An American National Standard

Designation: D 689 – 03

Standard Test Method for

Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope 2.3 TAPPI Standard:

1.1 This test method measures the force perpendicular to the TAPPI T 414 Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
plane of the paper required to tear multiple sheets of paper (Elmendorf-Type Method)5
through a specified distance after the tear has been started, 3. Summary of Test Method
using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. The measured results
can be used to calculate the approximate tearing resistance of 3.1 One or more sheets of the sample material are torn
a single sheet. In the case of tearing a single sheet of paper, the together through a fixed distance by means of the pendulum of
tearing resistance is measured directly. an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. The work done in tearing is
measured by the loss in potential energy of the pendulum. The
NOTE 1—Similar procedures for making Elmendorf-type tear measure- instrument scale is calibrated to indicate the average force
ments are found in ISO 1974 and TAPPI T414.
exerted when a certain number of plies are torn together (work
1.2 This test method is not suitable for determining the done divided by the total distance torn).
cross-directional tearing resistance of highly directional boards
and papers. 4. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.1 This test method is widely used within the paper
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the industry, in conjunction with other tests of strength, as a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- predictor of end-use performance of a wide range of grades of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- papers.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Apparatus
2. Referenced Documents 5.1 Elmendorf-Type Tearing Tester—Several types are
2.1 ASTM Standards: available and in use throughout the world, principally those of
D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Australian, British, German, Swedish, and United States manu-
Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, or Related Products2 facture. In addition, testing practices also vary.
D 646 Test Method for Grammage of Paper and Paperboard 5.2 Instrumental and Procedural Variables—Instruments
(Mass per Unit Area)2 and practices in use vary in at least two major respects:
D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products 5.2.1 The Design Of The Specimen Clamps—Together with
for Testing2 the structural characteristics of the paper governing the nature
D 1749 Practice for Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test of the tear with respect to its splitting tendencies during the
Methods Used with Paper and Paper Products2 test, this has an appreciable influence on the mode of tearing
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations3 and may result in significant differences (1)6. The procedure
2.2 ISO Standard: described in 5.3.7 reduces this effect. The clamp designs used
ISO 1974 Paper—Determination of tearing resistance by some manufacturers may vary even for their own models.
(Elmendorf method)4 Instruments are available with pneumatically activated grips as
well, which minimizes variations due to differences in clamp-
ing pressures exerted by manually tightened grips.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paper 5.2.2 A Combined Variation in Testers and Testing
and Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on Test
Methods. Practices—As measured tearing resistance increases or de-
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally creases for different types of paper, the measurement may
approved in 1942 as D 689 – 42 T. Last previous edition apporved in 1996 as
D 689 – 96a. Discontinued 1984 and reinstated 1992.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09. Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industrial, P.O.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.
4 6
Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
Floor, New York, NY 10036. this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 689 – 03
become so large or so small as to be outside the practical range 5.3.4 Means for Leveling the Instrument.
of the instrument. This problem may be overcome in one of 5.3.5 Pendulum Holder—Means for holding the pendulum
two ways; the number of sample sheets tested at one time may in a raised position and for releasing it instantaneously.
be changed, or the mass of the instrument pendulum may be
5.3.6 Means for Registering the Maximum Arc through
changed either by adding augmenting weights or by replacing
which the pendulum swings when released. The registering
the entire pendulum with one of a different known mass. The
means may consist of a graduated scale mounted on the
tearing length must never be varied in an effort to alter the
pendulum, a pointer mounted on the same axis as the pendulum
pendulum capacity.
5.2.3 These differences, together with other lesser differ- with constant friction just sufficient to stop the pointer at the
ences in design details between instruments or testing prac- highest point reached by the swing of the sector, and an
tices, preclude specifying a tearing instrument and method that adjustable pointer stop for setting the zero of the instrument.
would give essentially the same test results when using 5.3.6.1 The pointer and scale may be replaced by a digital
Elmendorf instruments of different design and manufacture. readout unit which gives readings of equivalent accuracy and
Even for one specific model, some procedural variables such as precision (5).
the number of plies torn may alter the test values calculated on 5.3.7 With the pendulum in its initial position ready for a
a single sheet basis substantially. By necessity, this reference test, the clamps are separated by an interval of 2.8 6 0.3 mm
method must be arbitrary and is limited to the described and are so aligned that the specimen clamped in them lies in a
procedure used with instruments conforming to all of the plane parallel to the axis of the pendulum, the plane making an
requirements specified under 5.3. angle of 27.5 6 0.5° with the perpendicular line joining the
5.3 Required Instrument for This Test Method: axis and the horizontal line formed by the top edges of the
5.3.1 Elmendorf Tearing Tester (2, 3, 4), with a cutout as clamping jaws. The distance between the axis and the top edges
shown in Fig. 1, which prevents the specimen from coming in of the clamping jaws is 103.0 6 0.1 mm. The clamping surface
contact with the pendulum sector during the test, and having in each jaw is at least 25 mm wide and 15.9 6 0.1 mm deep.
the following elements:
5.3.2 Stationary and Movable Clamp—The movable clamp NOTE 2—In the past, it has been the practice for instruments commonly
is carried on a pendulum formed by a sector of a circle free to available in the United States to be equipped with 36 6 1 mm wide jaws.
swing on a ball bearing. Instruments currently available may be equipped with jaws as narrow as
5.3.3 Knife, mounted on a stationary post for starting the 25 mm. Testing has shown that the effect of jaw width on test results is
statistically insignificant. It is recommended, however, that the test
tear.
specimen length be adjusted to match jaw width. See Note 3.

5.3.8 The instrument measures the energy (work done) used

by the pendulum in tearing the test specimen. In order to
convert to average tearing force, the energy must be divided by
the total distance through which the force is applied. This
division may be accomplished by the electronics in digital
readout instruments so that the readout is directly in grams-
force or in millinewtons (SI unit of force). For pointer and
scale instruments, the scale may be in millinewtons or in
grams-force for a specified number of plies; for example, when
the specified number of plies are torn together, the scale
reading gives the average tearing resistance (force) of a single
ply.
5.3.9 Instruments of several capacities (2000, 4000, 8000,
16 000 32 000 mN (200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 gf)) and perhaps
others are available, with the several capacities being achieved
by individual instruments, interchangeable pendulum sectors,
or augmenting weights. The instrument recognized as “stan-
dard” for this test method has a capacity of 1600 gf (15.7 N),
having a pendulum sector of such mass and mass distribution
that its 0 to 100 scale is direct reading in grams-force per ply
when 16 plies are torn together. For a 16-ply test specimen, the
tearing distance K = 16 3 4.3 cm (tearing distance per
ply) 3 2 = 137.6 cm. The factor 2 is included since in tearing
a given length the force is applied twice the distance. Likewise,
for a 16-ply test specimen, the tearing energy per ply for a scale
reading of 100 would then be 100 gf 3 137.6 cm or 13 760
gf·cm (1349.4 mJ). For some of the instruments of different
FIG. 1 Newer Testing Model with Deep Cutout capacities where different numbers of plies are required, or

2
 D 689 – 03
when the number of plies tested using the “standard” instru- 7. Calibration and Adjustment
ment differs from 16, different values of K or the tearing energy
7.1 As noted in Section 5, several Elmendorf-type testers
per ply, or both, may be calculated.
are available and in use at the present time. Minor differences
5.3.10 In the “standard” instrument, the zero reading on the in calibration or adjustment procedures, or both, may apply to
scale is at about 70° from the center line (that is, the vertical
instruments obtained from different vendors that comply with
balance line when the pendulum hangs freely), the 100 reading
5.3, thus specific calibration procedures which may be used for
is at about 21° from the center line, and a vertical force of
all instruments complying with 5.3 is impossible. The infor-
1057.3 6 2.0 gf (10.369 6 0.020 N) applied at 22.000 6 0.005
mation contained in this section is to be used as a guide in
cm from the pendulum axis is required to hold the pendulum
placing an individual instrument into proper calibration for use
sector at 90° from its freely hanging position. Other tearing
in performing the test.
instruments will require vertical forces that are factors of 2
greater or smaller than 1057.3 gf and, if calibrated in millin- 7.2 Verification of Scale—Once the scale has been verified,
ewtons, the zero reading would remain at 70° and the 1000 it is unnecessary to repeat this step, provided the tester is kept
reading would be at about 19° (or the 981 reading at about in adjustment and no parts become changed or perceptibly
21°). worn. The scale may be verified either by the potential energy
5.3.11 The cutting knife for the test specimen is centered method or by the method which uses the check weights
between the clamps and adjusted in height so that the tearing obtainable from the manufacturer. The potential energy method
distance is 43.0 6 0.2 mm; for example, the distance between is relatively time-consuming and complicated. The check
the end of the slit made by the knife and the upper edge of the weight method is relatively simple.
specimen is 43.0 6 0.2 mm when the lower edge of the 7.2.1 Potential Energy Method—The procedure (7) for
63.0-mm wide specimen rests against the bottom of the clamp. verification is as follows: Anchor and level the tester. Clamp a
5.4 Instruments are available for automated testing that known weight (in grams), W, to the radial edge of the sector
incorporates automatic sample insertion, automatic sample beneath the jaws, the center of gravity of the weight (including
cutting, etc. in addition to electronic data readout as specified means of attaching) having been previously marked by a
in 5.3.4. These automated instruments may be used, providing punched dot on the face of the weight that is to be toward the
the conditions specified in 5.3 are met. front of the instrument. Close the jaw of the clamp in the sector.
5.5 Specimen Cutter, to ensure parallel specimens 63.0 6 Raise and set the sector as for tearing a sheet and, by means of
0.15 mm wide with sharp and clean edges. For this purpose, it a surface gage or cathetometer, measure in centimetres, to the
is desirable to use the type having two hardened and ground nearest 0.01 cm, the height, H, of the center of gravity of the
base shears, twin knives tensioned against the base shears, and weight above a fixed horizontal surface. Then release the
a hold-down mechanism. sector, allow it to swing and note the pointer reading. Without
touching the pointer, raise the sector until the edge of the
6. Sampling and Test Specimens pointer just meets with its stop, in which position again
6.1 Obtain the sample to be tested in accordance with determines the height, h, of the center of gravity of the weight
Methods D 585. above the fixed surface.
6.2 From each test unit of the sample, prepare ten represen- 7.2.2 Use the following formula for the standard 1600-gf
tative specimens in each principal direction of the paper, unless tester:
a test in only one direction is required. For each specimen, W~h 2 H! in gf2cm (1)
arbitrarily designate one side of the material in some way, such
as “primary side”, “print side”, “wire side”, “side one”, etc. For where:
each specimen, keep the designated sides of all the plies facing the pointer reading = W(h − H)/K, and
the same way. K = 137.6 cm.
For other instruments graduated for grams-force of greater or
NOTE 3—It has been found (6) that there is usually no advantage in lesser capacity, the reading will be factors of 2 greater or
testing more than ten specimens of a homogeneous test unit of the sample.
smaller. If graduated for millinewtons, the additional factor
6.3 Cut each ply for a test specimen so that its dimension on 9.81 must be applied.
the side placed in the clamps is at least 53 mm and the 7.2.2.1 One or more weights may be clamped on the edge of
dimension through which the tear will be propagated is 63.0 6 the sector for each calibration point. The work done in raising
0.15 mm. Take all the plies to be torn together from a single each weight is calculated and added together.
sheet. If sufficient material is not provided, take from adjacent 7.2.2.2 If the deviations of the indicated readings are greater
sheets of a unit. than one-half division, the instrument should be returned to the
NOTE 4—The correct dimension for the side of the test specimen that manufacturer for repair and adjustment.
will be placed in the clamps is equal to the distance between the outermost 7.2.3 Verification of Scale—Check Weight Method—Use
edges of each of the instrument’s jaws (62 mm). For the instrument check weights calibrated for suitable scale values (that is, 20,
described in 5.3, that distance is at least 2 3 25 mm (the minimum width
for each jaw face) plus 2.8 mm (the distance between the clamps) or at
50, and 80 % of pendulum capacity.) Different check weights
least 53 mm. In the United States, the majority of the instruments have are needed for each pendulum capacity. These weights should
jaws 36 + 1 mm wide. A dimension of 76 6 2.0 mm for the side of the be so constructed that each weight can be inserted in the
sample to be held in the clamps is correct. clamps by the procedure used for a test specimen.

3
 D 689 – 03
7.2.3.1 With the pendulum in the raised position, open the 7.4.5 Pendulum Friction (Older Instruments)—Draw a pen-
clamp of the pendulum. Slide the weight into position and cil line on the stop-mechanism 25 mm to the right of the edge
fasten it securely into the clamp. The body of the weight must of the sector stop. Raise the sector to its initial position and set
be beneath the clamp. Depress the pendulum stop, thus the pointer against its stop. On releasing the sector and holding
releasing the pendulum. Hold down the stop until after the the sector stop down, the sector should make at least 20
pendulum swing is completed, and catch the pendulum on the complete oscillations before the edge of the section which
return swing. Read the indicating device to the nearest division. engages the stop no longer passes to the left of the pencil line.
7.2.3.2 Repeat this procedure with each of the check Otherwise, clean, oil, and adjust the bearing.
weights. 7.4.6 Pendulum Friction (Newer Instruments)—In recent
7.2.4 Verification of Scale—Purchased Calibration Weight years, a new type of frictionless bearing made of synthetic
Method—Calibration weights may or may not be available material has been used. This bearing will not necessarily allow
from the manufacturer of the instrument for use in calibration. the pendulum sector to make 20 complete oscillations as the
Order calibration weights at the same time as the instrument older one did. This does not mean that there is excess friction
(see 7.2.4). in the pendulum swing. These newer bearings should not be
oiled. Consult the instructions supplied with the instrument for
7.3 Adjustment of Tearing Distance—To check the 43.0-mm guidance.
tearing distance, apply a small amount of graphite (from an 7.4.7 Pointer Zero Reading—Operate the leveled instru-
ordinary pencil) to the cutting knife. When the cut is made ment several times with nothing in the jaws, the movable jaw
some of the graphite transfers to the paper, contrasting the cut being closed. If zero is not registered, the pointer stop should
from the uncut portion of the paper and facilitating the be adjusted until the zero reading is obtained. Do not change
measurement. Make this measurement with a vernier caliper the level to adjust the zero.
with a depth gage or a quality steel rule, readable to 0.2 mm or 7.4.8 Pointer Friction—Set the pointer at the zero reading
better under magnification. An alternative procedure is to use a on the scale before releasing the sector, and after release see
go, no-go gage, which may be available from the manufacturer that the pointer is pushed not less than 2.5 mm nor more than
of the instrument. 4.0 mm beyond the zero. If the pointer friction does not cause
7.4 Adjustment of Instrument for Operation: it to lie between these two distances, remove the pointer, wipe
7.4.1 Pendulum Notching—Sometimes, as a result of fre- the bearing clean, and apply a trace of good clock oil to the
quent use, a notch is worn in the pendulum sector at the point groove of the bearing, adjust the spring tension or make other
of contact with the sector stop, giving a jerky release of the adjustments to achieve the specified friction. Reassemble,
pendulum. If this happens, either repair the sector by cutting readjust the zero setting, and recheck the pointer friction.
out and replacing the worn edge, or adjust the height of the stop 7.5 Instruments with Digital Readout—For instruments
to the very lowest point of the sector edge. In this case, recheck with digital readout, the pointer is generally absent. These
the calibration of the scale. specifications relating to the pointer are ignored and the values
7.4.2 Clamp Alignment and Knife Condition—Rest the from the digital readout employed are used for zeroing and
pendulum sector against its stop, and check the alignment of scale verification.
the clamps. Adjust the pendulum stop if necessary. Verify by
8. Conditioning
visual check that the knife is centered between the clamps, and
adjust if necessary. Check the sharpness of the knife. A dull 8.1 Precondition the sample on the dry side and condition in
knife will result in a square notch near the top of the cut with accordance with Practice D 685.
the paper pushed out. If necessary, sharpen the knife with a
9. Procedure
rough stone; a rough edge is better than a sharp, smooth edge.
Check the tearing distance and adjust the height of the knife if 9.1 Level and adjust the testing apparatus, if necessary,
necessary. Do not change the dimensions of the specimen to before each set of tests.
adjust the tearing distance. 9.2 Make all tests under standard atmospheric conditions in
7.4.3 Instrument Mounting—Support the instrument on a accordance with Practice D 685.
table so rigid that there will be no perceptible movement of the 9.3 Raise the pendulum sector to its initial position and set
table or instrument during the swing of the pendulum. Any the pointer against its stop.
movement of the instrument base during the swinging of the 9.3.1 When a digital readout unit is present, ignore instruc-
pendulum may be a significant source of error. tions in this section regarding the pointer. Operate the readout
unit following the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE 5—Threaded bolt holes are usually provided in the base of the 9.4 Center the specimen in the clamps with the bottom edge
instrument and may be used to secure the instrument to the table. An carefully set against the stops. Securely clamp the specimen,
alternative procedure is to place the instrument on a guide which ensures using approximately the same pressure on both clamps, and
that the instrument always has the same position on the table. Such a guide make the initial slit. Depress the pendulum stop as far as it will
may be available from the manufacturer of the instrument.
go, thus releasing the pendulum. Hold down the stop until after
7.4.4 Instrument Leveling—Level the instrument so that the tear is completed and catch the pendulum on the return
with the sector free, the line on the sector indicating the vertical swing without disturbing the position of the pointer.
from the point of suspension is bisected by the edge of the 9.5 Determine from a preliminary test or the product speci-
pendulum stop mechanism. fication how many plies are needed to make up a specimen.

4
 D 689 – 03
When torn together on the instrument having a 15.7-N (1600- Average tearing force, mN 5 ~16 3 9.81 3 average scale reading
gf) capacity the plies should give an instrument scale reading 3 gf2capacity!/~number of plies 3 1600 gf! (4)
nearest 40 % of full scale.
Average tearing force, gf 5 ~16 3 average scale reading
NOTE 6—The work done in tearing a number of sheets of paper 3 gf2capacity!/~number of plies 3 1600 gf! (5)
includes a certain amount of work to bend the paper continuously as it is
torn, to provide for the rubbing of the torn edges of the specimen together,
and to lift the paper. The number of plies torn at one time and their size 10.2.3 If an instrument has an SI metric scale (for example,
can affect the test result with some papers. Empirical requirements for 0 to 1000 graduations):
both the apparatus and the test method are therefore necessary to keep the Average tearing force, mN 5 ~16 3 average scale reading
additional work not used for tearing to a definite quantity. For this reason, 3 capacity, N!/~number of plies 3 15.7 N! (6)
in making comparisons between two or more sets of paper of the same
type and grammage, use the same number of plies for each set.
Average tearing force, gf 5 ~16 3 average scale reading
9.6 If a single-ply test specimen gives a reading higher than 3 capacity, N!/~9.81 3 number of plies 3 15.7 N! (7)
75 on the standard 1600-gf instrument (75 % of full scale on
other instruments), use the next higher capacity instruments 10.2.4 If an instrument has a direct-reading scale (that is,
with one ply or, if necessary, a still higher capacity instrument. digital read-out) that directly gives the force per ply when
9.6.1 For weaker papers, the standard 1600-gf instrument preset for the number of plies:
may require that 16 or more plies be torn together under the
procedure specified in 6.3. For these papers, and provided Average tearing force, mN 5 average scale reading if directly in
millinewtons, or 5 9.81 3 average scale reading if in grams2force
lower capacity instruments are available, the number of plies (8)
may be restricted to four and the next lower capacity instru-
ment may be used whenever the reading falls below 20 % of
Average tearing force, gf
full scale. ISO 1974 provides for testing four-ply specimens 5 average scale reading/9.81, if scale is in millinewtons, or
with multiple pendulum instruments. If this alternative proce- 5 average reading if directly in grams2force (9)
dure is used, state in the report.
9.7 Make only one test per specimen, each specimen con- NOTE 7—Previously, a standard reference material (NBS Standard
sisting of the specified number of plies. For each specimen Sample No. 704) was available for use with this method (8). Currently,
keep the wire sides of all plies facing the same way. Make tests this standard reference material has been exhausted and will not be
alternately with the wire sides of all plies toward the pendulum replaced.
and with the wire sides of all plies away from the pendulum. 10.3 Calculate the tear index when requested, using the
Make certain that the specimen leans toward and not away following formula:
from the pendulum by gently creasing the specimen at the
average tearing force ~mN!
clamp if necessary, but in doing so avoid affecting the relative Tear index 5
average grammage ~g/m 2!
humidity of the test area.
average tearing force ~gf! 3 9.81
9.8 Record the number of plies and the scale reading to the 5 (10)
average grammage ~g/m 2!
nearest half division.
9.9 Note and report if the line of tear fails to pass through
the top edge of the specimen but deviates to one side. Do not 10.3.1 The value for average tearing force in 10.3 is that
use the reading obtained. If more than one third of the tests calculated in 10.2. The value for grammage in 10.3 is that
exhibit this behavior, this test method should not be used for determined using Test Method D 646.
the material concerned. 11. Report
10. Calculation 11.1 Report results with the tear parallel with the machine
10.1 Compute the average of the ten scale readings. Deter- direction as resistance to internal tearing in the machine
mine by Practice E 178 or by other suitable statistical test, direction and those with the tear perpendicular to the machine
whether a value that appears to be excessively high or low direction as resistance to internal tearing in the cross direction.
should be included in the average. 11.2 For each principal direction, report the average, maxi-
10.2 Calculate the average tearing force in millinewtons mum, and minimum of accepted test values of the force
and, if desired, in grams-force required to tear a single ply as required to tear a single ply to three significant figures.
follows: 11.3 For a complete report, state the number of plies torn at
10.2.1 If the standard 1600-gf instrument with 0 to 100 scale one time; the number and value of any rejected readings and
is used: reasons for their rejection; if an augmenting weight was used;
the width of the instrument jaws on the instrument used (see
Average tearing force, mN
Note 1 and Note 3); and the make and model number of the
5 ~16 3 9.81 3 average scale reading!/number of plies (2)
instrument used.
Average tearing force, gf 12. Precision and Bias (9, 10)
5 ~16 3 average scale reading!/number of plies (3) 12.1 On the basis of studies made in accordance with
10.2.2 If an instrument of different grams-force capacity Practice D 1749 the standard deviation of a test result, repre-
with 0 to 100 scale is used: senting the average of ten readings, has been found to be:

5
 D 689 – 03
12.1.1 1.5 % of the test result for the same material tested 12.2 Two test results, each representing an average of ten
within the same laboratory, readings, may be considered alike with a probability of 95 %
12.1.2 2.5 % for different materials tested within the same when the two results agree within 2.77 times the appropriate
laboratory, and standard deviation.
12.1.3 4.5 % between laboratories.
12.1.4 4.5 % may be reduced to 3.0 % by using a reference
material for standardizing the instruments.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. OLDER MODEL INSTRUMENTS

X1.1 Some older models of the Elmendorf tearing-strength X1.3 For a specification referencing this test method but
tester use a pendulum sector other than that shown in Fig. 1. requiring a nonconforming instrument, data obtained may be as
Only those instruments conforming to 5.3 should be used when much as 10 % greater than that which would be obtained using
this test method is specified. a conforming instrument (11).
X1.2 Where no instrument is specified in a specification X1.4 Reference to the tester without deep cutout has been
referencing this test method, an instrument conforming to 5.3 removed from the current revision of this test method, as it
should be used. does not comply with the requirements of this test method.

REFERENCES

(1) Wink, W. A., and van Eperen, R. H., “Does the Elmendorf Tester (8) Association News and Events, Tappi Journal, Vol 45, No. 4, 1962, p.
Measure Tearing Strength?” Tappi Journal, Vol 46, No. 5, May 1963, 113A.
pp. 323–325. (9) Lashof, T. W.,“ APPA-TAPPI Reference Material Program. I. Inter-
(2) Elmendorf, A., “Strength Test for Paper,” Paper Vol 26,1920, p. 302. laboratory Investigation of TAPPI Standard T 414 m-49, Internal
(3) Elmendorf, A., “The Principle of the Elmendorf Paper Tester,” Paper Tearing Resistance of Paper,” Tappi Journal, Vol 45, 1962, p. 656.
Vol 28, 1921..
(4) Institute of Paper Chemistry, “Tearing Strength of Paper, Part I,” (10) Lashof, T. W., “APPA-TAPPI Reference Material Program. II.
Instrumentation Studies XLVI, Paper Trade Journal 118 (5), 1944, p Effectiveness of a Reference Material in Reducing the Between-
13. Laboratory Variability of TAPPI Standard T 414 m-49 for Internal
(5) Yarber, W. H. II, and Zdzieborski, J. H. George, Tappi Journal, Vol 55, Tearing Resistance of Paper,” Tappi Journal, Vol 46, No. 3, March
1972, p. 1064. 1963, pp. 145–150.
(6) Lashof, T. W., Tappi Journal, Vol 45, 1962, p. 656. (11) Cohen, W. E., and Watson, A. J., “The Measurement of Internal
(7) Clark, J. d’A., Technical Assn. Papers. Series XV 1, 1932, p. 262, Tearing Resistance,” Proceedings, Australian Pulp and Paper Indus-
Paper Trade Journal, Vol 94, No. 1, 1932, p. 33. trial Technical Assn., Vol 3, 1949.

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