CCNA Ccnaccday01620231684945161254

CCNA 200-301 Crash Course
© Certskills Software, LLC

CCNA Crash Course - Introduction

CCNA and CCNP
CCNP CCNP CCNP CCNP CCNP
Collaboration Data Center Enterprise Security SP
Start Start Start Start Start
CCNA Certification
Start

CCNA 200-301 Domains
Network
20%
Fundamentals
Network
20%
Access
IP
25%
Connectivity
IP
10%
Services
15% Security
Fundamentals
10% Automation &

Programmability
CCNA Exam Topics – Do This Now
1. Go to cisco.com/go/ccna
2. Find & click the “Exam
Topics” button
3. Click the link to
“Download Complete
List...

Exam Verbs and CCNA 200-301
T’shoot
Verify
Config.
Compare
Explain
Describe
18 11 7 17 0
Knowledge (68%) Skill (32%)

CCNA Exam Topic Interpretation Perspectives
Narrow Interpretation of Exam Topics

Medium Interpretation of Exam Topics
Broad Interpretation of Exam Topics
“Other” Topics

The CCNA Crash Course and CCNA OCG
8 Parts 6 Parts 14 Parts
Volume 1 Volume 2 Library
• Study tools organized like the books

• Labs organized like the books
• Additional reading matches between the course and books

CCNA Crash Course: Day 1 (Planned)
Routing and Switching (Parts 1 - 8)
Network Fundamentals Ethernet LANs

(Part 1) (Parts 2, 3)

IPv4 Routing
(Parts 4, 5, 6)


IPv6 Routing Wireless LANs
(Part 7) (Part 8)
Services, Security, Architecture, Automation (Parts 9 – 14)
IP Access Control Lists Security Services

(Part 9) (Part 10)

Services, Security, Architecture, Automation (Parts 9 – 14)
LAN, WAN, Cloud Network

Network Services Exam Preparation
Arch. Automation
(Part 11) (Part 14)
(Part 12) (Part 13)

CCNA Crash Course and Your Study
Course Goals:
• Help you learn as much as possible in the time allotted
• Use class time for lecture/learning
• Focus on the most important CCNA topics
• Advise you about what other topics to learn
• Coach you about good study practices
• Identify study resources to help you complete your preparation
• Answer as many questions as time permits in class
Your Study:
• Complete the breadth of CCNA (every CCNA-level fact, command, and configuration
option )
• All labs, study, and retrieval practice

Course Q&A
Two Places to Ask During Class
• QA Widget – ask Wendell*
• Group Chat – ask all
Balancing Act
• Ask questions!
• I will answer during class, or...
• Check this blog post: blog.certskills.com/ccc-qa

Day 1 Poll #1: CCNA Starting Point
During which CCNA Exam/Era did you first seriously study for CCNA?
A. Before year 2007

B. 2007 – 2013 (CCNA Exam 640-802)
C. 2013 – 2016 (CCNA Exam 200-120)
D. 2016 – 2020 (CCNA Exam 200-125)
E. 2020 – Current (CCNA Exam 200-301)
F. Still not serious about studying for CCNA (I just care about the topics)

CCNA Crash Course:
Routing and Switching
Network Fundamentals (Part 1)

Ethernet LANs IPv4 Routing IPv6 Routing Wireless LANs
(Parts 2, 3) (Parts 4, 5, 6) (Part 7) (Part 8)

Part 1 – Network Fundamentals

In This Lesson...
! Introduction to TCP/IP Networking

! Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs
! Fundamentals of WANs and IP Routing

Protocols Stacks & Architectures

The TCP/IP Architecture Model

Example TCP/IP Protocols
TCP/IP Layer Examples
Application HTTP, POP3, SMTP
Transport TCP, UDP
Network IP, ICMP
Data Link & Physical Ethernet (802.3), Wi-Fi (802.11)

HTTP Logic

HTTP GET Request/Response

TCP Error Recovery

Metaphor: Postal System

IP Address Groupings

IP Routing

Packet Encapsulation

Reference: Steps on the Next Slide

Source Host Encapsulation

Key Terms: Segment, Packet, Frame

Reference: OSI and TCP/IP Compared

Reference: Encapsulation Terms w/ OSI

A Place to Write

In This Lesson...


Subtopic
Ethernet Physical Layer Concepts

Physical IEEE 802.3 Ethernet LAN
To Internet
Router
F0/1 F0/3
Switch
F0/2 F0/4

802.3 Ethernet LAN with 802.11 Wi-Fi
To Internet
Router
Tablets
F0/1
Switch
F0/2 Access
Point

Physical LAN in a Building
Building
PC3 3rd Floor
SW3
2nd Floor
PC2
SW2
PC1
1st Floor
To Rest of
SW1 SWD Enterprise
Network

Ethernet 802.3 Standards
Informal
Formal IEEE Cable Type,
IEEE
Speed Common Name Standard Maximum
Standard
Name Length
Name
10 Mbps Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Copper, 100 m
100 Mbps Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T 802.3u Copper, 100 m
1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T 802.3ab Copper, 100 m
10 Gbps 10 Gig Ethernet 10GBASE-T 802.3an Copper, 100 m

Ethernet Connectors and Ports

Using Two Wires to Transmit Data
PC Switch
Current Flow
Transmitter Receiver
Data Transfer

Concept: Straight-Through Cable Pinouts
PC Switch
1 1st Twisted Pair 1
Transmitter Receiver
2 2
Data Transfer
3 2nd Twisted Pair 3

Receiver Transmitter
6 6
Data Transfer

Crossover Cable between Like Devices
Switch Switch
1 1
Receiver Receiver
2 2
3 3
Transmitter Transmitter
6 6

10/100 Mbps Ethernet Pin Use
Transmits on Pins 1,2 Transmits on Pins 3,6

Receives on Pins 3,6 Receives on Pins 1,2
PC NICs Switches
Routers Hubs
Wireless access points
—
(Ethernet interface)

Likely Places for Crossover and Straight

Gigabit Ethernet: Four Pair

Subtopic
Ethernet Data Link Layer Concepts

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame
Header Trailer
Preamble SFD Destination Source Type Data and Pad FCS

Bytes
7 1 6 6 2 46 - 1500 4

Reference: Ethernet Frame
Field Bytes Description
Preamble 7 Synchronization.
Start Frame
1 Signifies that the next byte begins the Destination MAC Address field.
Delimiter (SFD)
Destination
6 Identifies the intended recipient of this frame.
MAC Address
Source MAC
6 Identifies the sender of this frame.
Address
Defines the type of protocol listed inside the frame; today, most likely identifies IP
Type 2
version 4 (IPv4) or IP version 6 (IPv6).
Holds data from a higher layer, typically an L3PDU (usually an IPv4 or IPv6
Data and Pad* 46– 1500 packet). The sender adds padding to meet the minimum length requirement for
this field (46 bytes).
Frame Check Provides a method for the receiving NIC to determine whether the frame
4
Sequence (FCS) experienced transmission errors.

Reference: MAC Address Terms
LAN Addressing
Description
Term
Media Access Control. 802.3 (Ethernet) defines the MAC sublayer
MAC Address
of IEEE Ethernet.
Ethernet Address
Other names often used instead of MAC address. These terms
NIC Address
describe the 6-byte address of the LAN interface card.
LAN address
Burned-in Address The 6-byte address assigned by the vendor making the card.
A term that emphasizes that the MAC address represents a single
Unicast Address
LAN interface.

MAC Address Types
Number of
Type Description
Devices
A class of MAC addresses. Each unicast MAC address
Unicast Address 1
identifies a single LAN interface.
Broadcast One reserved address, FFFF.FFFF.FFFF, that
All
Address represents all devices that reside on the LAN.
A class of MAC addresses. Each multicast address
Multicast represents a set of Ethernet interfaces, so that a frame
0-to-All
Address sent to that Ethernet address is processed by that
subset of interfaces and ignored by others.

LAN Hub Repeats Frame out All Ports
Hub (Repeater)
1 A

Collisions Possible with LAN Hubs
Hub (Repeater)
1 A
2 B

CSMA/CD and Half Duplex
Hub (Repeater)
1 A
2 B
Exam Topic 1.3: Connection... “Shared Media”: The hub extends the physical link to multiple
devices, using half duplex operation to avoid collisions. All devices share the LAN capacity.
Reference: CSMA/CD Algorithm
Carrier Sense Multiple Access w/ Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
• Step 1. Listen until silence plus a random short time.

• Step 2. Send the frame.
• Step 3. While sending, also listen, to discover whether others send at
the same time (a collision).
• Step 4. If a collision occurs, all:
A. Stop sending the frame
B. Instead send a jamming signal that means “I detected a collision.”
C. Choose a random wait time to wait to avoid all retrying at once.
D. Begin again at Step 1.

Switches Buffer Frames to Avoid Collisions
Switch
1 A
2 B
Exam topic 1.3: Connection... “point-to-point”: Each link begins and terminates between
two points, allowing full duplex operation by both devices. Each link supports full speed.

Full and Half Duplex
• Half duplex: Uses CSMA/CD. The device must wait for silence
before sending. If while sending, it also receives a frame, it considers
a collision to have occurred.
• Full duplex: No CSMA/CD. The device can send and receive at the
same time, with no need to wait, and no concept of collisions.

In This Lesson...


Enterprise Network w/ LANs and WANs
• Serial link
• WAN link
• Leased line
• Leased circuit
• HDLC link
• T1/E1

WAN Link w/ Transmit Pair Both Directions

Ethernet WAN Links

IP Routing Logic from Source to Destination

Encapsulation and Re-encapsulation

CCNA Crash Course:


Part 2 – Implementing Ethernet LANs

Exam Topics
1.0 Network Fundamentals
1.1 Explain the role and function of network components

1.1.b Switches
1.3 Compare physical interface and cabling types

1.3.a Single-mode fiber, multimode fiber, copper
1.3.b Connections (Ethernet shared media and point-to-point)
1.4 Describe switching concepts

Exam Topics
1.0 Network Fundamentals
1.13 Describe switching concepts

1.13.a MAC learning and aging
1.13.b Frame switching
1.13.c Frame flooding
1.13.d MAC address table

Day 1 Poll #2: CLI Skills entering class
Imagine you had to: login to a Cisco switch, configure the hostname, and save the
configuration. On a 1-5 scale (1 is low), how are your skills for doing this task?
A. 1 (low – could do nothing)

B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5 (high - could do it all with no problems)
Locate at the beginning of the day’s slides – I’ll navigate to display as needed.

In This Lesson...
! Using the Command Line Interface

! Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching
! Configuring and Verifying Switch Interfaces

Subtopic
Accessing the Switch Command Line Interface (CLI)

Cisco Switches

Switch Console Ports

Terminal Emulator
• 9600 bits/second Text
• No hardware flow control
• 8-bit ASCII
• No parity bits
• 1 stop bit

CLI Modes

Getting Command Help
What You Enter What Help You Get
? Provides help for all commands available in this mode.
With a space between the command and the ?, the switch lists
command ?
text to describe all the first parameter options for the command.
com? Lists commands that start with com.
Lists all parameters beginning with the parameter typed so far.
command parm?
(Notice that there is no space between parm and the ?.)
Pressing the Tab key causes IOS to spell out the rest of the word
Command parm<Tab>
if only one parameter begins with those letters.
If a space is inserted before the question mark, the CLI lists all the
command parm1 ?
next parameters and gives a brief explanation of each.

Cisco Packet Tracer (for Demos)
• Simulates the CLI of Each Device
• Does not Use Real Cisco Operating Systems
• App Window Responds Like Terminal at Console
• Free!
• CCNA:
• Command Scope Includes 90+% of CCNA R&S
• Has Content Beyond CCNA
• Has Features Beyond CLI
• Does Differ from Real Gear in Some Cases

Part 2 Demo 1
1 3
SW1
2 4
Console

Reference: Popular Router Commands
Ref. Command
1 show interfaces
2 show ip interface brief
3 show ip route
4 show ip route ospf
5 show ip route connected
6 show ip arp
7 show ip protocols
8 show ip ospf
9 show ip ospf neighbors

Reference: Popular Switch Commands
Ref. Command
1 show interfaces
2 show interfaces status
3 show mac address-table
4 show spanning-tree
5 show interfaces switchport
6 show interfaces trunk
7 show vlan
8 show vlan brief
9 show vlan id 1

Reference: Commands Popular on Both
Ref. Command
1 show running-config
2 show startup-config
3 ping
4 traceroute
5 telnet
6 ssh
7 reload
8 configure terminal
9 enable

Subtopic
Using Configuration Mode to Configure a Switch

Navigating: Configuration Mode

Different CLI Modes

Configuration Modes/Prompts
Name of Context-Setting Command(s) to Reach

Prompt
Mode This Mode
hostname(config)# Global None—first mode after configure terminal
line console 0
hostname(config-line)# Line
line vty 0 15
hostname(config-if)# Interface interface type number
hostname(vlan)# VLAN vlan number

IOS Memory Types

Reference: IOS Memory Types
• RAM: Sometimes called DRAM, for dynamic random-access memory, RAM is used
by the switch just as it is used by any other computer: for working storage. The
running (active) configuration file is stored here.
• Flash memory: Either a chip inside the switch or a removable memory card, flash
memory stores fully functional Cisco IOS images and is the default location where
the switch gets its Cisco IOS at boot time. Flash memory also can be used to store
any other files, including backup copies of configuration files.
• ROM: Read-only memory (ROM) stores a bootstrap (or boothelper) program that is
loaded when the switch first powers on. This bootstrap program then finds the full
Cisco IOS image and manages the process of loading Cisco IOS into RAM, at which
point Cisco IOS takes over operation of the switch.
• NVRAM: Nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) stores the initial or startup configuration file that
is used when the switch is first powered on and when the switch is reloaded.

Reference: IOS Configuration Files
Filename Purpose Location
Stores the initial configuration used
startup-config NVRAM
anytime the router/switch reloads IOS.
Stores the currently used configuration
running-config commands. All configuration changes RAM
from config modes occur here.

Saving Running to Startup Config
PC
configure terminal
copy running-config startup-config

Startup Running
reload
Boot (Reload) Logic

In This Lesson...


Subtopic
Switch Forwarding and Learning

Ethernet LAN Switching
• After receiving a frame, forward it:
• Decide where to forward the frame
• Forward the frame out all ports as needed
• After receiving a frame, learn from it:
• Learn the source MAC address and add it to (or update) the MAC address
table
• Also add the associated switch port and VLAN
• Independent of frame arrival, prevent endless loops:
• Prevent loops using Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) or Rapid STP (RSTP).

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame
Header Trailer
Preamble SFD Destination Source Type Data and Pad FCS

Bytes
7 1 6 6 2 46 - 1500 4

Destination-Based Forwarding (1 of 4)
1) Frame Entered F0/1 ...
Wilma
1
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.2222.2222
F0/1 F0/3
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444
MAC Address Table

2) Destined for 0200.2222.2222 ...
Wilma
1
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.2222.2222
F0/1 F0/3
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444
MAC Address Table
MAC Address Output
0200.1111.1111 F0/1
0200.2222.2222 2 F0/2
0200.3333.3333 F0/3
0200.4444.4444 F0/4

2) Destined for 0200.2222.2222 ...
3) Forward out F0/2 ...
Wilma
1
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.2222.2222
F0/1 F0/3
F0/2 F0/4
Barney 3 Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444
MAC Address Table
MAC Address Output
0200.1111.1111 F0/1
0200.2222.2222 2 F0/2
0200.3333.3333 F0/3
0200.4444.4444 F0/4

2) Destined for 0200.2222.2222 ...
4) Filter (Do not Send) on F0/3, F0/4 ...
Wilma
1
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.2222.2222
F0/1 F0/3
4
F0/2 F0/4
Barney 3 Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444
MAC Address Table
MAC Address Output
0200.1111.1111 F0/1
0200.2222.2222 2 F0/2
0200.3333.3333 F0/3
0200.4444.4444 F0/4

Two Switch Scenario – First Switch (1 of 3)
1 Wilma
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.3333.3333
F0/1 F0/3
SW1 G0/1 G0/2 SW2
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444

2) Destined for 0200.3333.3333 ...
3) MAC table entry lists G0/1 ...
1 Wilma
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.3333.3333
F0/1 F0/3
SW1 G0/1 G0/2 SW2
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444
SW1 Address Table
MAC Address Output
0200.1111.1111 F0/1
0200.2222.2222 F0/2
0200.3333.3333 2 G0/1 3
0200.4444.4444 G0/1

2) Destined for 0200.3333.3333 ...
3) MAC table entry lists G0/1 ...
4) Forward out G0/1 ...
1 Wilma
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.3333.3333
4
F0/1 F0/3
SW1 G0/1 G0/2 SW2
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444
SW1 Address Table
MAC Address Output
0200.1111.1111 F0/1
0200.2222.2222 F0/2
0200.3333.3333 2 G0/1 3
0200.4444.4444 G0/1

Two Switch Scenario – Second Switch (1 of 3)
1) Frame Entered G0/2 ...
Wilma
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.3333.3333
1
F0/1 F0/3
SW1 G0/1 G0/2 SW2
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444

2) Destined for 0200.3333.3333 ...
3) MAC table entry lists F0/3 ...
Wilma
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.3333.3333
1
F0/1 F0/3
SW1 G0/1 G0/2 SW2
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444
SW2 Address Table
MAC Address Output
0200.1111.1111 G0/2
0200.2222.2222 G0/2
0200.3333.3333 2 F0/3 3
0200.4444.4444 F0/4

2) Destined for 0200.3333.3333 ...
3) MAC table entry lists F0/3 ...
Wilma
Fred 0200.3333.3333
Dest 0200.3333.3333 4
1
F0/1 F0/3
SW1 G0/1 G0/2 SW2
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444
SW2 Address Table
MAC Address Output
0200.1111.1111 G0/2
0200.2222.2222 G0/2
0200.3333.3333 2 F0/3 3
0200.4444.4444 F0/4

Switch Learning – Three Steps (1)
Address Table Before Ether Frame is Sent

Address: Output
Fred Wilma (Empty) (Empty)
0200.1111.1111 0200.3333.3333
F0/1 F0/3
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444

Fred Wilma
0200.1111.1111 0200.3333.3333
1 1
F0/1 Address Table After Frame 1 (Fred to Barney)
F0/3
Address: Output
0200.1111.1111 F0/1
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444

Fred Wilma
0200.1111.1111 0200.3333.3333
F0/1 F0/3
2
F0/2 F0/4 Address Table After Frame 2 (Barney to Fred)
Address: Output
Barney 2 Betty 0200.1111.1111 F0/1
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444 0200.2222.2222 F0/2

Flooding Unknown Unicasts
Fred Wilma Address Table: Before Frame is Sent
0200.1111.1111 0200.3333.3333
1 2 Address: Output
(Empty) (Empty)
F0/1 F0/3
F0/2 F0/4
2 2
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444

Subtopic
Switching Demo

Reference: Cisco Switch Defaults
• Interfaces:
• Enabled (no shutdown); useful once connected.
• Auto-negotiation enabled (duplex auto and speed auto).
• Access VLAN:
• VLAN 1 (switchport access vlan 1).
• Switching:
• MAC learning, forwarding, flooding logic all works.
• Loop Prevention:
• RSTP enabled on all interfaces (spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst).

Part 2 Demo 2: Switch MAC Table
Fred Wilma
0200.1111.1111 0200.3333.3333
F0/1 F0/3
F0/2 F0/4
Barney Betty
0200.2222.2222 0200.4444.4444

Demo: MAC Table

Demo: Interface Status

Demo: MAC Entries per Interface

Demo: MAC Entries per VLAN

Demo: MAC Table Aging
SW1# show mac address-table aging-time
Global Aging Time: 300
Vlan Aging Time
---- ----------
SW1# show mac address-table count
Mac Entries for Vlan 1:

---------------------------
Dynamic Address Count : 4
Static Address Count : 0
Total Mac Addresses : 4
Total Mac Address Space Available: 7299

Reference: Switch Commands

In This Lesson...


Subtopic
Switch Interfaces

Part 2 Demo 3
1 3
SW1
2 4

Part 2 Demo 3: Configuration
SW1# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
SW1(config)# interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
SW1(config-if)# speed 100
SW1(config-if)# description Crazy, using a slower speed
SW1(config-if)# exit
SW1(config)# interface range GigabitEthernet 1/0/5 - 24
SW1(config-if-range)# description Unused ports
SW1(config-if-range)# ^Z
SW1#

Part 2 Demo 3: Interface Status
SW1# show interfaces status
Port Name Status Vlan Duplex Speed Type

Gi1/0/1 Crazy, using a slo connected 1 a-full 100 10/100/1000BaseTX
Gi1/0/2 connected 1 a-full a-1000 10/100/1000BaseTX
Gi1/0/5 Unused ports notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100/1000BaseTX
! Lines omitted for brevity

Status Codes from Two Commands
Protocol Interface
Line Status Typical Root Cause
Status Status
administratively The shutdown command is configured on
down disabled
down the interface.
No cable; bad cable; wrong cable pinouts;
speed mismatch.
down down notconnect
Neighboring device is (a) powered off, (b)
shutdown, or (c) error disabled.
Not expected on LAN switch physical
up down -
interfaces.
down (err- err-
down Port security has disabled the interface.
disabled) disabled
up up connected The interface is working.

Part 2 Demo 3: Shutdown/No Shutdown
SW1(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 1/0/1
SW1(config-if)# shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1, changed state to administratively down
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1, changed state to down
SW1(config-if)# ^Z
SW1#
SW1# show interfaces status
Port Name Status Vlan Duplex Speed Type

Gi1/0/1 Crazy, using a slo disabled 1 auto auto 10/100/1000BaseTX
! Lines omitted for brevity

Part 2 Demo 3: No Shutdown
SW1# show interfaces g1/0/1
GigabitEthernet1/0/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down (disabled)
Hardware is Gigabit Ethernet, address is bcc4.938b.a185 (bia bcc4.938b.a185)
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit/sec, DLY 1000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
Auto-duplex, Auto-speed, media type is 10/100/1000BaseTX

SW1(config-if)# no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1, changed state to up
SW1(config-if)# ^Z
SW1#

Part 2 Demo 3: “No” Command
SW1# show running-config interface g1/0/1
Building configuration...
Current configuration : 89 bytes

!
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1
speed 100
description Crazy, using a slower speed
end

SW1(config-if)# no speed
SW1(config-if)# no description
SW1(config-if)# ^Z
SW1#

Subtopic
Switch Interface Speed and Duplex Auto-negotiation

IEEE Auto-negotiation: Both Sides
• Speed:
• Use the fastest speed
supported by both.
• Duplex:
• If both support full duplex,
both use full duplex.
• If not, both use half duplex.

IEEE Auto-negotiation: One Side Only
• Speed:
• Sense the speed the other side
is using. Use that speed.
• Duplex:
• If speed = 10 or 100: Half.
• Otherwise: Full.
G1/0/1 G1/0/2 G1/0/3

Classic Duplex Mismatch (Bad Idea)

Auto-negotiation and Hubs

Reference: Interface Config Commands

Reference: Interface Verify Commands

A Place to Write

CCNA Crash Course:


Part 3 – Implementing VLANs and STP

Exam Topics
2.0 Network Access
2.1 Configure and verify VLANs (normal range) spanning multiple switches
2.1.a Access ports (data and voice)
2.1.b Default VLAN
2.1.c Connectivity
2.2 Configure and verify interswitch connectivity

2.2.a Trunk ports
2.2.b 802.1Q
2.2.c Native VLAN

STP/RSTP Exam Topics
2.0 Network Access
2.4 Configure and verify (Layer 2/Layer 3) EtherChannel (LACP)
2.5 Describe the need for and basic operations of Rapid PVST+
Spanning Tree Protocol and identify basic operations
2.5.a Root port, root bridge (primary/secondary), and other port name.
2.5.b Port states (forwarding/blocking)
2.5.c PortFast benefits

In This Lesson...
! VLAN Concepts and Configuration

! VLAN Trunking Concepts and Configuration
! STP and RSTP Concepts
! Rapid STP and STP Compared

Two Switches, Two Broadcast Domains
Broadcast Broadcast
Domain 1 Dino Wilma Domain 2
SW1 SW2
Fred Betty
Subnet 1 Subnet 2

One Switch, Two Broadcast Domains
Broadcast Broadcast
(VLAN1) (VLAN2)
SW1
Subnet 1 Fred Betty Subnet 2

LAN Switch Keeps VLANs Separate
Broadcast Broadcast
(VLAN1) (VLAN2)

Using a Router to Forward Traffic
Broadcast Broadcast
(VLAN1) (VLAN2)

IP
IP
F0/0 F0/1
R1

Reference: VLAN Design Choices
• Small Size:
• ...means less broadcasts interrupt each host
• ...reduces security risks
• ...allows one VLAN to exist in one access and two distribution switches
• Grouping:
• Group devices to then apply security policies per grouping (VLAN)
• Group to match org chart
• Troubleshooting: Some Issues Occur for All in Same VLAN
• STP/RSTP: To Aid Load Balancing Design

Reference: To Create a VLAN
Step 1. To configure a new VLAN, follow these steps:
A. Use the vlan vlan-id command in global configuration mode to:
A. Create the VLAN and
B. Move the user into VLAN configuration mode.
B. (Optional) Use the name name command in VLAN configuration
mode to configure a non-default name for the VLAN.

Reference: To Assign an Access VLAN
Step 2. For each access interface, follow these steps:
A. Use the interface type number command in global
configuration mode to
move into interface configuration mode for each desired
interface.
B. Use the switchport access vlan id-number command in
interface configuration mode to specify the VLAN number
associated with that interface.
C. (Optional) Use the switchport mode access command in
interface configuration mode to make this port always operate
in access mode (that is, to not trunk)

Demo: VLAN 2, Port F0/13
vlan 2
name CCNA0002
interface F0/13
switchport access vlan 2
switchport mode access
VLAN 2
VLAN 1 Fa0/13 Fa0/14 VLAN 3

Fa0/12 Fa0/15
Fa0/11 SW1 Fa0/16

Part 3 Demo 1: VLAN Verification

Demo: VLAN Verification

Demo: Automatic VLAN Config

Demo: VLAN Verification

Standard and Extended Range VLANs
• Usable VLAN Number Ranges:

• Standard: 1 - 1001
• Extended: 1006 – 4094
• Reserved VLAN Numbers

• 0, 4095
• 1002 – 1005
• “Default” VLAN
• VLAN 1
• Default Setting for switchport access vlan number Command
• Cannot be deleted
A Place to Write

In This Lesson...


Access Links between Switches
VLAN 10
11 12 13 14
link is in VLAN 10
SW1 SW2
link is in VLAN 20
21 22 23 24
VLAN 20

VLAN Trunk between Switches
VLAN 10
11 12 13 14
20 10 20 10 20 10
SW1 SW2
21 22 23 24
VLAN 20

Broadcast Frame in VLAN 10
VLAN 10 VLAN 10
11 13 14
Ethernet 1
3 3
Ethernet
0/1 0/1 0/2
G0/1 G0/2
20 10 20 10 20 10
SW1 SW2
0/3 0/4 VLAN 10 Ethernet 0/3 0/4
2
21 22 23 24
VLAN 20 VLAN 20

802.1Q Trunking Header
802.1Q
Dest. Address Source Address Tag Type Data FCS
Type Priority Flag VLAN ID (12 Bits)

Native VLAN
• One VLAN on a Trunk
• Transmit: Send a Frame in that VLAN, do NOT Add VLAN Header
• Receive: Receive a Frame without a VLAN Header, Assume it is in the
Native VLAN
• Default Native VLAN: 1
• Configure to Another: switchport trunk native vlan number

Two Trunking Interface Subcommands
• switchport trunk encapsulation {dot1q | isl}
• Old Switches Support Both, New Support Dot1Q
• PT May Require This Command in Some Cases
• switchport mode { type }
• Sets the “Trunking Administrative Mode” or “Trunking Type”
• Type = one of Four Values (See Upcoming Slide)
• Detailed Combinations Based on the Neighboring Switches

Example: Static Trunking
G1/1/2 G1/1/1
D1 D2
int G1/1/2 int G1/1/1
switchport mode trunk switchport mode trunk

Example: Static Trunking in PT
G1/1/2 G1/1/1
D1 D2
int G1/1/2 int G1/1/1

switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport mode trunk switchport mode trunk

Four Trunking Administrative Types
Type Description
access Always act as an access (nontrunk) port
trunk Always act as a trunk port
Actively initiate the negotiation of whether to use

dynamic desirable
trunking, using DTP
Passively wait for the other device to initiate the

dynamic auto
negotiation of whether to use trunking, using DTP

Reference: Trunk Config Combinations
Administrative dynamic dynamic
access trunk
Mode auto desirable
access Access Access Access Wrong; Mixed
dynamic auto Access Access Trunk Trunk
dynamic
Access Trunk Trunk Trunk
desirable
trunk Wrong; Mixed Trunk Trunk Trunk

Example: Dynamic Desirable/Auto
G1/1/2 G1/1/1
D1 D2
int G1/1/2 int G1/1/1

switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport mode dynamic desirable switchport mode dynamic auto

Operational Vs. Administrative Trunking
• Administrative
• Configured
• May Not Become True!
• Operational
• Actual
• Both Sides Should Agree!

Part 3 Demo 2: VLAN Trunk
Before:
• Default: Dynamic Auto
• Operational State: Access
• show int trunk – None listed
After:
• SW1: Dynamic Desirable
• Operational State: Trunk
• show int trunk – SW1 G0/1 listed

VTP Modes
• VTP Client and Server

• Global: vtp mode server or vtp mode client
• Standard VLANs Only
• Stores VLAN Config in flash:vlan.dat – Not in running-config
• VTP Transparent and Off

• Global: vtp mode transparent or vtp mode off
• Extended Range VLANs
• Stores VLAN Config in running-config File

A Place to Write

In This Lesson...


Subtopic
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Basics

Without STP: Looping Frames
11 12
SW1 SW2
SW3
13

STP/RSTP Blocking Effect
11 12
SW1 SW2
SW3
13

The Need for STP/RSTP
Problem Description
The forwarding of a frame repeatedly on the same links,
Broadcast storms
consuming significant parts of the links’ capacities
The continual updating of a switch’s MAC address table
MAC table instability with incorrect entries, in reaction to looping frames,
resulting in frames being sent to the wrong locations
A side effect of looping frames in which multiple copies of
Multiple frame
one frame are delivered to the intended host, confusing
transmission
the host

Roles Selected by STP/RSTP Processes
Description Description
One Switch Serves as the Root of a Tree Made up of
Root Switch
Switches and Links
One Port on Each Non-Root Switch. The Port is Part of the
Root Port
Least Cost Path to Forward Frames to the Root Switch.
On Each Link, the Port on the Superior Switch, Based on
Designated Port
Lowest Root Cost

STP Port Roles/States
Intended Stable
Port Roles State Behavior
Port State
Root Port Forwarding As a normal switch port
Designated Port Forwarding As a normal switch port
Neither Blocking Do not forward, do not receive, do not learn

A Place to Write

Subtopic
Electing the STP/RSTP Root Switch

Root Election: Default Priority Values
Priority MAC Priority MAC
8001 0200 1111 1111 8001 0200 2222 2222
G1/1/2 G1/1/1
SW1 SW2
G1/0/3 G1/0/3
• Root: Lowest Bridge ID

G0/1 • Alternate View:
G0/2 • Lowest Priority
SW3 • If Tied, Lowest MAC
Priority MAC
8001 0200 3333 3333

Root Election: Configured Priority Values
8001 0200 1111 1111 9001 0200 2222 2222
G1/1/2 G1/1/1
SW1 SW2
G1/0/3 G1/0/3
• Root: Lowest Bridge ID

G0/1 • Alternate View:
G0/2 • Lowest Priority
SW3 • If Tied, Lowest MAC
Priority MAC
7001 0200 3333 3333

Cisco Switch Base Priority (Decimal)
32769 0200 1111 1111 32769 0200 2222 2222
SW1 SW2 Base Base

Priority Priority
0 32768
4096 36864
8192 40960
12188 45056
SW3 16284 49152
Priority MAC 20380 53248
32769 0200 3333 3333 24476 57344
28572 61440
Subtopic
Selecting a Root Port on Each Non-Root Switch

Root Cost Calculation: Switches (1)
Hello
Root Cost = 0 0+4=4 My Root Cost
Out G1/1/1 is 4
Interface
Root Cost = 4
SW1 Gi1/1/2 Gi1/1/1 SW2
Hello Gi1/0/3 Gi1/0/3
Root Cost = 0
Root Cost out G0/1 is 5
0+5=5
Interface
Cost = 5
Gi0/1 Gi0/2 Root Cost is Sum:
SW3 1) Cost in Received Hello
2) Cost of Receiving Interface

Root Cost Calculation: Switches (2)
Hello
Root Cost = 0 0+4=4 My Root Cost
Out G1/1/1 is 4
Interface
Root Cost = 4
SW1 Gi1/1/2 Gi1/1/1 SW2
Hello Gi1/0/3 Gi1/0/3
Root Cost = 0
Hello
Root Cost = 4
0+5=5 4+4=8
Interface
Interface
Cost = 5
Cost = 4
Gi0/1 Gi0/2 Root Cost is Sum:
SW3 1) Cost in Received Hello
2) Cost of Receiving Interface

STP/RSTP Root Port (Role)
• Defined: The Best Port on a Non-Root Switch

• Switches Discovers Root Cost (Lowest Cost)
• Declares its Port in the Least-Cost Path as the Root Port
• Non-Root Switches ONLY!
• Root Ports Actions

• Use a Forwarding State!
• Hello: Do Not Send Hellos on this Port
• Hello: Expect to Receive from Root
• When Incoming Hellos Cease: Converge!

Root Switch, Root Ports, and Hellos
Hello
Root Cost = 0
Root RP
G1/1/2 G1/1/1
Hello SW1 SW2
Root Cost = 0 G1/0/3 G1/0/3
RP G0/1
G0/2
SW3

Reference: Root Port Election Tiebreakers
To Choose a Root Port, If the Root Cost is a Tie:
1. Choose based on the lowest neighbor bridge ID.
2. Choose based on the lowest neighbor port priority (configurable.)
3. Choose based on the lowest neighbor internal port number (static.)
Final Two Apply Only if Parallel Links between Switches.

A Place to Write

Subtopic
Electing a Designated Port on Each Link

Choosing the DP Example
Root Cost = 4
Root Cost: 0 I Win! Act as

Root Cost = 0 DP on G1/0/3.
Root G1/1/2
DP RP G1/1/1
SW1 SW2
G1/0/3 G1/0/3
Root Cost: 0
DP
DP Root Cost: 4
• The Better Switch on the Link

• Switch w/ Superior Hello:
RP G0/1
Root Cost: 5
• Least Root Cost
I Lose! I am G0/2 • If Tie, Lowest BID
Not DP on G0/2. SW3 • Responsible for Sending Hello
Root Cost = 5 on the Link

Stable Operation: RP and DP
Hello Root Cost = 4
Root Cost = 0 Root Cost = 0
Root G1/1/2 DP RP G1/1/1
SW1 SW2
Hello G1/0/3 G1/0/3
Root Cost = 0
DP DP
Root Cost = 4
RP
G0/1
G0/2
SW3
Root Cost = 5

Designated Ports on Access Links
G1/1/2 G1/1/1
D1 D2
G1/0/4 G1/0/3
G1/0/3 G1/0/4
G0/1 G0/2
G0/2 G0/1
A1 A2
DP DP DP DP
FW FW FW FW
11 41 12 42

Reference: STP/RSTP Designated Port (Role)
• Defined: The Switch that Sends the Superior Hello BPDU on the link
• Best = Lowest Root Cost
• If Root Cost is a Tie: Lowest BID
• Designated Port Actions

• Use a Forwarding State!
• Hellos: Forward Hellos on the Link
• Hellos: Do not Expect to Receive Hellos
• If Receive Hellos: Converge!

Reference: Designated Port Election Tiebreakers
• Lowest Root Cost of All Switches Sending a Hello

• If the Root Cost is a Tie:
1. Choose based on the lowest bridge ID.
2. Choose based on the lowest neighbor port priority (configurable.)
3. Choose based on the lowest neighbor internal port number (static.)
• Final Two Apply Only if Parallel Links between Switches.

Reference: STP/RSTP Role Summary
Description STP Role STP State Description
The root switch’s Designated All ports on the root switch win the election
Forwarding
ports Port as the designated port.
Each non-root The port through which the switch has the
switch’s root Root Port Forwarding least cost to reach the root switch (lowest
port root cost).
Each LAN The switch that would forward the lowest
Designated
switch’s Forwarding cost Hello onto the segment wins this
Port
designated ports election.
Any port that is not (a) a root port or (b) a
All other working Blocking
None designated port has no role. As a result,
ports (Discarding)
STP/RSTP places it in a Blocking state.

Subtopic
Blocking and Forwarding

Blocking if Neither RP nor DP
FW FW
Root G1/1/2 DP RP G1/1/1

SW1 SW2
G1/0/3
DP G1/0/3
FW DP
FW
FW RP BL
G0/1
G0/2
SW3

Blocking Effects
FW FW
Root G1/1/2 G1/1/1

SW1 SW2
G1/0/3
FW
FW
G0/1
SW3

Subtopic
Per VLAN STP/RSTP

STP & RSTP in Cisco Switches
Based on STP Original IEEE Config
Name # Trees
or RSTP? Standard Parameter
PVST+ STP 1/VLAN 802.1D pvst
Rapid PVST+ RSTP 1/VLAN 802.1w rapid-pvst
MSTP RSTP 1 or more 802.1s mst

Distribution and Access Switches
Root RP
D1 D2 Distribution
RP BL
RP BL
A1 A2 Access
11 12 21 22

STP/RSTP Primary & Secondary Root
spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary spanning-tree vlan 1 root secondary
Root RP
D1 D2
Primary Secondary
Root Root
RP BL
RP BL
A1 A2 Access
11 12 21 22

Advantage: Using All Links w >1 Tree
Tree – VLAN 1 Tree – VLAN 2
Root RP RP Root
D1 D2 D1 D2
RP BL RP BL BL RP BL RP
A1 A2 A1 A2
11 12 21 22 11 12 21 22

A Place to Write

In This Lesson...


STP and RSTP Similarities
• Both use same election/selection mechanisms:
• Root switch election
• Root port selection
• Designated port election
• Both choose same port states

• Root & designated ports to forwarding state
• Other ports into blocking state (called “discarding”)
• Periodic Hellos based on root’s Hello timer

Differences: Convergence
• RSTP improves convergence time for common cases
• RSTP alternate (root) port role
• RSTP backup (designated) port role
• RSTP portfast port role (edge port)
• RSTP speeds move from blocking to forwarding state:

• STP: listening (15 seconds), then learning (15 seconds), then forwarding.
• RSTP: learning (15 seconds), then forwarding.
• RSTP waits less time to converge when Hellos cease to arrive

• STP waits 20 seconds (10X Hello time)
• RSTP waits 6 (3X Hello time)
Convergence on Edge Ports (PortFast)
STP RSTP
SW1 SW2 SW1 SW2
SW3 SW3
DP DP
A A
Blocking Discarding
(Decision to Forward) (Decision to Forward)
Listening (15) Forwarding
Learning (15)
Forwarding
Convergence on Alternate Port: Before
• Receives Hellos in Both Ports
• Both Claim the Same Root

Convergence on Alternate Port: After

Reference: RSTP Backup Port

Reference: STP and RSTP Port Roles
STP or Intended
Function Port Role
RSTP? State
A non-root switch’s port that is part of
Root Both Forwarding
the least-cost path to reach the root
Port that replaces the root port when
Alternate RSTP Discarding
the root port fails
Switch port designated to forward onto
Designated Both Forwarding
a collision domain
Port that replaces a designated port
Backup RSTP Discarding
when a designated port fails

Reference: STP and RSTP Port States
Function STP State RSTP State
Stable state that ignores incoming data
frames and is not used to forward data Blocking Discarding
frames
Interim state without MAC learning and
Listening Not used
without forwarding
Interim state with MAC learning and
Learning Learning
without forwarding
Stable state that allows MAC learning and
Forwarding Forwarding
forwarding of data frames

A Place to Write

Study Tools
Terminology Heat Maps and Flash Cards

Learning Science Myths Vs. Truth
1. Massed practice works better than spaced practice.
2. The greater the number of repetitions of seeing facts,
the greater the remembering of the facts.
3. Using study methods that follow your preferred learning style
(visual, auditory, tactile) increases understanding and recall.

Modern Learning Science Facts
1. “The amount of study time is no measure of mastery.” (Brown, et al,
page 10)
2. Retrieval practice is the best study tool.
3. Re-reading (text) and re-watching (video) are less effective than
retrieval practice.
4. Spacing, interleaving, and variation improve learning.
• Spacing: time
• Interleaving: topics
• Variation: type of learning exercises

Retrieval Practice: Terminology Heat Map
MAC Address
Ethernet Address
Burned-In Address
Hardware Address
MAC Table
MAC Learning Forward
Filter
Flood
Switching
Ethernet Frame
Destination Address
Protocol Type Source Address

Terminology Heat Map
• Two passes:
• Pass 1: Do not use notes! Recall, record, organize from memory.
• Pass 2: Add to the heat map, first without notes, then with notes.
• Tools:
• Pen and paper
• Mind mapping apps (Xmind, MindNode, etc.)

Retrieval Practice: Term Flash Cards
Initially: List Terms
Front Side Back Side
MAC address MAC address
Ethernet address Ethernet address
MAC table MAC table
Later: Define/Use Terms

Front Side Back Side
MAC address 48-bit (12 hex digit) value used to identify a NIC (Network...
Ethernet address Ethernet address
MAC table Switches match a frame’s destination address to the MAC table...

Terminology Flash Cards
• Multiple passes to make the list:
• Pass 1: Do not use notes! Both sides of card list the term.
• Pass 2: Add to the cards, first without notes, then with notes.
• Multiple passes to define or use in a sentence:
• Pass 1: define/use those you know with confidence
• Pass 2: define/use those you know a little
• Pass 3: define/use the rest
• Tools:
• Flashcard App (Quizlet, Anki)
• Use flashcard app to practice & revise

Some Term Groupings to Consider
1. TCP/IP & protocols
2. IP & routing
3. Ethernet LAN switching
4. VLANs
5. VLAN trunks
6. STP/RSTP

CCNA Crash Course:


CCNA Ccnaccday01620231684945161254

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCNA Ccnaccday01620231684945161254

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCNA Ccnaccday01620231684945161254

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCNA 200-301 Crash Course

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

Start Start Start Start Start

© Certskills Software, LLC

10% Automation &

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

Narrow Interpretation of Exam Topics

© Certskills Software, LLC

Volume 1 Volume 2 Library

• Study tools organized like the books

© Certskills Software, LLC

Routing and Switching (Parts 1 - 8)

Network Fundamentals Ethernet LANs

© Certskills Software, LLC

Routing and Switching (Parts 1 - 8)

© Certskills Software, LLC

Routing and Switching (Parts 1 - 8)

Services, Security, Architecture, Automation (Parts 9 – 14)

IP Access Control Lists Security Services

© Certskills Software, LLC

Services, Security, Architecture, Automation (Parts 9 – 14)

LAN, WAN, Cloud Network

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

A. Before year 2007

© Certskills Software, LLC

Network Fundamentals (Part 1)

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

! Introduction to TCP/IP Networking

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

! Introduction to TCP/IP Networking

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC

© Certskills Software, LLC