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Computer Graphics: (Lecture 8)

The document discusses various 2D and 3D transformations including rotation, translation, scaling, shearing, and their properties. It provides the transformation matrices for rotation, translation, and scaling in 2D and 3D. It also describes scaling with respect to a selected point using a sequence of translations and scaling.

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jileno7977
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views

Computer Graphics: (Lecture 8)

The document discusses various 2D and 3D transformations including rotation, translation, scaling, shearing, and their properties. It provides the transformation matrices for rotation, translation, and scaling in 2D and 3D. It also describes scaling with respect to a selected point using a sequence of translations and scaling.

Uploaded by

jileno7977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Graphics

(Lecture 8)
2D Transformations
 Rotation changes the position and orientation of shapes by rotating
each of the points in the shape around a common point, or center of
rotation.
Rotation Proof
2D Transformations
 Translation simply moves an objects position by given offset.
 This is performed by adding the translation vector to the all co-
ordinates within the object.
Homogeneous Coordinates

Translation Scaling Rotation


Shearing
 Shearing a transformation that alters one of the coordinates
proportionally to the other coordinate(s) values and keep the other
coordinates with no change.

X values are changed proportional to y , while y values are the same


2D Shearing
 2D Shear along X-direction
 Shear in X direction is represented by the following set of
equations. x’ = x + sh y
x
y’ = y

where shx is the negative or positive fraction of Y coordinate of


P to be added to the X coordinate. Shx can be any real number
The matrix of form of shear in x-direction is given
by :
𝒙′ 𝟏 𝒔𝒉𝒙 𝟎 𝒙
𝒚′ = 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝒚
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
2D Shearing
 2D Shear along Y Direction
Similarly, shear along y-direction is given by
𝒙′ 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒙
x’ = x 𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒉𝒚 𝟏 𝟎 𝒚
y’ = shy x + y 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏

Combining the shear in X and Y directions,


𝒙′ 𝟏 𝒔𝒉𝒙 𝟎 𝒙
𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒉𝒚 𝟏 𝟎 𝒚
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
Example for 2D Shearing

y y y y
Shx=2 Shy=2

x x x x
3D Transformation
 Elemental Transformations:
 Translation
 Rotation
 Scaling
 Shearing
 Three of them are affine and linear:
 Rotation, Scaling, and Shearing
 One is affine but non-linear
 Translation
Definitions of Transformations
 Projective ⊃ Affine ⊃ Linear
 Meaning that all linear transforms are also affine transforms, which are also
projective transforms.
 However, not all affine transforms are linear transforms, and not all
projective transforms are affine.
Definitions of Transformations
 Definitions:
 Linear Transform:
 Preserves parallel lines
 Acts on a line to yield either a line or a point
 The vector [0, 0] is always transformed to [0, 0]
 Examples: scale and rotate
 Affine Transform:
 Preserves parallel lines
 Acts on a line to yield either a line or a point
 The vector [0, 0] is NOT always transformed to [0, 0]
 Examples: translate
 Projective Transform:
 Does NOT preserve parallel lines
 Acts on a line to yield either a line or a point
 The vector [0, 0] is NOT always transformed to [0, 0]
 Examples: perspective camera
Definitions of Transformations
3D Translation
 Translation by (tx, ty, tz) is achieved using the following matrix:
1 0 0 tx 
0 1 0 ty 
M T (t x , t y , t z )   
0 0 1 tz 
 
0 0 0 1

 For example: translation by (1, 1, 1) is the following:


1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
M T (1,1,1)   
0 0 1 1
 
0 0 0 1
3D Scaling

The scale formula changes the size of the object and


repositions the object with relative to the coordinate
origin.

Y -z

-x
(2,0,-4)
(4,0,-2)
-y
Z
Scaling with respect to a selected point

 Scaling with respect to a selected point (xf,yf,zf) can be represented


with the following transformation sequence:
 1: Translate the fixed point to the origin.
 2: Scale the object with respect to origin.
 3: Translate the fixed point back to its original position.

T(xf,yf,zf).S (sx,sy,sz) .T (-xf,-yf,-zf)

 e.g : scale the previous example around (2,0,-4)


Scaling with respect to a selected point

 Solution:
 1: Translate the object to system origin by T(-2,0,4)
 2: Scale the object by S (2,1,0.5)
 3:Translate the object back to (2,0,-4) by T (2,0,-4)
 p’ = T-1.S.T .p

transformation
Scaling with respect to a selected point

Y -z Y -z
Y -z

-x -x
-x

-y -y -y
Z Z Z

T(-2,0,4) S(2,1,0.5) T(2,0,-4)


𝑥′ 1 0 0 𝑥𝑓 𝑆𝑥 0 0 0 1 0 0 −𝑥𝑓 𝑥
𝑦′ 0 1 0 𝑦𝑓 0 𝑆𝑦 0 0 0 1 0 −𝑦𝑓 𝑦
 =
𝑧′ 0 0 1 𝑧𝑓 0 0 𝑆𝑧 0 0 0 1 −𝑧𝑓 𝑧
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
𝑥′ 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 −2 𝑥
𝑦′ 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 𝑦
 =
𝑧′ 0 0 1 −4 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 1 4 𝑧
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

𝑥′ 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 −4 𝑥
𝑦′ 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 𝑦
 =
𝑧′ 0 0 1 −4 0 0 0.5 2 𝑧
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

𝑥′ 2 0 0 −2 𝑥
𝑦′ 0 1 0 0 𝑦
 =
𝑧′ 0 0 0.5 −2 𝑧
1 0 0 0 1 1

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