Mathematics

Mathematics (17) All rights reserved Iwona Nowakowska
Derivative of the function
Derivative of a function is one of the most important notion in mathematics.

Derivative is a fundamental tool of calculus.
The notion was introduced into mathematics by Newton and Leibnitz.
It worth to mention that they used different conceptions.
Newton's conception is based on the dynamic.

He described the derivative as the rate of change. We use this concept all the
time, for example, when talking about velocity.
Leibnitz's conception is based on geometric interpretation of the concept of

derivative. He states that the derivative can be thought of as the slope of a
curve.
Some auxiliary definitions at the beginning and geometrical interpretation.
Def:
A secant line of the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) is a straight line joining two points on
the graph of the function.
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𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒚 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏
𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )
𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏
If the secant line has linear equation 𝒚 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 and joins two points
𝑷( 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )) and 𝑸( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )) then the slope 𝒂𝟏 of the secant line is
𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = 𝒂𝟏 =
𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎
Secant line is equivalent to the average rate of change.

We can also write:
∆𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = 𝒂𝟏 = = = =
∆𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎
𝒇(𝒕𝟏 ) − 𝒇(𝒕𝟎 )
= = 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
𝒕𝟏 − 𝒕𝟎
Remark:
The average rate of change of a function between two points and the slope
between two points are the same thing.
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Let us consider the „bundle” of lines – the bundle of secant lines going
through the point 𝑷𝟎 ( 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )) and then through the points
𝑷𝒊 ( 𝒙𝒊 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒊 )) , 𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … i.e. 𝑷𝟏 , 𝑷𝟐 , 𝑷𝟑 , 𝑷𝟒 , …
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝟎 𝒙𝟎 𝒙
Let us have a look at the point 𝑷𝟎 .

As the two points used for the secant line get closer to one another, the
secant line becomes the tangent line.
Def:
A tangent line is a straight line that touches a function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at only one
point.
The slope of tangent line 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 that touches a curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at

the point 𝑷𝟎 ( 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )) is defined as the following limit:
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝒂 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→ 𝒙𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎
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Remark:
The tangent line represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function
at that one point 𝑷𝟎 .
The slope 𝒂 of the tangent line 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 at a point 𝑷𝟎 on the curve 𝒚 =

𝒇(𝒙) is the derivative of the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at the same point
𝑷𝟎 ( 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )).
Def:
Let 𝒇 be the function defined in the neighbourhood of the point 𝒙𝟎 .
Derivative of the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) with respect to 𝒙 at the point 𝒙𝟎 is the
limit:
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→ 𝒙𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎
Remark:
Derivative of the function 𝒇 at the point 𝒙𝟎 i.e. 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) is equal to the
tangent ( tan ) of the angle 𝜶 which creates the tangent line 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at the
point with the first coordinate 𝒙𝟎 with the axis 𝑿 .
𝑷𝟎 ( 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )) − the point of tangency

𝒙𝟎 − the first coordinate of the point ( 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ))
Let us have a look at the graph of the curve below:
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tangent line
𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) • •
the graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝜶
• x
0 x0 𝒙
𝒙𝟎
𝒇 ′ (𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶
Remark:
The tangent line 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at the point with the first coordinate 𝒙𝟎 , i.e. at
the point 𝑷( 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) ) has the following equation:
𝒚 − 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )
The equation of the tangent line can be written in the form:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
We will consider now a different concept of derivative.
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The Geometrical Concept of the Derivative

We know that the slope of a line on a graph → this is the derivative.
When we have a look at the curve, it is usually difficult to find the slope at
every point, because the slope is changing all the time.
A way to find the slope 𝒂 is using the formula for slope:

∆𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = 𝒂 = = =
∆𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )
= =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
To obtain a better approximation of the slope (derivative) is to make the two
𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 values as close as possible.
It can be laborious process if we want to find the slope for many points on
the graph.
This is where differentiation comes in.
The sense of definition of derivative comes from the fact that we can consider
the limit of the slope formula when the two points on a function are coming
closer and closer together.
Let us assume that we want to find derivative at the point 𝑷( 𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙 )), so it
means that we want to find the slope at this point.
We can consider another point which is very close to the point 𝑷, for example
the point 𝑸 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )) = 𝑸 ( 𝒙 + 𝒉, 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉)) , where 𝒉 is a very small
distance.
The slope formula will be now:
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)

= = =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙+𝒉−𝒙 𝒉
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𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙𝟐 → 𝒙𝟏
𝒉→0
We want to have the distance 𝒉 as small as possible so to obtain the slope at

the point 𝑷. So let the value 𝒉 approaches to 𝟎.
If the point 𝑸 → 𝑷 , then 𝒉 → 𝟎 .
We can write:
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Limit Definition for the Derivative is:
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
This gives us the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x.
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Example:
Let us consider the function:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
We will evaluate its derivative.
We count the value 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) .
To find the value 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) we put (𝒙 + 𝒉) into the formula for the function
𝒇 instead of 𝒙.
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) = 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒉) = 𝟓(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒉 + 𝒉𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 =
= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 =
= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 =
= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 =
We count 𝒇′ as the limit:
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝒉 (𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟓𝒉 + 𝟐)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟓𝒉 + 𝟐) = 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎
This linear function 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐 is the derivative for the function 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 .
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Def:
If the function 𝒇: (𝒂, 𝒃) → 𝑹 is differentiable at each point from the interval
(𝒂, 𝒃), then we say the function is differentiable on an open interval (𝒂, 𝒃)
and we say that the function 𝒇 has derivative.
The function:
𝒇′ : (𝒂, 𝒃) → 𝑹
is derivative of the function 𝒇.
Notations for the derivative of the function 𝒇 :

𝒅𝒇 𝒅𝒚 𝒅
𝒚′ , 𝒇′ , , , 𝑫𝒇(𝒙) , 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒇 𝒅𝒚 𝒅
, , – are called differentiation operators
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(should not be regarded as ratio)
Continuity and differentiability are important properties of the function.

The following theorem shows how these properties are related.
Theorem:
Relation between continuity and differentiability
It the function 𝒇: (𝒂, 𝒃) → 𝑹 is differentiable at 𝒙𝟎 ∈ (𝒂, 𝒃) , then the
function 𝒇 is continuous at 𝒙𝟎 .
Remark:
The converse theorem is false.
• That is: there are functions that are continuous but not differentiable.
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Example:
𝒚 = |𝒙|
Consider the function 𝒚 = |𝒙|:
𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| = { 𝒙 ⇔ 𝒙 ≥𝟎
−𝒙 ⇔ 𝒙<𝟎
"𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒑"
The above function is continuous at 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎 but it has no derivative at this
point.
Geometrically it is obvious because there is no tangent line at this point
(𝟎, 𝟎).
The slope does not exist at 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎 because the function 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| has
“cusp” - sharp point at this point.
We will show that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| is not differentiable at the point
𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎 .
We will evaluate the limit:
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟎) |𝒙| − |𝟎|
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝟎
|𝒙|
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
We must count one sided limits:
|𝒙| − |𝟎| |𝒙| −𝒙
𝒍𝒊𝒎− = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− (−𝟏) = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎
|𝒙| − |𝟎| |𝒙| 𝒙

𝒍𝒊𝒎+ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎
We have conclusion:
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝒍𝒊𝒎− ≠ 𝒍𝒊𝒎+
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎
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𝒇(𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
It means that the limit 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (at 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎) doesn’t exist because
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝒙𝟎
the left sided limit and right sided limit are different.
That is why f is not differentiable at 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎.
Remark:
Differentiable function must have smooth graph, without “cusps” - sharp
points.
Example:
We will count derivative of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 at 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏.
Using the definition:

𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟏)
𝒇′ (𝟏) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 − ( 𝟑 ∙ 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟓)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 − 𝟑 − 𝟓 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 𝟑(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝟎
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = [ ]=
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝟎
𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟑 ∙ 𝟐 = 𝟔
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
Example:
We will count derivative of the function:
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙≤𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙>𝟏
at the point 𝒙 = 𝟏 and at the point 𝒙 = 𝟎.
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𝟏) 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏
We count one sided limits:
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟏) 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − (𝟏 − 𝟏)
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− =
𝒙→𝟏− 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎− = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− =
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 −(𝟏 − 𝒙)
(𝟏 + 𝒙)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎− = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− (−𝟏 − 𝒙) = −𝟏 − 𝟏 = −𝟐
𝒙→𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟏)

𝒍𝒊𝒎+ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ =
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 − (𝟏 − 𝟒 + 𝟑)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ =
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 + 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟎
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ = [ ]=
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ (𝒙 − 𝟑) = 𝟏 − 𝟑 = −𝟐
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
One sided limits have the same values so :

𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟏)
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = −𝟐
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙− 𝟏
Hence:
𝒇′ (𝟏) = −𝟐
Auxiliary calculations:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
∆ = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟒, 𝒄=𝟑
∆ = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟒 ∙ 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒
−𝒃 − √∆ 𝟒−𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟏 = = = =𝟏
𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
−𝒃 + √∆ 𝟒+𝟐 𝟔
𝒙𝟐 = = = =𝟑
𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 ⇔ 𝒚 = 𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 ⇔ 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
12
𝟐) 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎
We count two sided limit:
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟎) 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙− 𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
−𝒙𝟐
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (−𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎
We have:
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟎)
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙− 𝟎
Hence:
𝒇′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
Theorem:
Rules of Differentiation of Functions in Calculus :
Let the functions 𝒇: (𝒂, 𝒃) → 𝑹 and 𝒈: (𝒂, 𝒃) → 𝑹 be differentiable at

𝒇
𝒙𝟎 , then the functions 𝒇 + 𝒈 , 𝒇 − 𝒈 , 𝒇 ∙ 𝒈 , (if exist) are also
𝒈
differentiable at 𝒙𝟎 .
Moreover:
Sum Rule Difference Rule
(𝒇 + 𝒈)′ = 𝒇′ + 𝒈′ (𝒇 − 𝒈)′ = 𝒇′ − 𝒈′
Product Rule Quotient Rule
′ ′ ′
𝒇 ′ 𝒇′ ∙ 𝒈 − 𝒈′ ∙ 𝒇
(𝒇 ∙ 𝒈) = 𝒇 ∙ 𝒈 + 𝒈 ∙ 𝒇 ( ) =
𝒈 𝒈𝟐
Constant Multiple Rule Derivative of a constant
(𝒄 ∙ 𝒇)′ = 𝒄 ∙ 𝒇′ 𝒄′ = 𝟎
where 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹 where 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹
13
Differentiation Formulas for elementary functions:
𝒚 = 𝒄 ⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝟎 , 𝒄 ∈𝑹
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 ⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝒏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 ⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝒂
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 ⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝟐𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒃
𝟏
𝒚 = √𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ =
𝟐√ 𝒙
𝒂 𝒂
𝒚 = ⇒ 𝒚′ = −
𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = ⇒ 𝒚′ = −
𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒂
𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝒆𝒙
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ =
𝒙
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ =
𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒂
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ = − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒈 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
−𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚′ =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
14
Example:
We will evaluate derivative of the function: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓
𝒚′ = 𝟓 ∙ 𝒙𝟓−𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒙𝟒
Example:
We will evaluate derivative of the function: 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕
𝒚′ = 𝟑 ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟏 − 𝟒 + 𝟎 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒
Example:
We will evaluate derivative of the function: 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 + √𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙
𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝟒 + + 𝒆𝒙
𝟐√ 𝒙
Example:
We will evaluate derivative of the function: 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 + √𝟓𝒙
𝒚′ = 𝟎 + √𝟓
Example:
We will evaluate derivative of the function: 𝒚 = 𝟗𝒙 ∙ 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
The function can be written as: 𝒚 = 𝟗𝒙𝟔 + 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟓 + 𝟐 ∙
𝒙
Example:
𝟒
We will evaluate derivative of the function: 𝒚 = √𝒙𝟑
𝟑
The function can be written as: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒
𝟑 𝟑−𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝒙𝟒 = 𝒙 𝟒 = = =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟒 𝟒 𝟒√𝒙 𝟒
𝟒 √𝒙
𝒙
15
Example:
We will evaluate derivative of the function: 𝒚 = 𝟔 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒙
Example:
We will evaluate derivative of the function:
𝟐
𝒚 =
𝒙𝟓
The function can be written as: 𝒚 = 𝟐 ∙ 𝒙−𝟓
𝟏 −𝟏𝟎
𝒚′ = 𝟐 ∙ (−𝟓)𝒙−𝟔 = −𝟏𝟎𝒙−𝟔 = −𝟏𝟎 =
𝒙𝟔 𝒙𝟔
Theorem:
The Chain Rule:

Derivative of composite functions.
If 𝒈 is differentiable at 𝒙 and 𝒇 is differentiable at 𝒈(𝒙) , then the composite

function 𝑭 = 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 defined by:
𝑭 = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))
is differentiable at 𝒙 and 𝑭′ is given by the product:
𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒈(𝒙)) ∙ 𝒈′ (𝒙)
Remark:
Derivative of composite function is the product of derivative of the inner
function and derivative of the outer function.
16
Example:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒙
Let notice that the function 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒙 is composite function of the
functions:
𝒐 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒊
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒙 = {
𝒊 = 𝟓𝒙
The outer function is 𝒐 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒘

The inner function is 𝒊 = 𝟓𝒙.
So we have:
𝒚′ = (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒊)′ ∙ (𝟓𝒙)′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒊 ∙ 𝟓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒙 ∙ 𝟓 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒙
Example:
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟒
The above function is composite function of two elementary functions:
𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟒 = { 𝒐 = 𝒊𝟒
𝒊 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐
The outer function is 𝒐 = 𝒊𝟒
The inner function is 𝒊 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐
Hence we have:
𝒚′ = (𝒊𝟒 )′ ∙ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)′ = 𝟒 𝒊𝟑 ∙ (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) =
= 𝟒 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟑 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)
17
Example:
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙
The above function is composite function of four elementary functions:
𝒛 = √𝒘
𝒕
𝒚 = √𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 = { 𝒘=𝒆
𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒑
𝒑 = 𝟑𝒙
Hence we have:
𝒚′ = (√𝒘)′ (𝒆𝒕 )′ (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒑)′ (𝟑𝒙)′ =
𝟏 𝟏
= ∙ 𝒆𝒕 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒑 ∙ 𝟑 = ∙ 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒑 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒑 ∙ 𝟑 =
𝟐√ 𝒘 𝟐√𝒆𝒕
𝟏
= ∙ 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 ∙ 𝟑 =
𝟐√𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒑
𝟏
= ∙ 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 ∙ 𝟑
𝟐√𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
Example:
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙𝟕 – 𝟓𝒙)
The above function is composite function:
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙𝟕 – 𝟓𝒙)
outer function inner function

Hence:
𝒚′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙𝟕 – 𝟓𝒙) ∙ (𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓)
18
Example:
𝟑 𝟒
𝒚 = (𝟐 + )
𝒙
𝟑 𝟒
𝒚 = (𝟐 + )
𝒙
inner function outer function
Stąd:
𝟑 −𝟑 −𝟏𝟐 𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝟒 (𝟐 + ) 𝟑
∙ = (𝟐 + ) 𝟑
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
Example:
𝒚 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙
𝒚 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙
outer function inner inner

function function
𝒊𝟏 𝒊𝟐
Hence:
𝒚′ = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝟒 ∙ (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙) ∙ 𝟑 = −𝟑 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 ∙ 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝟒
Example:
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
19

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
outer inner
function function
Hence:
𝒚′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 ∙ 𝟑𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝟑
Example:
𝒚 = √𝒕𝒈 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 )
𝒚 = √𝒕𝒈 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 )
outer inner inner

function function function
𝒊𝟏 𝒊𝟐
Hence:
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚′ = ∙ ∙ (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 )
𝟐√𝒕𝒈 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 )
We will show now some examples of the derivatives using the product rule
and the quotient rule.
20
Example:
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
Function 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 is the product of two functions so we must use the

product rule:
(𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)′ = 𝒇′ ∙ 𝒈 + 𝒈′ ∙ 𝒇
We can use the auxiliary notations:

𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
⏟ 𝒇 ⏟ 𝒈
Hence:
𝒚′ = (𝟐𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)′ ∙ 𝟐𝒙 =
= 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ∙ 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
Example:
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 ∙ 𝒆𝒙
The function above is the product of two functions so we must use the
product rule. Let us use the notations:
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 ∙ 𝒆𝒙
⏟ 𝒇 ⏟ 𝒈
Mamy:
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝒚′ = (𝒍𝒏 𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒆𝒙 + (𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = ∙ 𝒆 + 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒙
Example:
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
21
The function above is the product of three functions.
Let us use the notations:

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
⏟ 𝒇 ⏟ 𝒈
We will treat the product of two first functions as one function 𝒇 and the
second function as the function 𝒈 .
We must remember that the derivative of the function 𝒇 must be counted

using the same product rule.
Hence we have:
𝒚′ = (𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 =
= [(𝒙𝟐 )′ ∙ 𝒆𝒙 + (𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝒙𝟐 ] ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 =
= [𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒙𝟐 ] ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 ∙ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙
Example:
𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
The above function is composite function but the inner function is the
product of two functions, so the derivative of the inner function must be
counted using the product rule.
Hence we have:
𝒚′ = 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ( 𝟑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)′ =
= 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 [ ( 𝟑𝒙)′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 )′ 𝟑𝒙 ] =
= 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 [ 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ∙ 𝟑𝒙 ]
22
Example:
𝟐𝒙𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙+𝟓
The function above is the quotient of two functions so we must use the
quotient rule in this case.
𝒇 ′ 𝒇′ ∙ 𝒈 − 𝒈′ ∙ 𝒇
( ) =
𝒈 𝒈𝟐
Let us use the auxiliary notations:
𝒇
𝟐𝒙𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙+𝟓
𝒈
Hence we have:
(𝟐𝒙𝟑 )′ ∙ (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟓) − (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟓 )′ ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟑
′
𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝟐
𝟔𝒙 ∙ (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟓) − (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟑
= =
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝟐
𝟔𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙 − (𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 )
= =
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝟐
𝟔𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑
= =
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝟐
− 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙
=
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝟐
Example:
23
𝟒𝒆𝒙
𝒚 =
√𝒙
The function above is the quotient of two functions so we use quotient rule.
𝒇
𝟒𝒆𝒙
𝒚 =
√𝒙
𝒈
We have:
′
(𝟒 𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ √𝒙 − (√𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝟒𝒆𝒙
𝒚 = 𝟐 =
(√𝒙)
𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝒆𝒙 ∙ √𝒙 − ∙ 𝟒𝒆𝒙 𝟒 𝒆𝒙 ∙ (√𝒙 − )
𝟐√ 𝒙 𝟐√ 𝒙
= 𝟐 = =
(√ 𝒙) 𝒙
√ 𝒙 𝟐√ 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟒 𝒆𝒙 ∙ ( − ) 𝟒 𝒆𝒙 ∙ ( )
𝟐√ 𝒙 𝟐√ 𝒙 𝟐√ 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
= = = 𝟒 𝒆𝒙 ∙ ( )∙
𝒙 𝒙 𝟐√ 𝒙 𝒙
Example:
𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒚 =
𝟐𝒙𝟐
The function above is the quotient of two functions so we must use the
quotient rule.
24
We use the auxiliary notations: 𝒇
𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒚 =
𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝒈
Let us notice that the function which is in the numerator is the product of two
functions. That is why we must remember that we will have to use also the
product rule when evaluating the derivative of the numerator.
We have:
′
(𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙)′ ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − (𝟐𝒙𝟐 )′ ∙ 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒚 = =
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
[ (𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + ( 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝒆𝒙 ] ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − (𝟐𝒙𝟐 )′ ∙ 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙

= =
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
𝟏
[ 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + ∙ 𝒆𝒙 ] ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 ∙ 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
= 𝒙 =
𝟒𝒙𝟒
𝒆𝒙
[ 𝒆 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙 ] ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 ∙ 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒙
= =
𝟒𝒙𝟒
𝒆𝒙
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
= 𝒙 =
𝟒𝒙𝟒
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
= =
𝟒𝒙𝟒
𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙) 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙)
= = =
𝟒𝒙𝟒 𝟐𝒙𝟑
𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏 )
=
𝟐𝒙𝟑
25
Exercise:
Evaluate derivatives of the functions:
𝟏) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟕 + 𝒙−𝟓
𝟐) 𝒚 = 𝟐√𝟓𝒙
𝟏
𝟑) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝟐
𝟑
𝟒) 𝒚 = √𝒙𝟓
𝟓) 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒕𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟗𝒙 ∙ 𝒆𝒙
𝟔) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙
𝒆𝟓𝒙
𝟕) 𝒚 =
𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝟏
𝟖) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + (𝟑 + )𝟐
𝒙
𝟗) 𝒚 = √𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟏𝟎) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙)
𝟏 + √𝒙
𝟏𝟏) 𝒚 =
𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙
𝟐 𝒙
𝟏𝟐) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 +
𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝟏𝟑) 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙√𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
26
Solution:
𝟏) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟕 + 𝒙−𝟓
𝒚′ = 𝟕𝒙𝟔 − 𝟓𝒙−𝟔
𝟐) 𝒚 = 𝟐√𝟓𝒙
𝟏 𝟓
𝒚′ = 𝟐 ∙𝟓=
𝟐√𝟓𝒙 √𝟓𝒙
𝟏
𝟑) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚′ = ∙ + 𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒙 ∙ = ( + 𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒙 )
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
𝟑 𝟓
𝟒) 𝒚 = √𝒙𝟓 = 𝒙𝟑
𝟓 𝟓−𝟏 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 = √𝒙𝟐
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟓) 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒕𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟗𝒙 ∙ 𝒆𝒙
𝟏 𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝟑 ∙ + (𝟗𝒙 ∙ 𝒆𝒙 )′ = + [(𝟗𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒆𝒙 + (𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝟗𝒙] =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝟑
= + [𝟗𝒆𝒙 + 𝟗𝒙 𝒆𝒙 ]
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝟔) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙
𝒚′ = [(𝒙𝟐 )′ ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒙𝟐 ] + [(𝟐𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒆𝒙 + (𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝟐𝒙] =
= [𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟗 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝒙 ∙ 𝒙𝟐 ] + [𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 ∙ 𝟐𝒙] =
= 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 𝟐𝒙

27
𝒆𝟓𝒙
𝟕) 𝒚 =
𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙
′ 𝟓𝒙 𝟏
(𝒆𝟓𝒙 ) ∙ 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 − ( 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝟓𝒆 ∙ 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 − ∙ 𝟐 ∙ 𝒆𝟓𝒙
′
𝒚 = = 𝟐𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 =
(𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)𝟐 (𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)𝟐
𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝟏
𝟓𝒆𝟓𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙 (𝟓𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 − )
= 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 =
(𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)𝟐 (𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)𝟐
𝟓𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒆𝟓𝒙 ( ) 𝟓𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 = 𝒆𝟓𝒙 ( )∙ =
(𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 (𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)𝟐
𝟓𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝒆𝟓𝒙 ( )
(𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)𝟑
𝟏
𝟖) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + (𝟑 + )𝟐
𝒙
𝟏 −𝟏
𝒚′ = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟗𝒙𝟐 ∙ 𝟏𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐 (𝟑 + ) ∙ 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
𝟗) 𝒚 = √𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚′ = ∙ (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + )
𝟐√𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙+𝟐
𝟏𝟎) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙)
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚′ = (𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + )
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒙
28
𝟏 + √𝒙
𝟏𝟏) 𝒚 =
𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙
′
′
( 𝟏 + √𝒙) ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 − (𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ ( 𝟏 + √𝒙 )
𝒚 = =
(𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙 )𝟐
𝟏
∙ 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 − [(𝟐𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒆𝒙 + (𝒆𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝟐𝒙 ] ∙ ( 𝟏 + √𝒙 )
𝟐 𝒙
= √ =
(𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙 )𝟐
𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝒆𝒙
− [𝟐𝒆 + 𝒆 𝟐𝒙 ] ∙ ( 𝟏 + √𝒙 ) − [𝟐𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙) ] ( 𝟏 + √𝒙 )
𝒙 √𝒙
= √ =
(𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙 )𝟐 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝟐 𝒙
𝟏𝟐) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 +
𝒍𝒏 𝒙
′ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟐
( 𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − (𝒍𝒏 𝒙)′ ∙ 𝒙
𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝟐 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 ∙ 𝟔𝒙 + =
(𝒍𝒏𝒙)𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 ∙ 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − ∙𝒙
= 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒍𝒏𝟐 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∙ 𝟔𝒙 + 𝒙 =
𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝟐 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∙ 𝟔𝒙 +
𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟏𝟑) 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙√𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝟐 − [(𝒙)′ ∙ √𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + (√𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 )′ ∙ 𝒙 ] =
𝟏
= 𝟏𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 − [√𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + ∙ (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) ∙ 𝒙 ] =
𝟐√𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
= 𝟏𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 − [√𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − ]
𝟐√𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
29
Example:
We will find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of the function 𝒚 =
𝟏
at the point 𝒙𝟎 = −𝟐.
𝒙
Tangent line to the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at the point 𝒙𝟎 has a form:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
We will find: 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) , 𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙 ), 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) step by step.

𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝒇(−𝟐) = = −
−𝟐 𝟐
−𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙 ) =
𝒙𝟐
−𝟏 𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒇′ (−𝟐) = = −
(−𝟐)𝟐 𝟒
Hence we have:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = − (𝒙 + 𝟐) − = − 𝒙 − − =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
=− 𝒙−𝟏
𝟒
Equation of the tangent is:
𝟏
𝒚=− 𝒙−𝟏
𝟒
𝟏
We will find the zero of the function: 𝒚=− 𝒙−𝟏
𝟒
𝟏
− 𝒙−𝟏=𝟎
𝟒
𝟏
− 𝒙=𝟏
𝟒
30
𝟏
𝒙 = −𝟒 , 𝒇(−𝟒) = −
𝟐
𝟏
The graph below shows the function 𝒇 and the tangent to 𝒇(𝒙) = at the
𝒙
point 𝒙𝟎 = −𝟐 .
Exercise:
Find the equation of the tangent line to the function 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 at the point
𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏.
Solution:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
We will find: 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) , 𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙 ), 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 )
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒇′ (𝒙 ) = 𝟐𝒙
𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒇′ (𝟏) = 𝟐
We have:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟎 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐

31
Our tangent line equation is:
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
The zero of the function 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 is 𝒙 = 𝟏
We will find now the vertex of the parabola: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟏 ˅ 𝒙 = −𝟏
−𝒃 −∆
Vertex 𝑾(𝒙𝒘 , 𝒚𝒘 ), where 𝒙𝒘 = , 𝒚𝒘 =
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂
∆= 𝟎 − 𝟒 ∙ (−𝟏) = 𝟒
−𝒃
𝒙𝒘 = = 𝟎
𝟐𝒂
−∆ −𝟒
𝒚𝒘 = = = −𝟏
𝟒𝒂 𝟒
𝑾(𝒙𝒘 , 𝒚𝒘 ) = 𝑾(𝟎, −𝟏)
32
Exercise:
𝟒
Find the equation of the tangent lines to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − at the
𝒙
points of intersections of the graph of this function 𝒇 with the axis 𝑿.
Solution:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
We must find at the beginning the points of intersection of the function

𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − with the axis 𝑿.
𝒙
𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 −
𝒙
𝟒 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 ⇔ 𝒙− =𝟎 ⇔ =𝟎 ⇔ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇔
𝒙 𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟎 ⇔ 𝒙 = 𝟐 ˅ 𝒙 = −𝟐
1) We find the tangent line to the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at the point 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟐
The equation is:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
We find: 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) , 𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙 ), 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 )
𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 −
𝒙
𝟒
𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟐 − = 𝟐−𝟐=𝟎
𝟐
−𝟒 𝟒
𝒇′ (𝒙 ) = 𝟏 − = 𝟏 +
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟒
𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒇′ (𝟐) = 𝟏 + =𝟏+𝟏=𝟐
𝟐𝟐
Hence we have:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝟎 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
33
The tangent line is: 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
2) We find the tangent line to the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at the point 𝒙𝟎 =

−𝟐
The equation is:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
We find: 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) , 𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙 ), 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 )
𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 −
𝒙
𝟒
𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝒇(−𝟐) = −𝟐 − = −𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
−𝟐
−𝟒 𝟒
𝒇′ (𝒙 ) = 𝟏 − = 𝟏 +
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟒
𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒇′ (−𝟐) = 𝟏 + =𝟏+𝟏=𝟐
(−𝟐)𝟐
Hence we have:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟎 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
The tangent line is: 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
Exercise:
Find the equation of the tangent line to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 at the
point 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏 and draw the graph of this tangent.
Solution:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )
34
We have:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒇′ (𝒙 ) = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒇′ (𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝟐 = −𝟏
Hence:
𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ) = −𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟎 = −𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇔ 𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝟎 ⇔ 𝒙=𝟎 ˅ 𝒙=𝟏

−𝒃 −∆
Vertex 𝑾(𝒙𝒘 , 𝒚𝒘 ), where 𝒙𝒘 = , 𝒚𝒘 =
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂
𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
∆= 𝟏 − 𝟒 ∙ (−𝟏) ∙ 𝟎 = 𝟏
−𝒃 −𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒘 = = =
𝟐𝒂 −𝟐 𝟐
−∆ −𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝒘 = = =
𝟒𝒂 −𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾(𝒙𝒘 , 𝒚𝒘 ) = ( , ) = (𝟎. 𝟓 , 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)
𝟐 𝟒
35

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Mathematics (17) All rights reserved Iwona Nowakowska

Derivative of the function

Derivative of a function is one of the most important notion in mathematics.

The notion was introduced into mathematics by Newton and Leibnitz.

It worth to mention that they used different conceptions.

Newton's conception is based on the dynamic.

Leibnitz's conception is based on geometric interpretation of the concept of

Some auxiliary definitions at the beginning and geometrical interpretation.

Secant line is equivalent to the average rate of change.

Let us have a look at the point 𝑷𝟎 .

The slope of tangent line 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 that touches a curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at

The slope 𝒂 of the tangent line 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 at a point 𝑷𝟎 on the curve 𝒚 =

𝑷𝟎 ( 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 )) − the point of tangency

Let us have a look at the graph of the curve below:

the graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

The equation of the tangent line can be written in the form:

We will consider now a different concept of derivative.

The Geometrical Concept of the Derivative

A way to find the slope 𝒂 is using the formula for slope:

This is where differentiation comes in.

The slope formula will be now:

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)

We want to have the distance 𝒉 as small as possible so to obtain the slope at

If the point 𝑸 → 𝑷 , then 𝒉 → 𝟎 .

Limit Definition for the Derivative is:

This gives us the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x.

We will evaluate its derivative.

We count the value 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) .

𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) = 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒉) = 𝟓(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒉 + 𝒉𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 =

= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 =

= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 =

= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 =

We count 𝒇′ as the limit:

𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒉 + 𝟓𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙

Notations for the derivative of the function 𝒇 :

(should not be regarded as ratio)

Continuity and differentiability are important properties of the function.

|𝒙| − |𝟎| |𝒙| 𝒙

Using the definition:

𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟏)

One sided limits have the same values so :

Rules of Differentiation of Functions in Calculus :

Let the functions 𝒇: (𝒂, 𝒃) → 𝑹 and 𝒈: (𝒂, 𝒃) → 𝑹 be differentiable at

Differentiation Formulas for elementary functions:

The Chain Rule:

If 𝒈 is differentiable at 𝒙 and 𝒇 is differentiable at 𝒈(𝒙) , then the composite

is differentiable at 𝒙 and 𝑭′ is given by the product:

𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒈(𝒙)) ∙ 𝒈′ (𝒙)

The outer function is 𝒐 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒘

The above function is composite function of four elementary functions:

outer function inner function

inner function outer function

outer function inner inner

The above function is composite function:

outer inner inner

Function 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 is the product of two functions so we must use the

We can use the auxiliary notations:

The function above is the product of three functions.

Let us use the notations: