1 - Demonstrate the working of all kinds of operators.

Arithmetic Operators:

Addition (+)

Subtraction (-)

Multiplication (*)

Division (/)

Modulus (%)

Exponentiation (**)

a = 10

b=3

print("Addition:", a + b)

print("Subtraction:", a - b)

print("Multiplication:", a * b)

print("Division:", a / b)

print("Modulus:", a % b)

print("Exponentiation:", a ** b)

Comparison Operators:

Equal to (==)

Not equal to (!=)

Greater than (>)

Less than (<)

Greater than or equal to (>=)

Less than or equal to (<=)

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x=5

y = 10

print("Equal to:", x == y)

print("Not equal to:", x != y)

print("Greater than:", x > y)

print("Less than:", x < y)

print("Greater than or equal to:", x >= y)

print("Less than or equal to:", x <= y)

Logical Operators:

Logical AND (and)

Logical OR (or)

Logical NOT (not)

p = True

q = False

print("Logical AND:", p and q)

print("Logical OR:", p or q)

print("Logical NOT:", not p)

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Assignment Operators:

Assignment (=)

Addition assignment (+=)

Subtraction assignment (-=)

Multiplication assignment (*=)

Division assignment (/=)

x=5

x += 3 # Equivalent to x = x + 3

print("Addition assignment:", x)

x -= 2 # Equivalent to x = x - 2

print("Subtraction assignment:", x)

x *= 4 # Equivalent to x = x * 4

print("Multiplication assignment:", x)

x /= 2 # Equivalent to x = x / 2

print("Division assignment:", x)

Bitwise Operators:

Bitwise AND (&)

Bitwise OR (|)

Bitwise XOR (^)

Bitwise NOT (~)

Left shift (<<)

Right shift (>>)

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a = 10 # Binary: 1010

b = 5 # Binary: 0101

print("Bitwise AND:", a & b) # Result: 0000

print("Bitwise OR:", a | b) # Result: 1111

print("Bitwise XOR:", a ^ b) # Result: 1111

print("Bitwise NOT of a:", ~a) # Result: -11

print("Left shift of a by 1:", a << 1) # Result: 10100

print("Right shift of a by 1:", a >> 1) # Result: 0101

2 - Demonstrate the decision making and Iterative statements in Python

i) “if” and its variants ii) while and for loops.

num = 10

if num > 0:

print("Number is positive")

elif num == 0:

print("Number is zero")

else:

print("Number is negative")

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Iterative Statements with for loop:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:

print(fruit)

Iterative Statements with while loop:

count = 0

while count < 5:

print("Count:", count)

count += 1

3 - Demonstrate the use of various string functions like count (),

Replace () join (), upper(), lower (), capitalize ()

Example Count () : Count number of occurrences of a given substring

# define string

string = "Python is awesome, isn't it?"

substring = "is"

count = string.count(substring)

# print count

print("The count is:", count)

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Example Using Replace():

# Define a string

original_string = "Hello, World! Hello, Python!"

# Replace all occurrences of "Hello" with "Hi"

new_string = original_string.replace("Hello", "Hi")

# Print the original and modified strings

print("Original string:", original_string)

print("Modified string:", new_string)

Example Using Join():

# Define a list of strings

words = ["Hello", "world", "how", "are", "you?"]

# Join the strings in the list with a space delimiter

sentence = " ".join(words)

# Print the resulting sentence

print(sentence)

Example using Upper():

# Define a string

original_string = "hello, world!"

# Convert the string to uppercase

uppercase_string = original_string.upper()

# Print the original and uppercase strings

print("Original string:", original_string)

print("Uppercase string:", uppercase_string)

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Example using Lower():

# Define a string

original_string = "Hello, World!"

# Convert the string to lowercase

lowercase_string = original_string.lower()

# Print the original and lowercase strings

print("Original string:", original_string)

print("Lowercase string:", lowercase_string)

Example Using Capitalize():

sentence = "i am learning PYTHON."

# capitalize the first character

capitalized_string = sentence.capitalize()

# the sentence string is not modified

print('Before capitalize():', sentence)

print('After capitalize():', capitalized_string)

4 - Demonstrate the file operations in python

#Read the entire file

import os

file = open("C:\pdapython\operations1.txt", "r")

print(file.read())

file.close()

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#Read the first 7 characters of my file

import os

file = open("C:\pdapython\operations1.txt", "r")

print(file.read(7))

file.close()

#Read line by line

import os

file = open("C:\pdapython\operations1.txt", "r")

print(file.readline())1

file.close()

#Read line by line all lines

import os

file = open("C:\pdapython\operations1.txt", "r")

print(file.readlines())

file.close()

#Write function

#overwrite it with new content

import os

file = open("C:\pdapython\operations2.txt", "w")

file.write("Sunday")

file.write("Monday")

file.close()

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#Remove a file

import os

os.remove("C:\pdapython\operations4.txt")

#create a file

import os

file = open("C:\pdapython\operations6.txt", "x")

file.write("sunshine")

file.close()

Demonstrate creation and different operations on List data structure in python

Write a program to Reverse a list in Python:

list1 = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500]

list1.reverse()

print(list1)

Write a program to Concatenate two lists index-wise:

list1 = ["M", "na", "i", "Ke"]

list2 = ["y", "me", "s", "lly"]

list3 = [i + j for i, j in zip(list1, list2)]

print(list3)

Write a program to Turn every item of a list into its square:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

# result list

res = []

for i in numbers:

# calculate square and add to the result list

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 res.append(i * i)

print(res)

Write a program to Iterate both lists simultaneously:

list1 = [10, 20, 30, 40]

list2 = [100, 200, 300, 400]

for x, y in zip(list1, list2[::-1]):

print(x, y)

Write a program to Remove empty strings from the list of strings:

list1 = ["Mike", "", "Emma", "Kelly", "", "Brad"]

# remove None from list1 and convert result into list

res = list(filter(None, list1))

print(res)

Write a program to extend it by adding the sublist ["h", "i", "j"] in such a way that
it will look like the following list.

list1 = ["a", "b", ["c", ["d", "e", ["f", "g"], "k"], "l"], "m", "n"]

sub_list = ["h", "i", "j"]

# understand indexing

# list1[2] = ['c', ['d', 'e', ['f', 'g'], 'k'], 'l']

# list1[2][1] = ['d', 'e', ['f', 'g'], 'k']

# list1[2][1][2] = ['f', 'g']

# solution

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list1[2][1][2].extend(sub_list)

print(list1)

Demonstrate creation and different operations on Tuple data structure in python

write a program to Reverse the tuple:

tuple1 = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

tuple1 = tuple1[::-1]

print(tuple1)

write a program to Access value 20 from the tuple:

tuple1 = ("Orange", [10, 20, 30], (5, 15, 25))

print(tuple1[1][1])

write a program to Create a tuple with single item 50:

tuple1= (50, )

print(tuple1)

Write a program to unpack the following tuple into four variables and display each
variable.

tuple1 = (10, 20, 30, 40)

# unpack tuple into 4 variables

a, b, c, d = tuple1

print(a)

print(b)

print(c)

print(d)

write a program to Swap two tuples in Python:

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tuple1 = (11, 22)

tuple2 = (99, 88)

tuple1, tuple2 = tuple2, tuple1

print(tuple2)

print(tuple1)

Write a program to copy elements 44 and 55 from the following tuple into a new
tuple.

tuple1 = (11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66)

tuple2 = tuple1[3:-1]

print(tuple2)

write a program to Sort a tuple of tuples by 2nd item:

tuple1 = (('a', 23), ('b', 37), ('c', 11), ('d', 29))

tuple1 = tuple(sorted(list(tuple1), key=lambda x: x[1]))

print(tuple1)

7. Demonstrate creation and different operations on Set data structure in python

write a program to Add a list of elements to a set

sample_set = {"Yellow", "Orange", "Black"}

sample_list = ["Blue", "Green", "Red"]

sample_set.update(sample_list)

print(sample_set)

write a program to Return a new set of identical items from two set

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set2 =set1 = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}

{30, 40, 50, 60, 70}

print(set1.intersection(set2))

write a program to Updqate the first set with items that don’t exist in the second set

set1 = {10, 20, 30}

set2 = {20, 40, 50}

set1.difference_update(set2)

print(set1)

write a program to Check if two sets have any elements in common. If yes, display
the common elements

set1 = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}

set2 = {60, 70, 80, 90, 10}

if set1.isdisjoint(set2):

print("Two sets have no items in common")

else:

print("Two sets have items in common")

print(set1.intersection(set2)

write a program to Update set1 by adding items from set2, except common items

set1 = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}

set2 = {30, 40, 50, 60, 70}

set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2)

print(set1)

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write a program to Remove items from set1 that are not common to both set1 and
set2

set1 = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}

set2 = {30, 40, 50, 60, 70}

set1.intersection_update(set2)

print(set1)

8. Demonstrate creation and different operations on Dictionary data structure in

write a program to Convert two lists into a dictionary

keys = ['Ten', 'Twenty', 'Thirty']

values = [10, 20, 30]

res_dict = dict(zip(keys, values))

print(res_dict)

write a program to Merge two Python dictionaries into one

dict1 = {'Ten': 10, 'Twenty': 20, 'Thirty': 30}

dict2 = {'Thirty': 30, 'Fourty': 40, 'Fifty': 50}

dict3 = {**dict1, **dict2}

print(dict3)

write a program to Initialize dictionary with default values

employees = ['Kelly', 'Emma']

defaults = {"designation": 'Developer', "salary": 8000}

res = dict.fromkeys(employees, defaults)

print(res)

#Individual data
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print(res["Kelly"])

write a program to Create a dictionary by extracting the keys from a given

sampleDict = {

"name": "Kelly",

"age":25,

"salary": 8000,

"city": "New york" }

keys = ["name", "salary"]

newDict = {k: sampleDict[k] for k in keys}

print(newDict)

write a program to Delete a list of keys from a dictionary

sample_dict = {

"name": "Kelly",

"age": 25,

"salary": 8000,

"city": "New york"

# Keys to remove

keys = ["name", "salary"]

for k in keys:

sample_dict.pop(k)

print(sample_dict)

write a program Change value of a key in a nested dictionary

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sample_dict = {

'emp1': {'name': 'Jhon', 'salary': 7500},

'emp2': {'name': 'Emma', 'salary': 8000},

'emp3': {'name': 'Brad', 'salary': 6500}

sample_dict['emp3']['salary'] = 8500

print(sample_dict)

9. Demonstrate creation and use of Functions in python with all kinds of

Positional Parameters:

# Function with positional parameters

def greet(name, greeting):

print(f"{greeting}, {name}!")

# Calling the function with positional arguments

greet("Alice", "Hello")

Default Parameters:

# Function with default parameters

def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):

print(f"{greeting}, {name}!")

# Calling the function with and without providing the default parameter

greet("Bob") # Output: Hello, Bob!

greet("Charlie", "Hi") # Output: Hi, Charlie!

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Variable-Length Positional Parameters (args):

# Function with variable-length positional parameters

def greet(*names):

for name in names:

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

# Calling the function with multiple arguments

greet("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie")

Keyword Parameters:

# Function with keyword parameters

def greet(name, greeting):

print(f"{greeting}, {name}!")

# Calling the function with keyword arguments

greet(name="David", greeting="Hi")

Variable-Length Keyword Parameters (kwargs):

# Function with variable-length keyword parameters

def greet(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

# Calling the function with multiple keyword arguments

greet(name="Emily", greeting="Bonjour", age=30)

10. Demonstrate creation and use of Functions in python with all kinds of
“parameters” used with functions

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import time

import random

# Bubble Sort

def bubble_sort(arr):

n = len(arr)

for i in range(n):

for j in range(0, n-i-1):

if arr[j] > arr[j+1]:

arr[j], arr[j+1] = arr[j+1], arr[j]

# Merge Sort

def merge_sort(arr):

if len(arr) > 1:

mid = len(arr) // 2

L = arr[:mid]

R = arr[mid:]

merge_sort(L)

merge_sort(R)

i=j=k=0

while i < len(L) and j < len(R):

if L[i] < R[j]:

arr[k] = L[i]

i += 1

else:

arr[k] = R[j]

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 j += 1

k += 1

while i < len(L):

arr[k] = L[i]

i += 1

k += 1

while j < len(R):

arr[k] = R[j]

j += 1

k += 1

# Quick Sort

def quick_sort(arr):

if len(arr) <= 1:

return arr

pivot = arr[len(arr) // 2]

left = [x for x in arr if x < pivot]

middle = [x for x in arr if x == pivot]

right = [x for x in arr if x > pivot]

return quick_sort(left) + middle + quick_sort(right)

# Generate a random list of numbers

random_list = random.sample(range(1, 10000), 1000)

# Measure time taken by Bubble Sort

start_time = time.time()

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bubble_sort(random_list.copy())

bubble_sort_time = time.time() - start_time

# Measure time taken by Merge Sort

start_time = time.time()

merge_sort(random_list.copy())

merge_sort_time = time.time() - start_time

# Measure time taken by Quick Sort

start_time = time.time()

quick_sort(random_list.copy())

quick_sort_time = time.time() - start_time

print("Time taken by Bubble Sort:", bubble_sort_time)

print("Time taken by Merge Sort:", merge_sort_time)

print("Time taken by Quick Sort:", quick_sort_time)

11. Demonstrate creating objects and inheritance

Creating Objects:

# Define a class

class Person:

# Constructor

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

# Method to display information

def display_info(self):

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 print(f"Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age}")

# Create an object of the Person class

person1 = Person("Alice", 30)

# Call the display_info method of the object

person1.display_info()

Inheritance:

# Define a base class

class Animal:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

def speak(self):

raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method")

# Define a subclass inheriting from Animal

class Dog(Animal):

def speak(self):

return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

# Define another subclass inheriting from Animal

class Cat(Animal):

def speak(self):

return f"{self.name} says Meow!"

# Create objects of the subclasses

dog = Dog("Buddy")

cat = Cat("Whiskers")

# Call the speak method of the objects

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print(dog.speak()) # Output: Buddy says Woof!

print(cat.speak()) # Output: Whiskers says Meow!

12. Demonstrate NumPY library – Array Operations, Mathematical Functions,

import numpy as np

# Creating arrays

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

arr2 = np.array([6, 7, 8, 9, 10])

# Array Operations

print("Array Operations:")

print("Array 1:", arr1)

print("Array 2:", arr2)

print("Sum:", np.sum(arr1)) # Sum of array elements

print("Mean:", np.mean(arr1)) # Mean of array elements

print("Max:", np.max(arr1)) # Maximum value in the array

print("Min:", np.min(arr1)) # Minimum value in the array

print("Dot Product:", np.dot(arr1, arr2))# Dot product of two arrays

print()

# Mathematical Functions

print("Mathematical Functions:")

arr3 = np.array([1, 4, 9, 16, 25])

print("Square root of arr3:", np.sqrt(arr3)) # Square root of array elements

print("Exponential of arr1:", np.exp(arr1)) # Exponential of array elements

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print("Sine of arr1:", np.sin(arr1)) # Sine of array elements

print()

# Sorting

print("Sorting:")

arr4 = np.array([3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5])

print("Unsorted array:", arr4)

arr4_sorted = np.sort(arr4) # Sort array

print("Sorted array:", arr4_sorted)

print()

# Searching

print("Searching:")

arr5 = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10])

print("Array:", arr5)

index = np.where(arr5 == 6) # Find index where value is 6

print("Index of 6:", index[0])

print()

# Counting

print("Counting:")

arr6 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print("Array:", arr6)

count_unique = np.unique(arr6) # Count unique elements

print("Unique elements:", count_unique)

print("Count of each unique element:")

for unique_val in count_unique:

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 count = np.count_nonzero(arr6 == unique_val) # Count occurrences of each unique
element

print(unique_val, ":", count)

This code snippet demonstrates various functionalities of NumPy:

Array Operations: Basic operations like sum, mean, max, min, and dot product.

Mathematical Functions: Applying mathematical functions like square root, exponential,

Sorting: Sorting arrays.

Searching: Finding indices of specific values in arrays.

Counting: Counting unique elements and occurrences of each unique element in an array.

These functionalities make NumPy a powerful library for array manipulation and
mathematical operations in Python.

13. Demonstrate Matplotlib Library – Introduction, Pyplot API, Types of Plots,

i) Draw a line in a diagram from position (1, 3) to position (8, 10)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

xpoints = np.array([1, 8])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()

ii) Mark each point with a circle

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

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import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o')

iii) Add grid lines to the plot

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])

plt.title("Sports Watch Data")

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.grid()

plt.show()

iv)Draw 2 plots

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)

#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

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plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)

plt.show()

v) Draw 4 bars

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

plt.bar(x,y)
plt.show()

vi) A simple scatter plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])

plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()

vii) A simple pie chart

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

plt.pie(y)
plt.show()

Introduction to Matplotlib and its usage.

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Using the Pyplot API to create plots.

Creating different types of plots such as line plots, scatter plots, and histograms.

Performing I/O operations with NumPy arrays, saving and loading data to/from files
using NumPy's functions.

Matplotlib is a versatile library for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations
in Python, making it an essential tool for data analysis and exploration.

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