
mpedance to keep the three phase output voltages balanced.

Same Polarity

Polarity of the T/F means the direction of induced emf in the secondary is same as primary. If
direction is different to other T/F at secondary side, then it is in opposite polarity. If opposite
polarity exist, then there will be circuiting current and produces a short circuit.

Same Phase Sequence

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 The phase sequence or the order in which phases reach their maximum voltage must be same for
parallel transformer.
Some of these conditions are convenient and some are mandatory. The convenient are same
voltage ratio and turns ratio, same percentage impedance, same KVA rating, and same position of
tap changer. The mandatory conditions are same phase angle shift, same polarity, same phase
sequence and same frequency. When the convenient conditions are not met, paralleled operation
is possible but not optimal

Case 1: Equal Impedances, Ratios and Different kVA

This parameter is not in common practice for new installations, sometimes two transformers with
different kVAs and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no
circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same.

Example: Connecting 3000 kVA and 1000 kVA transformers in parallel, each with 5.75%
impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 4000 kVA load.

Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 3000 kVA

Loading on Transformer-1=kVA2 = 174 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 1000 kVA

From above calculation, it is seen that different kVA ratings on transformers connected to one
common load, that current division causes each transformer to only be loaded to its kVA rating.
The key here is that the percent impedance is the same.

Case 2: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA

Case 3: Unequal Impedance but Same Ratios & kVA

Case 4: Unequal Impedance & KVA Same Ratios

Case 5: Equal Impedance & KVA Unequal Ratios

Case 6: Unequal Impedance, KVA & Different Ratios

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 OBJECTIVES

Load sharing

 By equally sharing load on both transformers we overcome overloading problem.

Maximise electrical system efficiency

 Generally, electrical power transformer gives the maximum efficiency at full load. If
one runs numbers of transformers in parallel, one can switch on only those
transformers which will give the total demand by running nearer to its full load rating
for that time.
 When load increases, one can switch no one by one other transformer connected in
parallel to fulfill the total demand. In this way one can run the system with maximum
efficiency.
Maximise electrical system availability

 If numbers of transformers run in parallel, one can take shutdown any one of them for
maintenance purpose. Other parallel transformers in system will serve the load without
total interruption of power.
Maximise power system reliability

 If nay one of the transformers run in parallel is tripped due to fault, other parallel
transformers in the system will share the load hence power supply may not be
interrupted if the shared loads do not make other transformers over loaded.
Maximise electrical system flexibility

 There is a chance of increasing or decreasing future demand of power system. If it is

predicted that power demand will be increased in future, there must be a provision of
connecting transformers in system in parallel to fulfil the extra demand, because it is
not economical from business point of view to install a bigger rated single transformer
by forecasting the increased future demand as it is unnecessary investment of money.
 Again, in future demand is decreased, transformers running in parallel can be removed
from system to balance the capital investment and its return.

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 LITREATURE REVIEW

 https://www.scribd.com/doc/141115183/9-Parallel-Operation-of-Two-Single-Phase-
Transformers
 Performance Analysis of Single Phase ParallelTransformer Under Different Operations
 Parallel Operation of Transformers

 Loading considerations for paralleling transformers are simple unless kVA, percent
impedances, or ratios are different. - Jignesh Parmar
 Johnson and Phillips LTD, The J&P Transformer Book,1925

 Kingsley. Jr, Electrical Machinery,1961.

 John Wiley and Sons, Magnetic Circuit and Transformer, 1943.

 B. LTheraja, A Text Book of Electrical Technology,2005

 Stay M. G, the performance and design of alternating current machines, 1949.

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 METHODOLOGY /PLANNING OF WORK

Project Initiation

- Define Project Objectives: Clearly state the goals.

- Resource Allocation: Determine the budget, team members, and infrastructure required for the
project.

Needs Assessment

- Regulatory Requirements: Identify and document relevant to parallel operation of transformer

and study various research paper related to the project.
– Synopsis and PPT: Make synopsis and PPT for project for better understanding of project.

Pre Design Phase

– Block Diagram: Make block diagram as per the circuit diagram to build actual panel.

– Define Ratings of equipment: Select the Rating for various equipment such as transformer,
Ammeter, Voltmeter etc.

– Purchase the equipment: order and purchase equipment required for project.

Detailed Design Phase

– Build a actual panel as per the planning.

– Make change in panel if required.
– Finalized the project report and making project report.

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 OUTCOMES

 Maximize electrical system efficiency.

 Maximize electrical system availability.

 Maximize electrical system flexibility.

 Maximize power system reliability.

 Avoid overloading.

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 REFERENCES

Loading considerations for paralleling transformers are simple unless kVA, percent impedances,
or ratios are different. - Jignesh Parma

https://www.electricalindia.in/parallel-operation-of-transformers/

https://www.studocu.com/in/document/birla-institute-of-technology-mesra/electrical-engineering-
technology/study-and-design-of-parallel-operation-of-transformers-inductance/17767578

https://nitkkr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Electrical-Machines-I29012020.pdf

https://www.electricalindia.in/parallel-operation-of-transformers/

https://www.electrical4u.com/parallel-operation-of-transformers/
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