Day 7 - Predict Prelims Workshop - Dominate Prelims 2024

● Sangam Themes:
1. Ethical & Moral Expressions
2. Heroism & Bravery
3. Nature and Landscape
4. Religious & Spiritual Themes
5. Social & Cultural Values
6. Heroism & Bravery
7. Lyrical & Aesthetic Expression

- Ethical & Moral Expressions:

Poem "Vattakirutal" reflects on the consequences of unethical behaviour, warning
against the betrayal of trust and the breaking of oaths.

- Romance & Love:

Poem "Kurunthogai," describes the beauty of the natural surroundings as a
backdrop for expressing the feelings of love and longing.
Poem "Marudham" by Kapilar portrays the beauty of the Marudha tree and its
flowers, using them as metaphors to express the poet's love and desire.

- Nature & Landscape:

Poem "Purananuru" vividly describes the lush landscapes of Tamil Nadu,
including rivers, mountains, and forests.
It celebrates the bounty of nature and its importance in the lives of the people.

- Religious & Spiritual Themes:

Poem "Ainkurunuru" references the worship of deities such as Murugan and
Vishnu, reflecting the religious beliefs and practices of ancient Tamil society.
It portrays the devotion of the poets towards their gods and goddesses.
 - Social & Cultural values:
Poem "Pattinappalai" portrays the hospitality and generosity of the Tamil people,
highlighting the importance of social bonds and community cohesion.
It depicts scenes of feasting and celebration, reflecting the cultural values of
sharing and camaraderie.

- Heroism & Bravery:

Poem "Purananuru" celebrates the bravery of a chieftain named Pari, who
courageously defends his people against enemy attacks.
It depicts Pari's heroic deeds in battle and his unwavering commitment to
protecting his community.

- Lyrical & Aesthetic Expression:

The poem "Kurunthogai" employs rich imagery and metaphor to describe the
emotions of love and longing.
It uses vivid descriptions of natural elements such as flowers, birds, and
landscapes to evoke a sense of beauty and romance.

● Ancient Trading Ports:

Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were ancient port cities & important trade
centers located particularly in the present-day state of Tamil Nadu.

During the period of the Gupta dynasty, Kadura, Ghantasala, and Chaul were
well-known as important trading towns and ports

Korkai was an ancient port city located in the Pandyan kingdom

Poompuhar (Kaveripoompattinam) was a prominent port city situated along

the banks of the river Kaveri.
Poompuhar is renowned for its role in the Sangam period of Tamil literature.

Muchiri (Musiri) was an ancient port town corresponds to present day Kerala.
It was known for its trade activities, particularly in spices and textiles.
Important for Prelims 2024:

1. Barugaza (Broach) located in Gujarat, it was an important port for

maritime trade during ancient times, connecting India with the Roman
Empire and other parts of the western world.

2. Tamralipta (Tamluk) situated in present-day West Bengal, Tamralipta was

a major port on the eastern coast of India. It was mentioned in ancient
Indian texts as a vital center for trade with Southeast Asia and China.

3. Arikamedu situated near present-day Pondicherry in Tamil Nadu, it was an

ancient port city that was active in maritime trade with the Roman Empire
and other parts of the world.

4. Sopara located in present-day Maharashtra, it was an ancient port city that

played a significant role in maritime trade with the Roman Empire and
other regions.

5. Nelkinda (Nelcynda) was mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman texts

as an important trading center on the western coast of India, likely located
in present-day Kerala or Karnataka.

6. Tyndis (Tondi): mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman sources, it was

situated on the southwestern coast of India and was involved in trade with
the Roman Empire and other regions.
 7. Kakinada located in present-day Andhra Pradesh, it was an ancient port
city involved in maritime trade, particularly in goods such as textiles,
spices, and pearls.

8. Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) situated in present-day Andhra Pradesh,

it was a significant port city on the eastern coast of India, involved in trade
with Southeast Asia, China, and Arabia.

9. Chandragiri situated in present-day Andhra Pradesh, it was an ancient

port city mentioned in historical records for its involvement in maritime
trade with Southeast Asia.

10. Quilon (Kollam) located in Kerala, it was an ancient port city that
played a significant role in maritime trade with the Middle East and Europe,
particularly in the spice trade.

● Context of Dhanyakataka and similar questions:

The Sthavira nikaya was one of the early buddhist schools. They split from the
majority Mahasanghikaks at the time of the Second Buddhist Council.

The Mahasamghika Sariputrapariprccha, a text written to justify this school's

departure from the disciplinary code of the elder monks, asserts that the council
was convened at Pataliputra over matters of vinaya, and it is explained that the
schism resulted from the majority (Mahasamgha) refusing to accept the addition
of rules to the Vinaya by the minority (Sthaviras).
● Jainism Scholars:
1. Acharya Hemachandra (1088–1172 CE):
● Works: "Yogashastra," "Trilokasara," "Abhidhanacintamani,"
"Siddhantasekhara," "Parishishtaparvan," "Dvayasrayakavya," and
many more.
● Contributions: Hemachandra was a prolific writer, poet, and
philosopher who made significant contributions to Jain literature,
grammar, and philosophy. His works cover a wide range of subjects
including ethics, logic, and metaphysics.

2. Acharya Kundakunda (1st century BCE):

● Works: "Samayasara," "Pravacanasara," "Niyamasara,"
"Panchastikayasara," "Ashtapahuda," and "Pramanamimamsa."
● Contributions: Known for his profound philosophical insights and
poetic compositions. His works delve into the nature of reality, soul,
and liberation.

3. Acharya Siddhasena Divakara (5th century CE):

● Works: "Sanmatitarka," "Nyayavatara," "Dasavaikalika Sutra," and
"Mokshamargaprakasha."
● Contributions: Siddhasena Divakara was a prominent Jain
philosopher and logician who wrote extensively on Jain
epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics.

4. Acharya Haribhadra (8th century CE):

● Works: "Dhurtakhyana," "Saddarsanasamuccaya,"
"Anekantajayapataka," "Samaraiccadani," and "Anekantajalasutra."
● Contributions: Haribhadra was a versatile scholar who made
significant contributions to various branches of Jain philosophy,
including epistemology, ethics, and logic.
5. Acharya Haribhadrasuri (12th century CE):
● Works: "Jinadattasuri Charitra," "Mahavira Purana," "Dharmabindu,"
"Mulasutra," and "Satyasasanapariksa."
● Contributions: Haribhadrasuri was a renowned Jain scholar and poet
who wrote extensively on Jain history, mythology, and ethics. His
works provide valuable insights into the cultural and philosophical
milieu of medieval Jainism.

6. Acharya Jinasena (9th century CE):

● Works: "Harivamsapursna," "Adipurana," "Mahapurana," and
"Upadesamala."
● Contributions: Jinasena was a celebrated Jain scholar and historian
known for his epic compositions and biographical works. His writings
vividly portray the lives of Jain Tirthankaras and their teachings.

● Important Structures of Vijaynagar Empire:

1. Virupaksha Temple:
● Located in Hampi, Karnataka, the Virupaksha Temple is one of the
oldest and most significant temples in South India. It has a rich
history dating back to the 7th century AD, with contributions from
various rulers over the centuries, including the Vijayanagara kings.
● The temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Lord Shiva,
and is a major pilgrimage site for devotees of Shaivism.
● Architecturally, the temple showcases a mix of styles, with elements
from the Chalukyan, Hoysala, and Vijayanagara periods. Its towering
gopuram (gateway tower), pillared halls, and intricate carvings make
it a stunning example of Dravidian temple architecture.

2. Vithala Temple Complex:

● Situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Hampi, the
Vithala Temple Complex is renowned for its architectural brilliance
and artistic beauty.
● The centerpiece of the complex is the Vithala Temple, dedicated to
Lord Vithala (a form of Lord Vishnu). Its main hall, known as the
 Mahamandapa, features rows of elaborately carved pillars with
intricate sculptures depicting various mythological scenes.
● One of the most iconic features of the complex is the stone chariot, a
representation of Lord Vishnu's celestial vehicle. It is intricately
carved and is a symbol of the architectural ingenuity of the
Vijayanagara craftsmen.

3. Lotus Mahal:
● The Lotus Mahal, also known as Kamal Mahal or Chitrangi Mahal, is
a unique structure located within the Zenana Enclosure, a fortified
area in Hampi believed to have housed the royal women.
● This two-story pavilion is renowned for its graceful arched windows,
domed roofs, and lotus-shaped domes, from which it derives its
name.
● The architectural style of the Lotus Mahal reflects a fusion of Hindu
and Islamic influences, showcasing the cosmopolitan nature of the
Vijayanagara court.

4. Hazara Rama Temple:

● Constructed in the 15th century, the Hazara Rama Temple is
dedicated to Lord Rama and is known for its elaborate bas-reliefs
depicting scenes from the Ramayana.
● The temple was used by the royal family for worship and is adorned
with intricately carved sculptures depicting various episodes from the
Ramayana, including the coronation of Lord Rama and his victory
over the demon king Ravana.
● The exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail make the Hazara
Rama Temple a significant architectural and artistic treasure of the
Vijayanagara Empire.
5. Queen's Bath:
● The Queen's Bath is an ornate bathing complex located in Hampi,
believed to have been used by the royal women of the Vijayanagara
court.
● The structure features a rectangular pool surrounded by a covered
veranda with ornate arches and balconies. The interior walls are
adorned with intricate stucco work and carvings depicting various
motifs and scenes from Hindu mythology.
● The architecture of the Queen's Bath reflects a blend of Hindu and
Islamic styles, showcasing the luxurious lifestyle enjoyed by the
royal family during the Vijayanagara period.

6. Elephant Stables:
● The Elephant Stables are a series of domed chambers located near
the Zenana Enclosure in Hampi. These structures were used to
house the royal elephants of the Vijayanagara Empire.
● The Elephant Stables feature a unique blend of Hindu and Islamic
architectural styles, with domed roofs, arched doorways, and
decorative elements reminiscent of Islamic architecture.
● The grandeur of the Elephant Stables reflects the importance of
elephants in the military and ceremonial affairs of the Vijayanagara
Empire.

7. Achyutaraya Temple:
● Built in the 16th century by King Achyuta Deva Raya, the
Achyutaraya Temple is dedicated to Lord Venkateswara, a form of
Lord Vishnu.
● The temple is known for its impressive architecture, including
intricately carved pillars, elaborate sculptures, and ornate mandapas
(pillared halls).
● The temple complex also features a stepped tank known as the
Pushkarini, which was used for ritual bathing and ceremonies.
8. Hampi Bazaar:
● Hampi Bazaar is an ancient marketplace located near the
Virupaksha Temple in Hampi. It was a bustling commercial hub
during the Vijayanagara period, attracting traders from various parts
of the world.
● The bazaar is flanked by rows of old structures, including shops,
pavilions, and residential quarters, which provide insights into the
commercial and social life of the period.
● Today, Hampi Bazaar is a popular tourist attraction, offering visitors a
glimpse into the vibrant history and culture of the Vijayanagara
Empire.

● Regional rulers’ interaction with Europeans:

1. Sultan Mahmud Begada - He was the Sultan of Gujarat during the 15th
century. He had diplomatic interactions with various European powers,
including the Portuguese.

2. Sultan Bahadur Shah - Sultan of Gujarat: Bahadur Shah, also known as

Bahadur Shah I, succeeded Mahmud Begada as the Sultan of Gujarat. He
had significant interactions with the Portuguese, including both trade and
conflict.

3. Sultan Ahmad Shah III - Sultan of Gujarat: Ahmad Shah III's reign saw
continued interactions with the Portuguese, including trade agreements
and occasional conflicts.

4. Yusuf Adil Shah - He was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur.
His reign marked the beginning of interactions with European traders,
particularly the Portuguese.
5. Ali Adil Shah I - His reign saw significant cultural and architectural
developments in Bijapur, amid interactions with European traders and
diplomats.

6. Ali Adil Shah II - He faced challenges from both the Portuguese and the
Mughal Empire during his rule over Bijapur.

7. Ibrahim Adil Shah II - His reign was marked by both conflict and
diplomacy with the Portuguese, as well as other European powers.

8. Sultan Qutb Shah - He was the founder of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of
Golconda. His reign saw the beginning of interactions with European
traders, particularly the Portuguese.

9. Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah - His rule was characterized by efforts to

modernize Golconda's administration and economy, including interactions
with Europeans.

10. Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah II - His reign saw increased European
influence and rivalry in Golconda, particularly from the Dutch and English.

11.Sultan Abul Hasan Tana Shah - Tana Shah's reign marked the end of the
Qutb Shahi dynasty, as Golconda fell to the Mughal Empire after a
prolonged siege.
12. Dost Mohammad Khan - He was the founder of the Bhopal State and
had interactions with European powers during the colonial period.

13. Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I - He founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty and
served as the first Nizam of Hyderabad. His reign saw interactions with
European powers, particularly the British East India Company.

14. Mir Osman Ali Khan - Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of
Hyderabad, had interactions with European powers, particularly during the
period leading up to Indian independence.

15. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah - Nawab of Arcot: He was a key figure
in the Carnatic Wars and had dealings with the British East India Company
and other European powers.

● Ashokan Edicts:
- Large number of his edicts, inscribed on rocks and pillars, were found in
India, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. In India, Places where rock edicts
were found are – Kalsi, Uttarakhand; Sopara, Maharashtra; Mount Girnar,
Gujarat; Yerragudi, Andhra Pradesh; Dhauli, Odisha; Jaugada, Odisha.

- The association of the Major inscriptions with "Ashoka" is only a

reconstruction based on the 3rd-4th century CE Dipavamsa

- Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka

1. Kandahar, Afghanistan
2. Yedrragudi, Andhra Pradesh
3. Girnar, Gujarat
4. Dhauli, Odisha
5. Jaugada, Odisha
6. Khalsi, Uttarakhand
7. Sopara, maharashtra
8. Shahbazgarhi, Pakistan
9. Mansehra, Pakistan
10. Sannati, karnataka