CE 331

Environmental Engineering I

Pumps and Pumping Mechineries

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A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical
action, typically converted from electrical energy into Hydraulic energy

Water may be required to be pumped under following situations

• When the elevation of the source of water supply is such that the water will not flow
into the mains by gravity.
• When it is required to increase or boost up pressure in the mains.
• When water has to be lifted from one level to another.

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Classification of Pumps
Depending upon the functions to be performed, pumps can be classified into various categories as described below.

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Pumps according to the class of service
1. Deep Well Pump operate in tube wells and pump water into service reservoirs or directly
into the distribution system.
2. Low Lift Pump operate for small heads such as at treatment plants for pumping water from
storage tanks to high-level tanks or mixing chambers.
3. High Lift Pump are for large heads as for pumping water from clear-water reservoirs into the
elevated tanks or directly into the distribution system.
4. Booster Pump are used to increase pressures in parts of distribution system, where adequate
pressures cannot be had either because of greater elevation or excessive loss of head in the
distributing pipes. They are also used to provide water in the upper storeys of tall buildings.
Booster pump may be above-ground or underground.

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Head
Head describes hydraulic energy, expressed as the height of a column of liquid
above a datum For lift suction head,

Static Head (Hstat) = Static Discharge head (HD ) + Static Suction head (HS )

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Head
For flooded suction head,
Static Head (Hstat) = Static Discharge head (HD ) - Static Suction head (HS)

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Booster Pump

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Pumps according to the class of service

5. Stand By Pump are essential features of large pumping installations where auxiliary
forms of power are available also. In case of temporary shutdown of electric power, the
stand-by units can be driven on steam, diesel etc.
6. Pump For Fire Service are intended to build up pressure to the extent required for
efficient fire-fighting in case of multi-storeyed buildings and factories.

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Pumps according to the form of motive power
Electric motors; diesel engines, gasoline engines and steam engines. Economic factors such as size of
plant cost of electricity, oil, gasoline, coal and the cost of supervision chiefly effect the selection.

Electrically driven pumps are generally employed in all modern medium and small
pumping-plants. Advantages are freedom from smoke and dust, quiet operation,
economical supervision, and economy of floor space for pumps and motors. Main
disadvantage is the frequency of power interruption, necessitating provision of stand-by
power arrangement.

Gasoline engines are rarely used because of high cost in continuous operation. They are,
however, suitable for stand-by service and are effective for moderate heads.

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Pumps according to the form of motive power

Diesel engines are reliable, economical for pump drives but not very commonly used
because of lower speeds than those required for centrifugal pumps. As compared to the
electrically-driven pumps, they are costlier to install and maintain. They are suitable for use
only in small capacity water pumping plants and as stand-by units.

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Pumps according to the mechanical principles of
operation
This is, by far, the most important classification. Based on this are the following three types
Displacement pumps, Centrifugal pumps, and Jet (Ejector) pumps are very commonly used.

Displacement Pump work on the principle of mechanically inducing vacuum in a chamber

thereby drawing in a volume of water which is then mechanically displaced and forced out of
the chamber. They are of two types:

1. Reciprocating pump: In a reciprocating pump, a piston or plunger operates in a

closed cylinder, its ‘forward’ stroke producing vacuum which draws in water through an inlet
valve from a suction-pipe, the ‘return’ stroke pushing water out through an outlet valve in a
delivery pipe. Reciprocating pumps may be single acting or double acting
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Reciprocating pump (single acting and Double acting )

Single acting Double acting

Vedio Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gfz_lOGV9zk

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2. Rotary pump
In a rotary pump, gears, cams or screws enmesh rotating in opposite directions in the casing
and force the water around and out in each revolution . Rotary pumps require no valves, are
self-priming. As in their case, rotation is substituted for reciprocatory motion, they can be
operated at higher speeds, and thus larger capacity with smaller size can be obtained.

As the rotating mechanism continues

to rotate, the trapped fluid is carried
or displaced from the inlet side to the
outlet side of the pump

Trap and transfer!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UdY5RtWJ3Y
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Centrifugal Pumps
Employ the principle of centrifugal force to impart energy to the water. Water entering into
the pump-casing is revolved by a wheel called impeller which discharges it in a direction at
right angles to its original direction of flow. In so doing, the kinetic energy of water is
converted into static or pressure- head.

Rotational mechanical
energy transferred to
fluid, P and K.E both
increase
Negative pressure occurs
at eye of impeller that
helps to suck water from
inlet

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaEHVpKc-1Q
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Advantage of centrifugal pumps Disadvantage of centrifugal pumps

• Low initial costs • Limited suction lift (4.5m)

• simple mechanism • absence of self priming arrangements
• simple operation and repair >>no priming with water=negative pressure
stability of flow • necessity of employing speed regulating gears for
• safe against high pressures adjusting speed and
• adaptability to high heads • Low efficiency over wide range of head and
• small space require and discharge.
• good durability.
Selection of Pumps
The type of pump selected for a particular installation should be determined on the basis of the
following fundamental considerations.

• Yield of the well or water source

• Daily needs and instantaneous demand of the users
• The “usable water” in the pressure or storage tank
• Size and alignment of the well casing
• Total operating head pressure of the pump at normal delivery rates, including lift and all
friction losses
• Difference in elevation between ground level and water level in the well during pumping
• Availability of power
• Ease of maintenance and availability of replacement parts
• First cost and economy of operation
• Reliability of pumping equipment 16
Pump Hydraulics
❑ Velocity Head → The head equivalent to amount of energy required by the pump and motor
to overcome inertia and bring the water upto speed.
**Velocity head is present only is the discharge nozzle is smaller than the suction nozzle. If the
nozzles are of the same size then the velocity head is zero.
❑ Head Loss → The head equivalent to loss of energy due to friction and other minor losses
(fittings, joints, valves, contraction, expansion etc.).
❑ Total dynamic head (TDH) → The theoretical distance equivalent to total pressure required
to get the water from one point to another, taking into account friction losses in the pipe. It
includes static head, velocity head and head loss due to friction and other minor loss

TDH = Hs + Hv+ Hf

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 Cavitation
A phenomenon when absolute pressure of a fluid reaches the fluid vapor pressure
(cavities formed, fluid literally boils with a distinctive rattling noise, as a result severe pitting
of the metallic surfaces may occur)

liquid in a pump turns to a vapor at low pressure

Cavitation may be corrected by making the following adjustments:
• Increase the diameter of the pump-suction piping
• Decrease the pump speed
• Increase the static head on suction side
• Decrease the flow rate

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Pump and Motor Efficiencies
Driving mechanism
• Motor or wire horsepower, MHP = electrical energy in HP supplied to motor.
• Brake horsepower, BHP = mechanical energy in HP supplied to pump shaft from
motor; pump efficiency determines water HP.
• Water horsepower, WHP = actual energy in HP transferred to water by pump

𝑄 𝑋 𝑇𝐷𝐻
WHP =
3960
𝑊𝐻𝑃
BHP =
𝐸 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
𝐵𝐻𝑃
MHP = 𝐸 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 TDH = Hs + Hv+ Hf

where Q → Discharge in gpm (gallons per minute) and

TDH → Total Dynamic Head of pump in ft.
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Pump Characteristic Curves
A series of graphs representing the performance of a pump under various conditions
(To predict)

There are three types of curves that

should be developed by manufacturers
for every centrifugal or axial flow pump.
The curves will represent the
interrelationships between the head-Q,
brake horse power-Q and efficiency-Q
for a given impeller, diameter and speed

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 Pump Characteristic Curves Head and flow inversely proportional

❑ The head- yield curve shows how the total manometric

head that a pump is able to reach varies in accordance
with variations in pumping capacity. They are parabolic in
shape. The head at zero discharge is called “shut-off
head” and equal to maximum static head. The head
developed by the pump will drop for any further increase in
discharge. It shifts parallel downward due to wear and tear.

❑ The efficiency curve indicates the discharge range at which a pump works at its highest efficiency. For any given speed
of operation, there is a particular discharge for which the efficiency is a maximum. This discharge is known as the
pump’s “normal discharge” or its “rated capacity” at that particular speed.
❑ The power requirements curve shows its variation for different discharge rates. For centrifugal pumps their shape is
concave towards the bottom, a feature that avoids overcharging the motors or engines with varying working conditions.
❑ Enables to select a pump which fits operating conditions and thus attain relatively high efficiency with low operating cost.
❑ Operating point will be just to the right hand side of peak efficiency. 21
Pumps in Combination

Pumps in parallel: pump discharges are added for respective heads;

Ht=H1=H2 Qt=Q1+Q2

Pumps in series: pump heads are added for a particular capacity

Ht=H1+H2 Qt=Q1=Q2
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The System Curve
A plot of frictional losses at various flow rate; a graph of head vs capacity/flow that shows the head required to
move a given flow rate through the pump and into the distribution system.

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The Operating Point
A pump that has an operating point at or near its peak efficiency should be
selected.

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Pumps in Parallel
The added capacity for two pumps in parallel generates more friction loss and the operating
capacity is not doubled.

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 Pump Selection Considerations

System head capacity curve: should operate

smoothly over variable static-head conditions
Suction Head: NPSH required should be at least 1
m less than NPSH available.
Net positive suction head (NPSH), pressure
experienced by the fluid on the suction side of the
pump

Efficiency: Should be selected to operate near peak efficiency at normal operating conditions
Shut-off and run-out: should be selected to operate in the middle of the head-capacity curve. Operating
near the shutoff and run-out heads can damage the pump
Solids: water supply pumps are typically designed to pass only very small solids (screens must to be used
to remove solids)
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Example-1
It is required to pump water at the rate of 6,750
gpm from a reservoir whose surface is at an
elevation of 180 ft to a tank whose bottom is at
an elevation of 372 ft, The pump is placed at an
elevation of 192 ft, the diameter of the suction
pipe is 30 inch, the length of the pipe from the
pump to the tank is 290 ft, and the estimated size
of this pipe is 24 inch. The sum of the minor head
losses in the suction and discharge pipe may be
taken as 1.5 ft, if the maximum depth of water in
the tank is to be 25 ft, what is the required
horsepower of a pump for which the overall
efficiency is 67 percent? Assume head loss due
to friction in 290 ft is 1.5 ft. Neglect all other head
losses

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Solution-1:
Elevation of water surface in the tank = 372+25 = 397 ft
Discharge head (Hsd )or the vertical distance from the center
of the pump to that surface = 397-192 = 205 ft.
Suction lift(Hss) or the vertical distance from the water surface
in the reservoir to the centre of the pump = 192-180 = 12ft
Since the pump is above the water surface.
Total Static Head,
Hs = Hsd + Hss
= (205+12) ft
= 217 ft

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Solution:

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Solution-1:

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 Example-2

Design a suitable set of pumping

unit to deliver 450000 gph from an
intake well of a river bank to the
treatment plant. Total length of
rising main from the intake well to
the treatment plant is 800 ft. and
the static hand is 60 ft. Design also
the cast iron main.
Assume:
Velocity of water = 12 fps
Friction factor = 0.0075
Efficiency = 70%

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 Solution-2:

Design a suitable set of pumping

unit to deliver 450000 gph from an
intake well of a river bank to the
treatment plant. Total length of
rising main from the intake well to
the treatment plant is 800 ft. and
the static hand is 60 ft. Design also
the cast iron main.
Assume:
Velocity of water = 12 fps
Friction factor = 0.0075
Efficiency = 70%

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 Example-3

Water is supplied from an

impounding reservoir 30 miles
away to a service reservoir near
the town. A cast iron main is to be
designed to supply 425 mgd. Loss
of head due to friction in the pipe is
estimated to be 300 ft. All other
head losses are neglected. What
size cast iron pipe would you use?
Frictional factor= 0.0075 34
 Example-4
Design the transmission main and the
pumping unit from the
following data:
Water supply rate = 40 gpcd
Estimated population = 85000
Ground R.L = at the pump house =
102.50 ft
Treatment plant R.L = 193.00 ft
Velocity through pipe = 8 fps
Pumping time = 10 hrs. daily
Total length of pipe = 3500 ft
Friction factor = .01
Efficiency = 65%

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 Solution-4:

Design the transmission main and

the pumping unit from the
following data:
Water supply rate = 40 gpcd
Estimated population = 85000
Ground R.L = at the pump house =
102.50 ft
Treatment plant R.L = 193.00 ft
Velocity through pipe = 8 fps
Pumping time = 10 hrs. daily
Total length of pipe = 3500 ft
Friction factor = .01
Efficiency of pump = 65%
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 Dd = 24”

25 ft

EL=372 ft

Sd = 30”

Pump EL=192 ft

EL=180 ft

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