Density of Plastics by The Density-Gradient Technique: Standard Test Method For
Density of Plastics by The Density-Gradient Technique: Standard Test Method For
Density of Plastics by The Density-Gradient Technique: Standard Test Method For
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1505 − 18
applied to acceptance or rejection of material, as those data are 12.3.2 Reproducibility Limit, The value below which the
specific to the round robin and cannot be representative of absolute difference between two individual test results obtained
other lots, conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of this under reproducibility conditions may be expected to occur with
test method shall apply the principles outlined in Practice E691 a probability of approximately 0.95 (95 %).
to generate data specific to their laboratory and materials, or 12.3.3 Conducting equivalence testing on numerical data
between specific laboratories. The principles of 12.3 – 12.3.3 from two sources shall be conducted in accordance with
will then be valid for each data. Practice E2935 or any known method for judging the equiva-
If Sr and SR have been calculated from a large enough body lence of two means, for example, a t-test.
of data, and for test results that were averages from testing one 12.3.4 Bias—There are no recognized standards by which to
specimen: estimate the bias of this test method.
12.3.1 Repeatability Limit, The value below which the
absolute difference between two individual test results obtained 13. Keywords
under repeatability conditions may be expected to occur with a 13.1 density; film; gradient; plaque; polyolefins; polyethyl-
probability of approximately 0.95 (95 %). ene; polypropylene; preparation
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1.1 Method A—Stepwise Addition: hydrometers, mix the two liquids in the proportions necessary to obtain
the desired solutions. Remove the dissolved air from the solutions by
A1.1.1 Using the two liquids that will give the desired gentle heating or an applied vacuum. Then check the density of the
density range, and sensitivity (S) in grams per cubic centimetre solutions at 236 0.1°C by means of the hydrometers and, if necessary, add
per millimetre, prepare four or more solutions such that each the appropriate air-free liquid until the desired density is obtained.
differs from the next heavier by 80 S g/cm3. The number of NOTE A1.2—Where aqueous mixtures are used, 0.5 % aqueous sodium
acetate shall be used to prepare the mixture. This reduces the formation of
solutions will depend upon the desired density range of the bubbles from dissolution.
column and shall be determined as follows: NOTE A1.3—In order to obtain a linear gradient in the tube, it is very
Numbers of solutions to prepare density-gradient column important that the solutions be homogeneous and at the same temperature
(Note A1.2) = when their densities are determined. It is also important that the density
difference between the solutions consecutively introduced into the tube be
~ 11D 2 2 D 1 ! /80 S (A1.1) equal.
where: A1.1.2 By means of a siphon or pipet, fill the gradient tube
D2 = upper limit of density range desired, with an equal volume of each liquid starting with the heaviest,
D1 = lower limit of density range desired, and taking appropriate measures to prevent air from being dis-
S = sensitivity, in grams per cubic centimetre per solved in the liquid. After the addition of the heaviest liquid,
millimetre. very carefully and slowly pour an equal volume of the second
NOTE A1.1—Correct the value of (1 + D2 − D1)/80 Sto the nearest heaviest liquid down the side of the column by holding the
whole number. To prepare these solutions, proceed as follows: Using the siphon or pipet against the side of the tube at a slight angle.
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 This test method of float calibration has been found by X1.1.3 Vary the bath temperature until the solution density
one laboratory to save time and give the same accuracy as the is very near to that of the float. (If the float was initially on the
standard test method. Its reliability has not been demonstrated bottom of the graduate, lower the bath temperature until the
by round-robin data. float rises; if the float floated initially, raise the bath tempera-
X1.1.1 Prepare a homogeneous solution whose density is ture until the float sinks to the bottom.)
fairly close to that of the float in question. X1.1.4 Change the bath temperature in the appropriate
X1.1.2 Fill a graduate cylinder about 3⁄4 full with the direction in increments corresponding to solution density
solution, drop in the float, stopper, and place in a thermostatted increments of about 0.0001 g/cm3 until the float reverses
water bath near 23°C. Fill a tared two-arm pycnometer with the direction of movement as a result of the last change. This must
solution. Place the pycnometer in the bath. be done slowly (at least 15-min intervals between incremental
REFERENCES
(1) Anfinsen, C., “Preparation and Measurement of Isotopic Tracers: A Gradient Tube in the Study of High Polymers,” Journal of Polymer
Symposium Prepared for the Isotope Research Group,” Edwards, J. Science, JPSCA, Vol 1, 1946, p. 249.
W., Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1946, p. 61. (8) Tessler, S., Woodberry, N. T., and Mark, H., “Application of the
(2) Wiley, R. E., “Setting Up a Density Gradient Laboratory,” Plastics Density-Gradient Tube in Fiber Research,” Journal of Polymer
Technology, PLTEA, Vol 8, No. 3, 1962, p. 31. Science, JPSCA, Vol 1, 1946, p. 437.
(3) Linderstrøm-Lang, K., “Dilatometric Ultra-Micro-Estimation of (9) Low, B. W., and Richards, F. M., “The Use of the Gradient Tube for
Peptidase Activity,” Nature,NATRA, Vol 139, 1937, p. 713. the Determination of Crystal Densities,” Journal of the American
(4) Linderstrøm-Lang, K., and Lanz, H., “Enzymic Histochemistry XXIX Chemical Society, JACSA, Vol 74, 1952, p. 1660.
Dilatometric Micro-Determination of Peptidase Activity,”Comptes (10) Sperati, C. A., Franta, W. A., and Starkweather, H. W., Jr., “The
rendus des gravaus de laboratorie Carlsberg, Serie Chimique, Vol 21, Molecular Structure of Polyethylene V, the Effect of Chain Branch-
1938, p. 315. ing and Molecular Weight on Physical Properties,” Journal of the
(5) Linderstrøm-Lang, K., Jacobsen, O., and Johansen, G., “Measurement American Chemical Society, JACSA, Vol 75, 1953, p. 6127.
of the Deuterium Content in Mixtures of H2O and D2O,” ibid., Vol 23, (11) Tung, L. H., and Taylor, W. C., “An Improved Method of Preparing
1938, p. 17. Density Gradient Tubes,” Journal of Polymer Science, JPSCA, Vol
(6) Jacobsen, C. F., and Linderstrøm-Lang, K.,“Method for Rapid Deter- 21 , 1956, p. 144.
mination of Specific Gravity,” Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, (12) Mills, J. M., “A Rapid Method of Construction Linear Density
APSCA, Vol 1, 1940, p. 149. Gradient Columns,” Journal of Polymer Science, Vol 19, 1956, p.
(7) Boyer, R. F., Spencer, R. S., and Wiley, R. M., “Use of Density- 585.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D1505 - 10)
that may impact the use of this standard. (April 1, 2018)
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