Pe20m017 Vikrantyadav Modelling and Inversion

Seismic Modelling and
Inversion
Presented by :
Vikrant Yadav
PE20M017
Contents
:• Introducti on
• Seismic Forward Modelling
• Seismic Inversion
• The Convolution Model
• Classification of Seismic Inversion
Introduction:
• The reflection of seismic waves from subsurface layers
illuminate potential hydrocarbon accumulations.
• As waves reflect, their amplitude change to reveal
important information about the underlying materials.
• Seismic inversion uses reflection amplitudes ,calibrated
with well data, to extract details that can be correlated
with porosity ,lithology, fluid saturation and
geomechanical parameters.
• The physical parameters that are of interest to a modeler
performing inversion are impedance (Z), P-wave (VP )
and S-wave (VS) velocity and density (ρ).
To understand seismic
inversion methods, one needs
to first understand
• seismic forward modelling
• convolution theory
• seismic trace
• Observations
A schematic diagram
representing forward and
inverse modeling processes
Seismic Forward Modelling
• There are many geophysical methods used to explore oil and
gas from the subsurface but the most important technique is
seismic imaging. The imaging means the visual representation
of the earth’s subsurface model.
• The forward modeling procedure uses an elastic impedance
method that generates synthetic seismograms from velocities
and densities of the subsurface layers
• The elastic impedance at each interface is calculated as a
function of the offset.
• . The resulting impedance series is transformed into the
reflectivity series and convolved with the source wavelet to get
a stacked seismic gather.
Seismic Forward Modelling
• The impedance (Z) is computed from the product of velocity
(v) and density ρ.
Z = Vρ
• The zero offset reflectivity series can be calculated from the
impedance as following.
where Z j is the seismic impedance of jth layer, and Rj is seismic

reflectivity of the interface between jth and (j + 1)th layer
• The reflection coefficient for the angle dependent incident
wave is estimated using the following formula
• The synthetic seismogram is calculated from the reflection
coefficient using the following equation
S(t) = W(t) ∗ R(t) + N(t)
• where S(t) is synthetic seismogram, W(t) is source wavelet, R(t) is

the reflection coefficient of the subsurface and N(t) is additive noise
and generally assumed to be zero for simplicity.
• The seismic forward modeling method gives the understanding of
seismic travel time, elastic impedance, arrival time, earth’s
reflectivity, seismic amplitude generated by the seismic wave and
the other aspects
Seismic Inversion
• Seismic inversion methods involve mapping rock and fluid
properties of the subsurface of the earth using seismic
measurements made on the surface of the earth as input
• all inversion methods aim to estimate the geophysical
properties of the subsurface from the measurement made on
the surface
In the seismic inversion process, there are three main issues
1. The seismic data generally have 10–80 Hz frequency and
hence does not contains frequency less than 10 Hz and greater
than 80 Hz.
2. The second problem is to use a seismic wavelet. From the

convolution theory, we have seen that the seismic wavelet is
used to generate synthetic data and hence accurate wavelet
estimation is critical for successful inversion results
• The third and most important problem is that
the seismic inversion is non-unique.
• This model has three components, first is
earth’s reflectivity, second is seismic wavelet,
and the third is the noise.
• From Fig. one can notice how dramatically the
image quality has been increased. From the
seismic section, one has an only amplitude and
hence cannot interpret much. However from
the inverted section, one can classify the sand
formation, shale formation and hence can
identify the productive zone
Figure shows an example of seismic inversion methods. Figure (a)
shows seismic data whereas Fig. (b) shows seismic inversion results.
The Convolution Model
• The convolution model is the most common one-dimensional
model for the seismic trace
• e. The convolution model states that the seismic trace can be
generated by the convolution of seismic wavelet with the
earth’s reflectivity series along with the addition of noises.
• It can be written mathematically as follows.
S(t) = R(t) ∗ W(t) + N(t)
where * implies convolution process, S(t)is a

seismic trace, R(t)is earth reflectivity, W(t) is wavelet and N(t) is
the noise component. By considering perfect case one can
consider noise component to be zero
• convolution process involves multiplying the amplitude spectra of
wavelet and reflectivity and adding their phase spectra
individually.
• If one is able to suppress the noise component from the data, and
then deconvolve with the wavelet give the earth’s reflectivity
series.
• This reflectivity series can be transformed into acoustic impedance
which is the ultimate goal of any seismic inversion methods.
Generation of seismic data by using the convolution model. Track 1
shows the earth’s reflectivity, track 2 shows minimum phase
wavelet and track 3 shows seismic trace
Classification of Seismic Inversion
• The seismic inversion techniques can be divided into two
broad categories, Post-stack, and Pre-stack inversion methods.
Post-stack Seismic Inversion
• This type of inversion results in acoustic impedance volume
utilizing seismic data through the integration of the well data
and a basic stratigraphic interpretation.
• This the most commonly used where the effect of the wavelet
is removed from the seismic data and a high resolution image
of the subsurface is produced .
Some of the advantages of post-stack inversion are mentioned
below.
1. As the acoustic impedance is a layer property; hence
stratigraphic interpretation is easier on impedance data than
seismic data.
2. The reduction of wavelet effects, side lobes, and tuning
enhance the resolution of subsurface layers
3. Acoustic impedance can be utilized to locate individual
reservoir regions.
4. It takes very less time than pre-stack inversion.
Pre-stack Seismic Inversion
• The estimate of the elastic properties of the subsurface such as

the S-wave velocity of the subsurface layers which are sensitive
to fluid saturation can be obtained from Pre-stack inversion
• Pre-stack seismic gather contains additional information i.e. S-
wave velocity which travels slowly in the subsurface and
contains more information about the rock properties of the
earth.
Some of the advantages of post-stack inversion are mentioned below
1. The P-impedance, S-impedance, and density give layer
properties, whereas seismic data is an interface property.
2. Enhanced resolution of sub-surface layers due to the reduction
of wavelet effects, tuning and side lobes.
3. Acoustic impedance can be directly compared to well log
measurements which in turn are linked to reservoir properties.
4. Compared with other inversion techniques (e.g. post-stack
inversion), the data offers additional information to distinguish
between lithology and fluid effects.
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Seismic Modelling and

• seismic forward modelling

where Z j is the seismic impedance of jth layer, and Rj is seismic

S(t) = W(t) ∗ R(t) + N(t)

• where S(t) is synthetic seismogram, W(t) is source wavelet, R(t) is

2. The second problem is to use a seismic wavelet. From the

• It can be written mathematically as follows.

S(t) = R(t) ∗ W(t) + N(t)

where * implies convolution process, S(t)is a

• The estimate of the elastic properties of the subsurface such as

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