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    Polymers

    Uploaded by

    Alyssa Phillips
    The document provides examples and explanations for naming organic compounds with substitutions and structural isomers. It defines prefixes used for halogen substitutions and walks through the steps for naming halogenated and branched chain compounds. Reaction types for alkanes including combustion and halogenation by substitution are also described.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Polymers

    Uploaded by

    Alyssa Phillips
    17 views10 pages
    The document provides examples and explanations for naming organic compounds with substitutions and structural isomers. It defines prefixes used for halogen substitutions and walks through the steps for naming halogenated and branched chain compounds. Reaction types for alkanes including combustion and halogenation by substitution are also described.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document provides examples and explanations for naming organic compounds with substitutions and structural isomers. It defines prefixes used for halogen substitutions and walks through the steps for naming halogenated and branched chain compounds. Reaction types for alkanes including combustion and halogenation by substitution are also described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views10 pages

    Polymers

    Uploaded by

    Alyssa Phillips
    The document provides examples and explanations for naming organic compounds with substitutions and structural isomers. It defines prefixes used for halogen substitutions and walks through the steps for naming halogenated and branched chain compounds. Reaction types for alkanes including combustion and halogenation by substitution are also described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 10

    Exercise:

    1. Name the following compounds:

    a. b.

    2. Draw the fully displayed structural formula of the following compounds:


    a. 2-methylpropane
    b. 2-methylhex-1-ene

    BONUS: Draw the fully displayed structure of 3-ethylhex-2-ene

    Answers:
    1. Name the following compounds:

    a. b.
    2-methylpropene 3-ethylpentane

    3. Draw the fully displayed structural formula of the following compounds:


    a. 2-methylpropane b. 2-methylhex-1-ene

    BONUS: Draw the fully displayed structure of 3-ethylhex-2-ene


    What do you think the name of the following compound would be?

    The longest straight chain is 3 carbons in length and there are no functional groups so the name
    of the longest chain is propane.
    There are 2 branches, each 1 carbon in length so the name of each branch would be methyl.
    Both branches are located on the 2nd carbon, so the name of the entire compounds is

    2,2-dimethylpropane.

    What about the name of this compound?

    The longest straight chain is 6 carbons in length and there are no functional groups so the name
    of the longest chain is hexane.
    There are 2 branches, each is 1 carbon in length so the name of each branch would be methyl.
    One branch is located on the 2nd carbon, and the other on the 3rd carbon so the name of the
    entire compounds is:

    2,3-dimethylhexane
    Exercise:
    1. Draw the fully displayed formula of each of the following compounds:
    a. 3-ethylhex-3-ene
    b. 2-methylpropan-2-ol

    2. Name the following compounds:

    a. b.

    Answers:
    1. Draw the fully displayed formula of each of the following compounds:

    a. 3-ethylhex-3-ene b. 2-methylpropan-2-ol

    2. Name the following compounds:

    a. 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid b. 2,2-dimethylhexan-1-ol


    Objective: Name organic compounds with substitutions.

    Substitutions occur when the hydrogen in the compound is replaced by another non-metal atom,
    often a halide atom. Each halide atom has its own corresponding prefix:

    HALOGEN PREFIX

    Fluorine fluoro-

    Chlorine chloro-

    Bromine bromo-

    Iodine iodo-

    The naming of compounds containing substitutions follows the same steps as naming branched
    chain compounds. Let us consider the following compound:

    Steps for naming compounds containing substitutions:


    1. Locate the longest carbon chain and assign the appropriate prefix.
    2. Locate the type of functional group present and assign the appropriate suffix.
    3. Assign numbers to the carbon atoms in the chain such that the substitution is attached to
    the lowest number possible.
    4. Name the substitution by assigning the prefix based on the type of atom substituted.
    5. Name the compound using the format:
    location of substitution-name of substitution & name of longest chain
    So the name of this compound would be 1-chloropropane
    NOTE: there are no spaces anywhere in the name

    Draw the fully displayed structure of 2-chloropropane.

    Does the compound 3-chloropropane exist?


    No, because if the chlorine atom was on the last carbon, then that would become the first
    carbon and the compound would be 1-chloropropane.

    What do you think the name of the following compounds would be?

    1,3-dichloropropane 1-chloro,2-bromobutane

    Draw the fully displayed formulae of the following compounds:


    a. 1,1,1-tribromoethane
    b. 1-bromo,3-dichloro,3-fluoropropene

    a. b.

    Objective: Name cycloalkanes


    The cyclic alkanes or cycloalkanes are simply named by placing ‘cyclo’ in front of the name of
    the alkane that formed the cyclic structure.
    The structure of cycloalkanes can simply be represented by polygons where each vertex of the
    polygon represents a carbon atom.
    Objective: - Define structural isomerism
    - Write the fully displayed structures of isomers given their molecular
    formula

    Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are known
    as isomers.

    Let us consider the molecular formula C4H10

    This is the chemical formula for a 4 carbon alkane… which would be butane. The fully displayed
    formula for this compound is:

    Now consider the fully displayed formula of the following compound:

    What would the molecular formula for this compound be?


    What would the name of this compound be?
    As you may have noticed, the molecular formula of this compound is the same as the molecular
    formula of butane...however, the name of this compound is not butane. It is 2-methylpropane.

    These 2 compounds, having the same molecular formula and different structural formulae are
    thus structural isomers of each other (or we can say that they are both structural isomers of
    C4H10).

    NOTE: If the location of the double bond of an alkene changes, the compound is considered
    to be an entirely different compound:

    But-1-ene But-2-ene
    Both have the molecular formula of C4H8 but they have different structural formulae and so they
    are isomers of each other.
    So, when drawing isomers of alkenes, you can often make a new one by simply moving the
    double bond.

    Draw and name another isomer of butene:

    2-methylpropene

    Exercise:
    There are 11 structural isomers of C6H12. See how many you can come up with. Draw the
    fully displayed structure and name each one.

    Hex-1-ene Hex-2-ene
    Hex-3-ene 2-methylpent-1-ene

    3-methylpent-1-ene 4-methylpent-1-ene

    2-methylpent-2-ene 3-methylpent-2-ene

    4-methylpent-2-ene 2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene

    Objective: Describe the reactions of alkanes to include complete and incomplete


    combustion and halogenation by substitution.

    Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons also known as paraffins. They can take the form of chains
    as well as cyclic ring structures.
    Alkanes are generally inert and do not react under normal conditions (with the exception of
    combustion) because they are saturated i.e. each carbon atom has 4 single covalent bonds
    holding it in place securely.
    However, in the presence of UV light and high temperature, they will undergo certain reactions
    (halogenation).

    Combustion of Alkanes
    All alkanes burn in air with a characteristic clean, blue flame.
    All gaseous alkanes are burnt in air to produce heat for cooking. The products are carbon
    dioxide and steam.

    If there is an abundant supply of oxygen, the alkane will undergo complete combustion.

    Complete Combustion:
    Consider the complete combustion of pentane:
    C5H12(l) + 8O2(g) → 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

    Write the chemical equation that shows the complete combustion of ethane:
    2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
    If however, there is a shortage of air (for instance, a car running in a closed garage) combustion
    may be incomplete, resulting in the formation of the poisonous gas, CO(g) (carbon monoxide).

    Incomplete Combustion:
    Consider the incomplete combustion of pentane:
    2C5H12(l) + 11O2(g) → 10CO(g) + 12H2O(g)

    Write the chemical equation that shows the incomplete combustion of ethane:
    2C2H6(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO(g) + 6H2O(g)

    Halogenation by Substitution:
    A substitution reaction is any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom, ion, or group
    of atoms or ions in a molecule is replaced by another atom, ion, or group. Substitution
    reactions are the characteristic reactions of the alkanes.

    Halogenation of alkanes is a type of substitution reaction because the hydrogen atoms present
    in a given alkane can all be replaced by halogen atoms.
    The reaction occurs in a step-by-step fashion so if the conditions of light, temperature, pressure
    and concentration are carefully altered, the reaction may be stopped at any point before
    complete substitution occurs.

    Example:
    Substitution in Methane by Chlorine
    If a mixture of methane and chlorine is exposed to a flame, it explodes. The reaction we are
    going to explore is a more gentle one between methane and chlorine in the presence of
    ultraviolet light - typically diffuse sunlight.

    Step 1: CH4(g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl(l) + HCl(g)

    + Cl2 → + HCl

    Step 2: CH3Cl(g) + Cl2(g) CH2Cl2(l) + HCl(g)

    + Cl2 → + HCl

    Step 3: CH2Cl2(g) + Cl2(g) CHCl3(l) + HCl(g)

    + Cl2 → + HCl

    Step 4: CHCl3(g) + Cl2(g) CCl4(l) + HCl(g)

    + Cl2 → + HCl

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