1.

DATA= It is collection of unarrange facts and figures

2. PROCESSING= It is series of actions taken on data to get desired information
3. INFORMATION= It is final result ontained after processing of data
First of all data will entered into Computer. The Computer will process this data to give desired result as
per instruction given by user. This fina result can used by user. On basic of this result a user can take
decisions, it is called information

HARD WARE
It refer to physical parts of computer and related devices which we can touch. Internal hardware devices
include motherboards, hard disk drives, RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards,
moue, printers, scanners. Internal hardware parts of Computer are often referred to components, while
external hardware devices are usually called peripherals. Together, they all fall under categories of
Computer hardware

SOFTWAREM
It is general term of that describes Computer program. Related terms such as software program,
application, scripts, instruction sets all fall under categories of Computer software. Software is ''Virtual''
not physical like Computer hardware. Instead, software consists of lines of code writtern by Computer
programmers that have been compiled into Computer program. Software programs are stored as biinary
data that is copied to v hard drive when it is installed. Since software is virtual and does not take up
physical space, it is much easier to ugrade then computer hardware

COMPUTER SYSTEM
It is group of elements that are grouped togther to carry out common task to achieve common goal. It
consists of following hardware components/element
1. INPUT UNIT= It is responsible foe accepting and instruction from user. Data and instruction are input
to computer with help of input device
{A}. KEYBOARD= It is very important input device. it has alphabetic keys, numeric keys, function keys,
arrow keys, special keys. A keyboard has 105 or more keys. It is also called OWERTY keyboard because
the first six keys on top row of letters of keyboard
{B}. MOUSE= These days mouse has become very important parts of computer . It is pointing devices
which has two or more buttons on top. It is used to select menu option, drw diagrams, picture and to
edit text also. Mouse pad is better to use to move mouse as mouse pad protects round ball inside mouse
and prolongs its life. Now-a-days optical ouse are becoming more popular
{C}. JOYSTICK= You must have seen joystick with video game at various video games parlor. Joystick is
also pointing device. It works like mouse to change position of cursor on screen. It are used to play
games on Computer
{D}. LIGHT PEN= It is like a small pen, which contain light sensors. It is used to choose objects or
commands on screen by pressing it against surface. It can also draw figures directly on screen
{E}. TRACK BALL= It is pointing device that works like upside down mouse. You can rest thumb on
exposed ball and finger on button. To move cursor around screen, roll ball with thumb

2. CPU= It is heart and brain of computer. This is also kown as chip and is responsible for all data
management
{A}. ALU= It perfroms all arithmetic and logical opertion during process of inctruction. Arithmetic
operation are +, -,*,/. The logical operations involve comparison of two quantities that use logical
operators sucg as greater than(>), less than (<) greater then or equal to (>,=), less tan or equal to (<,=)
{B}CONTROL UNIT= It control the complete functioning of ALU. In other words, control unit monitors and
controls entire processing. It receives instructions from memory & execute them after decoding. It also
transfer data to and from main memory to input/output devices
{C}. MEMORY UNIT= It contains all data before processing and after processing. It also stores temporary
information that CPU and software need to keep running

3. MAIN MEMORY= We, human being, have brain and memory. So if CPU is brain of computer, it must
also have memory. Certainly it has memory as primary memory
{A}. RAM= It is temporary memory and information is retained in it only as long as power supply is on. All
information is washed out as power supply is off
{B}. ROM= It is permanent memory as it does not loss its contents even after power is switch off. But this
memory can only be used to read from it and you cannot write anythig into. ROM has some permanent
instruction stored in which help in standing computer

4. EXTERNAL MEMORY= It used to store data permanently. It is secondary memory

2. OUTPUT DEVICE= It is responsible for producing output in user readable form. There so many output
device; but monitoris most commonly used output devices. Another important output devices which is
get printed output of processed data, is printer. The function of output device is to present processed
data to user in readable form. Printers & Plotters is used to get hard copy of text and graphic output
{A}. PRINTER= It produce printed output of results, program, data in user readable form. It can be
categorised into two categoties
1. IMPACT PRINTER= It use electro mechanical mechanism and there exists phycial contact between print
head and paper
{A}. LINE PRINTER= It prints one line at time and can print 300-3000 lines per minutes. There are 3 types
of impact printer. These are drum, chain, band printer
BAND PRINTER= It is consists of roatating cyclinding drum, which contains complete set of embossed
character in each band around cylinder
CHAIN PRINTER= It consists of rotating chain called print chain on which characters are embossed
BAND PRINTER= It very similar to chain printer. It consists of steel print band in place of chains on which
character are embossed
LINE PRINTER= It used for large volumne printing jobs and can print

{B}. CHARACTER PRINTER= it prints only one character at time. A prints 30-300 character per seconds. IT
MAY DIVIDED INTO TWO CHARACTER
DOT MATRIX PRINTER= it prints character by printing selected numberr of dots from matrix of dot. The
printing head contains vertical array of 7, 9, 14, 18, 24 pins. As print head moves across paper, selected
pins srick against as inked ribbon to from pattern of dots on paper. It comes two varieties: 80 column and
132 column. It is faster than letter qualit printer. The printing speed of dot-matrix pointer lies un range of
30-300 character per second
LETTER QUALITY PRINTER= It prints full character at time. Daisy wheel printer is most popular popular
printer of this type of printer. A daisy wheel prints uses print hea that resembles daisy flower. THe printer
arms of whel look like petals of flower. The wheel rotates at high speed and when required character is
positioned over ribbon, hammer stricks against ribbon, consequently character is formed on paper. A
daisy wheel printer can print maximum of 90 characters per second. A daisy wheel printer is slower then
dot-matrix printer

2. NON-IMPACT PRINTER= It limited speed of electro-mechanical printer laid foundation for

development of higher-speed printer
{A}. THERMAL PRINTER= It use special heat sensitive paper. These papers are coated with special heat
sensitive surface. The print head consists of matrix of heating elements. Electric current heats heating
element. When this heat is applied to heat sensitive paper, character is printed. In order to print
character, head is positioned first to correct character position and then heating elemets for desired
character are turned on
{B}. ELECTROSTATIC PRINTERS= These printer use papers, which are coated with non-conducting
electrical material that hold changes when voltage is applied with print heads. Print heads prints
character in from of dts on paper as it passes through toner. The toner contains material with coloured
particles which are adhered to magneticsed areas, and printed character
{C}. INKJET PRINTER= It utilizes one or more nozzles in print head that emit stream of tiny ink drops. Each
droplet gets chrged when it passes through value. Then stream of ink-droplets is passed through
horizontal and vertical deflecting plates. These plates deflects ink-droplets to direct them to required
spots on paper to from character
{D}. LASER PRINTER= It are high-quality and high-speed printer. They work in non-impact fachion. They
use laser or some other light sourc to produce ikmage on photosensitive drum. Printing is attained by
deflecting laser beam on photosensitive surface of drum and laser-exposed areas attract toner. The toner
is then electrostatically transferred to paper and fixed into permanent image. After this drum gets
dischanged and cleaned to process next age

3. PLOTTERS= It are output devices that are able to produce high-quality drawings and graphs such as pie
charts, bar charts graphs
{A}. DRUM PLOTTERS= In drum plotter both paper and drum move to produce output
{B}. FLAT-BED PLOTTERS= In flat-bed plotter paper is fixed and drum move

4. VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT (VDU)= It is very similar to TV. Its size is measured in diagonal length of screen its
come in various sizes. The main component inside monitor is picture tube which is called Cathode Ray
Tude. CRT is evacuated glass tube, conical in shape, is coated with phosphor. There electron gun inside
CRT at narrow end. The electron gun sonds narrow beam of electrons at screen and when this beam
strikes phosphor coated surface, light is emitted. Varying intensity of beam produces screen images. The
electronic beam scans screen 50 times per second. The scan rate and diligence of vision provide a good
image to user. The picture tube of colour monitor is coated with three coloured phosphors that emit red,
green, blue light when it is energized by electron beam

5. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)= CRT screen are comparatively heavy & bulky, so they are not used in
smaller portable computer such as laptop, PDA. In these computers, LCD screen is used due to its
lightweight. LCD screen was first introduced in watches and clocks in 1970. The main advantage of LCD is
low energy consumption