Lab Custom Print
Lab Custom Print
Lab Custom Print
INTRODUCTION :
Water turbines are devices meant for converting in the form of pressures energy when
it strikes the vanes of the turbine (reaction type) or can be in the form of kinetic energy (impulse
type). The power developed by the turbine is used to rotate an armature coil surrounded by
electronic poles. Thus electrical energy us produced from mechanical energy.
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINE :
a) Impulse turbine :
All available energy at the outlet of pipe is converted into kinetic energy by
the nozzle or by guide vanes before water striking the runner of the turbine. Water flows
on the form of free jet over only a part of runner under atmospheric pressure. The runner
revolves freely in the air. However, a casing is provided to avoid splashing of water, to
guide water to tail race and avoid accidents. E.g. : Pelton Wheel, Bunki Turbine, Tonval
Turbine.
b) Reaction turbines
Only a part of available energy of water is converted in kinetic energy and a
substantial part remains in the form of pressure energy. Energy gradually changes from
pressure form to kinetic form as it flows over turbine. Hence the inlet pressure is much
higher than outlet pressure. Water must enter the runner over its entire periphery i.e.
passage of water is entirely fall of water throughout operation of turbine. It also requires
a draft tube for any reaction turbine, scroll casing, guide wheel of a draft tube is
essential. E.g. : Fourneyron Turbine, Thomson Turbine, Francis Propeller Turbine and
Kaplan Turbine.
I. Inward Radial Flow Turbine : Flow of water occurs from outer periphery to
inner periphery of runner. E.g. : Thompson Radial Flow Turbine.
II. Outward Radial Flow Turbine : Flow of water occurs from inner periphery
to outer periphery on radial direction. E.g. : Francis Turbine.
a) High Head turbine : 400 < H < 1600 m. E.g. : Pelton Turbine.
b) Medium Head Turbine : 40 < H < 700 m. E.g. : Modern Francis
c) Low Head Turbine : 1 < H < 70 m. E.g. : Axial Flow Reaction Type
Specific speed is the speed of geometrically similar turbine which would produce power of
1 KW operating under unit head.
3) Guide blades or Nozzle : These are stationary components which surrounds the rotor.
The function of a guide vane is to direct flow of water over the rotor for a smooth and
shock less entry.
4) Casing : It is made up of cast iron. It houses shaft and rotor assembly for an impulse
turbine running at atmospheric pressure throughout the casing prevent splashing of
water and directs the water discharged by rotor towards tail race. It doesn’t have
hydraulic function as such, however in case of a reaction turbine having high pressure
at turbine inlet and vacuum near turbine outlet.
PELTON WHEEL :
a) Runner : Pelton wheel consist of shaft supported between the bearings. Runner is keyed
to the shaft. It consists of a circular disc with the number of buckets evenly spaced around
its periphery. Each bucket has shape of semi-ellipsoidal cup divided into 2 symmetrical
parts by a sharp edged ridge called splitter. A single jet or number of jets through a nozzle
impinges on a splitter and gets divided into 2 equal parts and each part after flowing over
the bucket leaves at outlet tips. The nozzle are so mounted that the jet strikes the center of
the bucket along tangent to the circle called pitch circle. The back of the bucket is so shaped
that no water is wasted because of splashing. A notch is cut at lower end of bucket to
prevent jet striking proceeding bucket being obstructed by next bucket and to avoid
deflection of water towards the center of the wheel.
Materials of bucket are cast iron, cast steel, bronze, stainless steel etc.
b) Spear nozzle or needle nozzle : It is a nozzle with a spear of needle having a streamlined
head at its end and provided at the end of the penstock to control discharge of water. It is
operated by hand or by governor automatically.
c) Casing : It is made of cast iron or steel and provided to prevent splashing of water and also
safeguard against accidents.
a) Centrifugal governor : It is fly ball mechanism type governor driven by the turbine shaft.
It senses the speed change.
b) Relay valve : The control lever transmits movement of governor sleeve to relay valve. It
consists of a cylinder housing two pistons connected to each other. The valve rod is
connected to control lever. The relay valve communicates with servomotor through 2
connections. One at each end of it. The relay valve is known as power element as it supplies
high pressure oil to operate the gates through servo motor.
c) Servomotor : It has a cylinder of layers diameter and oil light piston operates inside the
cylinder. The extended piston rod is connected to regulating ring of wicket gates or to the
needle valve. Each side of the piston communicates to the high pressure and low pressure
chambers of the relay valve. Alternately due to pressure difference of oil thrust is generated
in the piston driving it right word left word. Servomotor is a part of power element.
d) Dash pot : It provides compensating force returns the gates to their desired position. It
prevents the hunting tendency by adjusting the gates to over run their desired position
somewhat before returning to their exact position.
However, a magnification of force is necessary to actuate the flow valve. The motion of
governor sleeve 17 is magnified using leverage to operate the lever 4 as floating fulcrum S.
The displacement of lever 4 per end is given to the relay valve 9. The middle chamber of relay
valve 9 communicates to the relay valve 9 to low pressure return line 22.
The oil dash pot 6 and compensating spring 7 alters the position of fulcrum 5 to minimize
hunting tendency of system.
1) Spear regulation : It consists of a solid spear integral with spear rod. The spear can be
transversed forward or backward from servomotor piston. When transversed forward it
closes the nozzle opening there by reducing flow and speed.
Adequate safety provisions have to be made on the penstock to safeguard from effects of
water hammering.
2) Deflector regulation : A deflector is placed in front of the nozzle opening. The deflector
is hinged about a pin when turbine speed rises dur to reduced load. Deflector moves about
hinged support being actuated by servo-piston water hammer is prevented in this case.
3) Combined spear and deflector regulation : Spear regulation may cause water
hammering whereas deflector regulation may cause water wastage. Hence to reduce losses,
both of these may be combined. In this case the deflector deflects the jet and spear gradually
closes avoiding water hammering.
4) Sewers system of regulation : Some turbine uses this method. It consists of several blades
placed in water passage within nozzle. The guide blades are pivoted all around the spear
forming a ring during normal. Guide blades are parallel to water passage clearing the area
of flow when turbine speed increases. The guide blades are rotated about their pivots
through a control rod actuated from the governor. Due to this only a part of water jet
whirling like an exploding cone is issued from nozzle. Thus only a part of jet reaches to
buckets and spread is controlled.
5) Pressure regulation control : It is specially designed valve to regulate the water pressure.
When turbine is offloaded the pressure rise in the supply line is relieved by following some
water be discharged as waste water.
AIM : Study and trial on Pelton Wheel Turbine to plot operating and variable speed characteristic.
PROCEDURE :
1) Keep the nozzle opening at required position i.e. full opening or ¾ opening.
2) Start the pump.
3) Allow the water in the turbine then turbine rotates .
4) Note the speed of turbine.
5) Take the reading if venturi meter, pressure gauges.
6) Note pressure gauges of water in pressure gauge.
7) Load the turbine by putting weight.
8) Note the dead weight and spring balance weight.
9) Note the head.
10) Repeat the experiment for different loadings and tabulate the results.
PRECAUTION :
1) Prime the pump if required.
2) Close the delivery valve of the pump before starting the pump.
Output Power
9) Unit Power Pu = 3
𝐻2
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Case 1 : Constant gate opening (40%) :
173.9
1 550 5.5 x 10-3 10 0.5395 0.1172 21.72 3 1.7 3.70
151.7
2 480 5.5 x 10-3 10 0.5395 0.3070 56.90 9 1.7 9.70
126.4
3 400 5.5 x 10-3 10 0.5395 0.4263 79.01 9 1.7 13.48
98.03
4 310 5.5 x 10-3 10 0.5395 0.3965 73.49 1.7 12.54
175
1 60 5.5 x 10-3 4 0.2158 0.0746 34.56 2.75 9.32
132.2
2 50 5.5 x 10-3 7 0.3776 0.2238 59.27 9 2.07 12.08
123.7
3 45 5.5 x 10-3 8 0.4316 0.2238 51.85 4 1.94 9.89
97.07
4 30 5.5 x 10-3 13 0.7014 0.3730 53.17 1.52 7.95
93.54
5 25 5.5 x 10-3 14 0.7553 0.4476 59.26 1.46 8.54
CONCLUSIONS :
1) From the graph of Pu verses Qu, it can be seen that with power increase, unit discharge
increases for constant gate opening.
2) From the graph of η verses Qu, we get that as unit discharge increases, efficiency first
increases, reaches peak and then decreases.
3) From the graph of Pu verses Nu, unit power decreases with rise in unit speed, for constant
gate opening.
4) For constant speed, % gate opening required increases with decrease in efficiency.
Name –Yash
Jignesh Dhandhukia
Division – D
Roll number – 75
Batch – B3
Experiment No –
2
Title - STUDY OF REACTION TURBINES
STUDY OF REACTION TURBINES
FRANCIS TURBINE:
It is a mixed flow reaction turbine suitable for medium head and medium specific speed.
Water enters at the outer periphery of runner, flows radially inwards and is discharged axially
from runner.
It was developed by James B. Francis in 1865. An early type of Francis turbine is inward
radial flow turbine which was later modified and developed into modern mixed flow type
Francis turbine.
CONSTRUCTION
1. SCROLL CASING:
Water from penstock enters into this casing which surrounds the guide wheel of the turbine.
The cross-sectional area of spiral casing decreases gradually 50 as to keep velocity of water
constant throughout the path around periphery of runner Scroll casing is made of cast steel,
concrete etc.
2. GUIDE WHEEL:
These are stationary guide vanes mounted all over periphery of the runner These are provided
to direct water on the runner at an appropriate value of 'α’ as per design. Each vane is pivoted
so that it can be turned to alter width of the passage. for variable discharge either manually or
automatically through a governor. Water from scroll casing is processed over the guide
vanes.
3. STAY RING:
It is a ring having fixed vanes surrounding the guide wheel in case of large turbines. Stay
rings supports turbine and generator also.
4. RUNNER:
It consists of 16 to 24 vanes evenly spaced around the circumference in annular space. The
vanes are so shaped that entry is radially and exit is axial. The vanes are made of cast iron,
cast steel and stainless steel and rigidly attached to the shaft of turbine. Water from guide
vane flows over runner and causes runner to rotate.
5. DRAFT TUBE:
It is a diverging pipe or passage connecting to the outlet of a runner to tail race. It must be air
tight and must remain submerged in tail race water. It carries water from runner to tail race. It
is made up of cast steel, plain steel or concrete.
GOVERNING MECHANISM:
The methods of governing reaction turbines are
1. Guide vanes control for Francis and Propeller turbine.
2. Dual regulation (guide vane and moving vanes) control's for Kaplan turbine.
3. Pressure regulator.
DUAL REGULATION:
The dual regulation i.e. wicket gate control and moving vane control is used for Kaplan
turbine. The mechanism of control of wicket gates is similar to that in Francis turbine. The
water from scroll casing surrounding the turbine enters horizontally through the wicket gates
all around the turbine and then flow vertically downwards in axially direction over runner
vanes.
A separate servomotor is provided to operate the runner blades which are few in number. The
piston rod of the servomotor passes through the turbine shaft to the pivots of the runner
vanes. The runner vanes are swiveled about their pivots, so as to change runner vane angle at
inlet.
The dual regulating enables the Kaplan turbine to maintain high efficiency from part load to
full load which is not possible for other reaction turbine with fixed runner vanes.
COMPARISION :
Sr. IMPULSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE
no.
1 Before water enters the turbine Only part of available energy is
all available energy is converted converted into kinetic energy
into kinetic energy. using guide vanes.
2 Flow of water over the runner is Flow over runner is at pressure
at atmospheric pressure. greater than atmospheric and this
pressure gradually decreases from
inlet to outlet.
3 Runner need not run full of Due to pressure gradient
water as pressure there is prevailing across runner, it must
atmospheric. operate full of water.
4 No draft tube is required To enhance the efficiency draft
tube is required.
5 Conversion of energy of water Energy conversion into work is
into work takes place based on primarily due to reaction
impulse momentum principle. principle.
6 Casing has no hydraulic Casing is necessary to maintain
function. It only collects the pressure gradient across runner.
water discharge by turbine and
sends to tail race.
7 Moving vanes has profile shape. Moving vanes are aero foil shape.
8 No possibility of cavitation Due to vacuum, at outlet,
cavitation is possible
9 Speed ratio is less Speed ratio is more
Suitable for very high heads. Suitable for low and medium
heads.
AIM: Study and trial on Francis Turbine to plot operating and variable speed characteristic.
DESCRIPTION:
Francis turbine is a prime mover normally used to drive electric generator. It is mixed type in
which water enters runner rapidly at its lower periphery and usually leaves at the centre.
Water from penstock enters small casing which completely surrounds the runner The purpose
of casing is to provide even distribution of water around the circumference of turbine runner.
Maintaining an approximate constant velocity for water so distributed. In order to keep the
velocity of water constant through casing is gradually decreased. Series of guide vanes are
provided along the periphery of turbine runner at angle approximation to design.
TEST RIG:
A centrifugal pump under pressure supplied water to Francis turbine, water enters through
guide vanes, spiral casing, when passes through vanes of runner, remaining head is converted
into velocity head. Due to proper curvature of vanes, velocity head is converted into
mechanical energy. This discharge in pipeline and hence through the turbine can be measured
with a venturimeter, accomplished by mercury manometer.
Output of turbine is determined by means of a rope brake dynamometer. The need of water is
measured with pressure gauge and vacuum gauge.
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep guide was fully open.
2. Prime the pump.
3. Start the pump
4. Vent the manometer.
5. Note pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading.
6. Adjust gate valve to a specified head.
7. Load the turbine by putting load in the hanger.
8. Measure speed by tachometer
9. Repeat procedure for various loads
10. Same is repeated for different guide vane opening.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Prime the pump if required.
2. Close the delivery valve of pump before starting the pump.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Case 1: Constant gate opening (60%)
P1 P2 P3 P4 (kg) (rpm)
1 2 1.7 0.7 -0.03 0 1500
2 1.8 1.6 0.7 0 2 1160
Sr No H1 Q H I/P O/P %η Nu Qu Pu
(m) m3/sec m kW kW %
1 3 0.02268 7.3 1.6249 0.2426 14.93 555.17 0.0084 0.0123
2 2 0.01852 7 1.2717 0.5630 44.27 438.44 0.0070 0.0304
3 2 0.01852 6.5 1.1809 0.6148 52.06 298.10 0.0073 0.0371
4 2 0.01852 3 0.5450 0.6213 114 369.50 0.0107 0.1196
Sr No H1 Q H I/P O/P %η Nu Qu Pu
3
(m) m /sec m kW kW %
1 4 0.0262 1 0.2570 0.0970 37.74 600 0.0262 0.097
2 3 0.0227 5 1.1134 0.2912 26.15 268.33 0.0101 0.026
3 3 0.0227 5 1.1134 0.4853 43.59 268.33 0.0101 0.043
4 2 0.0185 7 1.2703 0.5824 45.85 226.78 0.0070 0.052
CONCLUSION:
1. From graph, curve between Qu and Nu for the Francis turbine is falling curve. This is due to
the fact that centrifugal head develops which acts upwards and opposes external load causing
eventually decreasing discharge as speed rises.
2. Curves between Pu and Nu and between η and Nu indicate that at a particular speed,
efficiency is maximum.
3.
As the gate opening increases, firstly efficiency increases and then decreases.
4.
The curve between η and Qu and Pu and Qu are parabolic.
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction:
Pump is a device or a machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. This
hydraulic energy causes an increase in pressure of liquid. A Centrifugal Pump consists of an
impeller rotating inside a casing. The impeller has a number of curved vanes. Due to the
centrifugal force developed by the rotation of the impeller, water entering at the centre flows
outwards to the periphery. Here it is collected in a gradually increasing passage in the casing
known as a volute chamber. This chamber converts a part of the velocity head (kinetic
energy) of the water into the pressure head (potential energy). For higher heads, multistage
centrifugal pumps having two or more impellers in series will have to be used. Mechanical
energy required for conversion into hydraulic energy is supplied by some external means
such as diesel or petrol engine or an electric motor. Such a means is called as ‘prime mover’.
An agency like compressed air, steam or water flowing from some height can also be used to
run the pump
Precaution:
1. Keep delivery valve completely closed before starting the motor.
2. Check water level.
3. If required do priming.
4. Check belt and belt tension.
5. Check movement of pulley.
6. Do not change speed of the motor while the motor is ON.
Speciation:
a. Size = 50cm x 50cm
b. Discharge = 500 litres/min
c. Head-15m
d. Motor =3.68 kw
e. Speed=1440
f. Speed range: 1000- 1440 rpm
g. Tank size=80cm X 80cm
Observation Table:
P1 P2 Energy Meter No. of Revs Discharge time Level Rise (cm) Speed (rpm)
Sr No.
(Mm of Hg) (kg/cm2) time(sec) . (sec)
1
-550 1 13.46 3 8.97 10 1450
2
-590 1 13.87 3 9.14 10 1430
3
-610 1 13.93 3 9.03 10 1350
4
-620 1 13.35 3 9.05 10 1320
Sr No. P1 P2 Energy Meter time No. of Revs. Discharge time Level Rise (cm)
(Mm of Hg) (kg/cm2) (sec) (sec)
Vane Pump:
a) These pumps consist of slotted rotor splined to the drive shaft which rotates inside the cam ring in the
pump casing.
b) Vanes are fitted to the rotor slots, match with the inner diameter of the ring.
c) During the rotation of rotor, the centrifugal force and the system pressure behind the vanes push the
radially movable vanes towards the outer direction.
d) The vanes take their position with external edge touching with the internal running area of the cam.
e) Pumping chambers are thus formed between the vanes and are enclosed by the rotor, ring and two side
plates.
f) At the suction side, the partial vacuum is created as the space and rotor is increased. Liquid here is
trapped between the pumping chambers and then is pushed into the outlet as the space decreases.
g) Displacement of the pump depends upon the width of the ring.
Specifications:
1) Motor: 2 HP 4) Pressure range: 0 to 50 bar
2) Speed: 1440 rpm 5) Oil used: ENCL068
3) Capacity: 5 LPM
Observation Table:
Conclusions:
a) As delta P increases, volumetric efficiency decreases. This is due to internal leakage flow. Hence Q is
less than expected.
b) Due to constant speed, mechanical losses are constant. As delta P increases, efficiency initially
increases, reaches a maximum value. Further if delta P is increases efficiency decreases.
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering
AIM :- To study the gear pump and conduct the trial on gear pump.
INTRODUCTION :-
A. CONSTRUCTION OF THE GEAR PUMP :-
a) Each gear is mounted on the shaft which is supported on the bearings at the end covers. one
of these shafts is a drive shaft which is coupled to the prime mover.
b) Two ports : inlet port and outlet port are provided. Their exterior position on the pump
is relatively unimportant, but they are often located on the opposite side of the gear casing.
c) It is absolutely essential for these ports to open directly on the opposite sides of meshing
points of the gears.
d) For the best performance, these ports should be as large as possible.
Spur gears and helical gears, both are used. Helical gears run diagonally across the width of the
gear at an angle determined by the design. However, there is a limit on helical angle as one end of gear is
on suction side while other is on delivery side. Helical gears are quicker but costlier.
The flat end faces of the gears are closed off by the wear plates. Leakage between wear plates and
gear end faces must be reduced to a minimum. On the other hand, clearance is necessary to permit the gear to
rotate without friction. Most designs, therefore use floating wear plates. Thus, frictional losses become
approximately proportional to the pressure, with seals getting tighter with higher pressure, and contracting the
tendencies of increased volumetric losses.
B. PUMPING ACTION :-
The tooth space of one of the gears is filled by a tooth of the other gear. As the meshed gears start
rotating, one tooth space after other is evacuated and vacuum is created in the resulting spaces.
Atmospheric pressure in the tank forces the oil into the teeth space from the port located at that point. This
tooth space full of oil is carried around the periphery of the gear until the teeth again mesh and the oil is
forced out of the space by meshing tooth and flows out of the delivery port located at that side of mesh
point. The elimination of this prevents the oil from crossing over to the intake side and thus the ump
dispels one tooth full of oil per teeth per revolution. From the suction side to the delivery side, the pressure
develops tooth by tooth which may be taken as linear characteristic.
C. PRESSURE BALANCING :-
As the pump operates, it carries oil form a point of less-than-atmospheric pressure (vacuum) to
the point of high pressure (discharge). This action creates a pressure gradient around the perimeter of the
gear inside the pump. Due to this undesirable gradient, the confining surfaces tend to distort. This
distortion is result of unbalanced pressure force. If this force is balanced, this distortion can be eliminated.
So, bearings have to take this unbalanced force. The common practice is to rely on roller bearings.
Because of pressure balancing number of holes result which pass through shaft center, but are not allowed
D. WEAR PLATES :-
Wear plates are placed at the ends of the pump gears between the gears and the cover plates. The function
of wear plates is to provide the contact surfaces of superior bearing quality. Most wear plates used are made
up
of bronze, but aluminum is also commonly used. Many pumps have no wear plates and use the ground
surfaces of the cast iron cover plates as the bearing surface because cast iron itself is an excellent
bearing material.
line
E. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS :-
1) Clearance range:
i. 0.025 mm diametral and end clearance in small pumps of 25 mm diameter gears.
ii. 0.1 mm to 0.125 mm end clearance and 0.150 mm diametral clearance on pumps with 90
mm diametral gears.
2) Gears:
i. Commonly 14 1/2th or 20th involute teeth.
ii. The minimum number of teeth on 14 1/2th pressure angle should be about 16.
iii. One should keep in mind that pump gears are different than the transmission gears.
Transmission gears have sliding action but pump gears are required to have rolling action in
order to have high longevity and good pumping action.
iv. If the involute angle is increased, shape of teeth becomes more triangular.
v. In general, gear pumps having 11 to 15 teeth through 8 to 9 gears are also used.
F. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY :-
Volumetric efficiency is generally low to minimum in most gear pumps. The oil is carried around the
periphery from suction to delivery side. Some of the oil (10%) is trapped in the clearance spaces of
meshing gears as described earlier. This trapped volume of oil creates a heavy load on bearings. This effect
however, can be minimized by providing the relief grooves.
PRECAUTIONS :-
i. Keep delivery valve completely open before starting power.
ii. Keep ball valve fully open before starting motor.
iii. Check oil level.
OBSERVATIONS :-
CONCLUSION:-
a) From graph of output power vs head, it is clear that output power is directly proportional to the head.
b) As ‘H’ increases, ‘η’ also increases and eventually goes on decreasing.
c) As head (H) increases, discharge (Q) decreases.
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering
b) Relief valves:-
It is found in virtually every hydraulic system. It is normally closed
valve connected between the pressure live and the reservoir. Its purpose
is to limit the pressure in the system to a present maximum by diverging
the same or all of the pumps output to tank when the pressure setting in
reached.
I TRANSMISSION LINE
A pipe, tube or
Working other conductors
1.
line of handling ,major
flow in the circuit
Pilot line have
much small fluid
2. Pilot line
carrying capacity
than working
line
Fluid drain and
air exhaust lines
3. Drain line
are made of light
weight materials
Pipes that cross
Passing each other are
4.
line drawn with small
loop
Joined A conductor dot
5. worked is placed to show
line junction
Flexible Flexible lines are
6.
line show with a
curve
Energy
Hollow arrow for
flow in
7. air solid arrow for
one
direction liquid
Plugged To block fluid
8. terminal flow plug is
point used as
indicated
Fixed A fixed size,
9.
restriction non adjustable
pipe
restriction is
shown
II FLUID STORAGE
Pipe Working line
terminated doesn’t touch
10
above bottom of
fluid level reservoir
Pipe Working line is
terminated shown touching
11
below the bottom of
fluid level reservoir
Vented Hydraulic fluid
12 tank or reservoir to
reservoir tank
III PUMPS
Basic envelop
Basic pump
13. symbol for a
symbol
pump
is circle
Single triangle
Fixed
denotes
14. displacement
unidirectional
unidirectional
flow
Variable
Arrow indicated
displacement
pumped
15. simplified
displacement
and
can be varied
unidirectional
IV ACTUATORS
Variable
Motor has a
displacement
16. variable
unidirectional
motor displacement
Device doesn’t
Motor
17. permit rotation in
oscillating
one direction
B CYLINDERS
It can be
Single acting
18. actuated only in
cylinders
one direction
Double
It can be
19. acting
actuated in both
cylinders
direction
There are be
identical areas on
Cylinder each side of
20. double end piston, and they
rod can provide
equal
forces in either
direction
METHOD OF OPERATION
Check valve
with bias
Spring spacing open
21.
Control when
inlet>outlet
+spring
Operation is
Spring by the release
22. centered pilot of pressure
control and pilot
actuated
It is used with
Detent mechanical or
23.
Control pilot operated
valve
Electrically
Solenoid controlled
control with with
24. mechanical or
pilot
actuation pilot operated
valve
Manually
26. Lever
Operated
VALVES
V
Flow control
Variation in
valve with
pressure and
pressure and
temperature
27 temperature
does not
compensation
affect the
and integral
flow control
check
For overload
28 Relief Valve
protection
To achieve
Sequential sequencing of
29.
Valve hydraulic
actuators
Pump is
unloaded at
Unloading
30. zero pressure,
valve thus saving
the
horsepower
Flow is only
31. Check Valve in one
direction
Three way
32.
valve
Four Way
33.
Valve
Four way,
spring
centered,
three-
34. position,
manually
actuated
valve
Two position,
spring offset,
35.
four way
valve
Air pilot
actuated, four
way, three-
position,
36. spring
centered
direction
control valve
Various center position for three position four way
valve
37 Open center
B closed, pressure
opened to tank
through A
Tandem
Miscellaneous
Introduct
ion of
heat and
energy
Heaters into
major
line
Pressure Gauge
Strainer or Filter
Simplified
symbol for
Dryer
combined
service unit
Cooler not Cooler
showing showing
coolant lines coolant lines
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Shaft- Shaft-
Rotatig in Rotatig in
one two
direction direction
Block -
Detent- Added to
Added to indicate
indicate service is
certain blocked in
operating certain
position position
retained and
from direction.
actutation Symbol for
Actuating
means.
Jump-
Device
jumps over Articul
dead point a ted
into one or joints
another
position
ACTUATORS
Manual Mechanical
General Plunger
Button Roller
Idle
Lever Retur
n
Roller
Pedal Spring
Electrical Pneumatic
Solenoid Pressure
Solenoid
and
pneumat Bleed
ic pilot
valve
Differen
tial
pressure
ENERGY CONVERSION
Compres Vacuum
sor Pump
AIR MOTORS
Non
Reversin
reversing
g two
single
direction direction
Limited rotations
CYLINDERS
Single-
acting:
Spring
Return by
return
external
force
Feed unit with continuous
drive and hydraulic check
cylinder
Continuo
Adjustable
us
cushioning
drive(reci
e.g. both
procating
sides
)
Intensifier
Air-oil
(air
reservoir
hydraulics)
ENERGY CONTROL AND
REGULATION
212- way 2/2- way
valve: valve:
Flow P Flow P
to A to A open
closed in in normal
normal position
position
3/2- way 2/2- way
valve: valve:
Flow P Flow P
to A to A open
closed in in normal
normal position
position
3/3 —
way
valve:
closed 4/2 —
center (all way
ports valve
closed in
normal
,position)
4/3 —
way
valve:
413 — open
way valve: center
closed (operatin
center On g outlets
ports hand A
closed in open to
normal Exhaust
position) Inlet P
closed
in
normal
position)
NON-RETURN VALVE
Shuttle
Check Valve
Valve
Two-
Quick exhaust
pressure
valve valve
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
Pressure Sequence
limiting valve valve
pressure pressure
regulator no regulator with
relief port relief port
Restrictor
Orifice valve
valve
Restrictor
valve
mechanically
Adjustable adjusted by
restrictor lever,
valve actuator,
spring
return
SHUT OFF VALVES
Simplifie
d
Symbol