Synthetic Seismogram PDF

Synthetic seismogram
University of Mosul, Collage of Petroleum Engineering and Mining

Reservoir Engineering Department
By Under Graduated Third Stage Student Omar Mohammed Qambar
May 29, 2020
T
he result of one of many forms of forward modeling to predict the seismic response of
the Earth. A more narrow definition used by seismic interpreters is that a synthetic seis-
mogram, commonly called a synthetic, is a direct one-dimensional model of acous-
tic energy traveling through the layers of the Earth. The synthetic seismogram is generated by
convolving the reflectivity derived from digitized acoustic and density logs with the wave-
let derived from seismic data. By comparing marker beds or other correlation points picked on
well logs with major reflections on the seismic section, interpretations of the data can be im-
proved. The quality of the match between a synthetic seismogram depends on well log quality,
seismic data processing quality, and the ability to extract a representative wavelet from seismic
data, among other factors. The acoustic log is generally calibrated with check-shot or vertical
seismic profile (VSP) first-arrival information before combining with the density log to pro-
duce acoustic impedance.
Keywords: check-shot survey, convolution, forward modeling, marker bed, multiple reflec-
tion, one-dimensional seismic data, phase, reflection, reflection coefficient, Ricker wave-
let, seismic modeling, seismic record, seismic section, shotpoint, trace, velocity, vertical seis-
mic profile, cloud-computing platform.
Introduction amount of computing resources. Conven-

tional high-performance computer clusters
T he synthetic seismogram is a theoreti-

cal seismic response model for as-
sumed geological situation. The final
may not provide a cost-effective solution to
this type of applications. The newly emerg-
ing cloud-computing platform provides an
product of our step-by-step procedure to alternative solution.
create a seismic model is a synthetic seis-
mogram or a synthetic seismic section. It applications
represents the idealize trace that should be
observed with the seismic method at the lo-
cation of the well. The use of edited or mod-
T he Synthetic Seismic trace can be
compared with the seismic trace actu-
ally measured at the well (calibration)
eled log data as input is highly recom-
to improve the picking of seismic horizons
mended. the primary well data required to
(relate horizon tops identified in a well with
generate a synthetic seismic trace are sonic
specific reflections on the seismic section),
log (inverse of the sonic log is the acoustic
and to improve the accuracy and resolution
velocity) and density log. Check shots data
of formations of interest, as shown in Fig.1.
from the well are also very important. Syn-
thetic seismograms generated by solving A synthetic seismogram tie at the well,
the seismic wave equation using numerical besides giving ideas about positioning of
methods are being widely used in seismol- well on ground and kind of reflections ex-
ogy. For fully three-dimensional seismic pected from the subsurface strata, it sheds
structure models, the generation of these light on the quality of the processed seismic
synthetic seismograms may require large
data. A good example of this is illustrated • We calculate the reflection coefficients at
in Fig.2. the step-changes in Impedance.
• We convolve our pulse with the RC series
to get individual wavelets.
• Each RC generates a wavelet whose am-
plitude is proportional to the RC.
• We sum the individual wavelets to get
the synthetic seismic trace.
This procedure is illustrated in fig.3
Fig.1 A synthetic seismogram workflow. Re-

flection coefficients computed from impedance
log is convolved with a wavelet to create syn-
thetic seismogram which is compared with seis-
mic for a match (Image: courtesy of Arcis Seis- Fig.3 illustrate synthetic seismogram model.
mic Solutions, TGS, Calgary)
Synthetic trace and its relationship
with the seismic sections and maps
T he synthetic seismogram is used to

pick the reflectors on the seismic sec-
tion, the procedure of picking is explained
bellow:
• After generate a synthetic seismogram

then calculate TWT for each layer from
the following equation:
𝑇𝑊𝑇 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ⁄𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
• From the calculated TWT different re-
flectors on synthetic seismogram were
picked.
Fig.2 Seismic calibration with CVL and syn-
• Then the synthetic seismogram is coin-
thetic seismogram. The seismic matches well
ciding with the seismic section.
except for the strong events at the center against
the shale section represented by flat CVL zone • Reference datum of synthetic to seismic
and no events in synthetic. Strong seismic data is usually the ground level or seismic
events are suspected multiples and entail repro- datum.
cessing (Image: courtesy of ONGC, India). • Accept the tie that yields best character
Generating a modeled trace tie with least time shift in the zone of in-
terest (reservoir).
T he procedure to generate a synthetic

seismic trace is:
• The reflectors will pick on this seismic
line and then on other lines using the in-
tersection points.
• we block the velocity (sonic) and density
logs and compute an impedance.
• Measurements of TWT were taken for
each reflector and on each seismic sec-
tion.
• The measurements of TWT for each re-
flector are plotted on the base of map of
the area for drawing isochrone map (time
map)
• From velocity analysis the average veloc-
ity map for each reflector is drawn also.
• Then by coinciding the velocity map over
isochron map the depth maps for each
layer are drawn.
References
1. Niranjan C. Nanda “Seismic data inter-

pretation and evaluation for hydrocar-
bon exploration and production”.
2. Oilfield Schlumberger Glossary, geo-
physical exploration department.
3. CRAIN'S Petrophysical Handbook.
4. KANSAS. GEOLOGICAL. SURVEY
“Synthetic Seismic Profile Plot “
5. James H. Leven “Physics of the Earth
and Planetary Interiors”
6. Enwenode Onajite “Seismic Data
Analysis Techniques in Hydrocarbon
Exploration (2014)”

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Synthetic seismogram

University of Mosul, Collage of Petroleum Engineering and Mining

Introduction amount of computing resources. Conven-

T he synthetic seismogram is a theoreti-

Fig.1 A synthetic seismogram workflow. Re-

T he synthetic seismogram is used to

• After generate a synthetic seismogram

T he procedure to generate a synthetic

1. Niranjan C. Nanda “Seismic data inter-

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