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Well Logging Tools of Subsurface Analysis

The document discusses tools used for subsurface analysis including well logs that provide high vertical resolution and delimit bounding surfaces. It also discusses seismic analysis which provides lateral continuity and is used to define sediment geometry. Facies analysis of subsurface data relies on tools that delimit surfaces and provide clues about sediment types.

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roy sihaloho
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
80 views

Well Logging Tools of Subsurface Analysis

The document discusses tools used for subsurface analysis including well logs that provide high vertical resolution and delimit bounding surfaces. It also discusses seismic analysis which provides lateral continuity and is used to define sediment geometry. Facies analysis of subsurface data relies on tools that delimit surfaces and provide clues about sediment types.

Uploaded by

roy sihaloho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Well Logging

Tools of Subsurface Analysis


• Delimit of surfaces & identify sediments
penetrated
 Resistivity Logs
 Spontaneous Potential (SP) Logs
 Gamma Ray Logs
 Neutron Logs
 Density Logs
 Sonic (acoustic) Logs
• Facies analysis of subsurface data
depends on tools which delimit of surfaces
and provide clues as to the sediments they
contain:
 Welllogs
 Cores
 Seismic
 Gravity & magnetics

GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis


 Well logs
Great vertical resolution
Delimit bounding surfaces
Establish lithology of sediments penetrated
 Seismic
Great lateral continuity and resolution
Define gross sediment geometry
• Allostratigraphy:
bounding discontinuities including erosion surfaces, marine
flooding surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite
boundaries etc. as time markers

• Sequence Stratigraphy: higher level allostratigraphic


model which interprets depositional origin of sedimentary
strata as products of "relative sea level change"
• Facies analysis of subsurface data depends on tools
which delimit of surfaces and provide clues as to the
sediments they contain:

 Well logs
 Seismic
The most commonly
used logs:
 Measures resistance of
flow of electric current
 Is function of porosity &
pore fluid in rock
 Frequently used to identify
lithology
Next most common log
Measures electrical current in well
Result of salinity differences between
formation water and the borehole mud
Separates bed boundaries of
permeable sands & impermeable
shales.
Another common log
Records radioactivity of a formation
Shales have high gamma radioactive
response
Gamma ray logs infer grain size (and so
subsequently inferred depositional energy)
Gamma ray logs are most commonly used
logs for sequence stratigraphic analysis
GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
After Harris & Saller 1999
Another common log
Measures porosity of formation
Uses quantity of hydrogen present
Measures lithology when used with
Density Log
A common log
Measures formation’s bulk density
Used as a porosity measure
Differentiates lithologies with Neutron
Log
Used with Sonic Logs to generate
synthetic seismic traces to match to
seismic lines
Another common log
Measures of speed of sound in
formation
Tied to porosity and lithology
Used with Density Logs to generate
Synthetic Seismic traces to match to
Seismic lines
Facies analysis of subsurface data
depends on tools which delimit of
surfaces and provide clues as to the
sediments they contain:
 Welllogs
 Seismic
Seismic stratigraphic interpretation
used to:
Define geometries of genetic reflection
packages that envelope seismic sequences
and systems tracts
 Identify bounding discontinuities on basis of
reflection termination patterns and continuity
Termination below discontinuity, or
upper sequence boundary :
Toplap termination
Truncation of sediment surface
 Often channel bottom
Above a discontinuity defining lower
sequence boundary:
Onlapover surface
 Downlap surface
Below Boundary - Toplap termination
Below Boundary - Truncation of
surface
Channeled
Surface
– Below
Boundary
Over Boundary - Onlap onto surface
Over Boundary- Downlap onto surface
GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
Subdivision & interpretation of sedimentary record
using a framework surfaces seen in outcrops, well
logs, & 2-D and 3-D seismic.
Include:
 Surfaces of erosion & non-deposition (sequence
boundaries)
 Flooding (trangressive surfaces [TS] &/or maximum
flooding surfaces [mfs]) & high stand condensed
surfaces
This framework used to predict the extent of
sedimentary facies geometry, lithologic character,
grain size, sorting & reservoir quality
These surfaces subdivide sedimentary rock &
provide:-
• Relative time framework for sedimentary succession
• Better understanding of inter-relationship of
depositional settings & their lateral correlation

Conceptual models follow that link the processes that formed


the sediments and enable the prediction of their gross
geometries
 Sequence geometries are subdivided and defined
by
 Maximum Flooding Surfaces (mfs)
 Transgressive Surfaces (TS)
 Sequence Boundaries (SB)
 Definehow vertical succession or stacking
patterns of unconfined sheets are arranged
 Prograde (step seaward)
 Retrograde (step landward)
 Aggrade (build vertically)
 Sheets and unconfined lobes may contain
 Non-amalgamated bodies
 Amalgamated, multi-storied bodies
 Incised topographic fill of valleys
 Unconfined but localized lobes from point & multiple up
dip sources
 Unconfined but localized build ups (carbonates)
Note Incised Surface
Note Incised Surface

GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis


GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
Note Incised Surface
GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
Note Uniform Thickness of Layer

GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis


GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
Both have unique processes &
structures that can be used to
identify their setting
This analysis involves
 Subdivision of section into sequences,
parasequences and beds.
 Link conceptual models with mix of components
of the individual sequence, parasequence or beds
 Use these to explain the depositional setting in
terms of their lithology, grain size, sedimentary
structures, contacts character (gradational,
abrupt) etc
GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis
 Unique Processes
 Flow is in all directions
 No lateral boundaries, only upper and lower boundaries
 Velocity changes: high to low
 Sediment responses
 Decrease in grain size: Fining outward (coarse to fine)
 Erosional/sharp/gradational contacts
 Accretion: Downstream, upstream and vertical
 Decrease in sedimentary structures away from source
 Geometries
 Sheets
 Thin in direction of flow

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