LABORATORY MANUAL

Mechanics of Materials

(ME181415)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jorhat Engineering College
Jorhat – 785007 (Assam)
 COLLEGE VISION AND MISSION

Vision:
To develop human resources for sustainable industrial and societal growth through excellence
in technical education and research.

Mission:
1. To impart quality technical education at UG, PG and PhD levels through good academic support
facilities.
2. To provide an environment conducive to innovation and creativity, group work and
entrepreneurial leadership.
3. To develop a system for effective interactions among industries, academia, alumni and other
stakeholders.
4. To provide a platform for need-based research with special focus on regional development.

DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION

Vision:
To emerge as a centre of excellence in mechanical engineering and maintain it through continuous
effective teaching-learning process and need-based research.

Mission:
M1: To adopt effective teaching-learning processes to build students capacity and enhance their skills.

M2: To nurture the students to adapt to the changing needs in academic and industrial aspirations.

M3: To develop professionals to meet industrial and societal challenges.

M4: To motivate students for entrepreneurial ventures for nation-building.

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Program Outcomes (POs)
Engineering graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

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10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The Programme Educational Objectives of Department of Mechanical Engineering are given below:

PEO1: Gain basic domain knowledge, expertise and self-confidence for employment, advanced
studies, R&D, entrepreneurial ventures activities, and facing challenges in professional
life.

PEO2: Develop, improve and maintain effective domain based systems, tools and techniques that
socioeconomically feasible and acceptable and transfer those technologies/developments
for improving quality of life.

PEO3: Demonstrate professionalism through effective communication skill, ethical and societal
commitment, team spirit, leadership quality and get involved in life-long learning to realize
career and organisational goal and participate in nation building.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

The programme specific outcomes of Department of Mechanical Engineering are given below:

PSO1: Capable to establish a career in Mechanical and interdisciplinary areas with the commitment to the
society and the nation.

PSO2: Graduates will be armed with engineering principles, analysing tools and techniques and creative
ideas to analyse, interpret and improve mechanical engineering systems.

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 Course Outcomes (COs)

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

Analyze failure of a given specimen under gradual application of uniaxial tensile load
CO1 and determine tensile stress, Young’s modulus, yield stress, ultimate stress, and
percentage elongation.
Experiment and verify Hook’s law, i.e. the relation between force and displacement with
CO2
the help of a coil spring.
Compare actual and calculated shear force and bending moment developed in bending
CO3
of beam under different loads.

CO4 Calculate stiffness of different helical springs in both compression and tension.

Mapping of COs with POs:

COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 2 2 - 1 - - - - 2 1 - - 1 1
CO2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 1 - - 1 1
CO3 2 2 2 1 1 1
CO4 2 2 2 1 1 1

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 STUDENT PROFILE
NAME :

ROLL NUMBER :

SECTION :

SEMESTER : 4th Semester

YEAR : 2020

PERFORMANCE RECORD
EXP. REMARKS /
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
NO. GRADE

1 UNIAXIAL TENSILE TEST

2 VERIFICATION OF HOOK’S LAW

3 BENDING MOMENT EXPERIMENT

4 COMPRESSION AND EXTENSION OF SPRING

OFFICE USE

Checked By :

Overall Grade / Marks :

Signature of Teacher :

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 EXPERIMENT - 1
TITLE: Uniaxial Tensile Test
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following:
Limit of proportionality

1. Yield strength

2. Ultimate strength

3. Young’s modulus of elasticity

4. Percentage elongation

5. Percentage reduction in area.

APPARATUS:
Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Mild steel specimens, Graph paper, Scale, Vernier Caliper

THEORY: -
The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece are fixed
into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is
small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically deformed solid
will return to its original form as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the
material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve which is recoverable
immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve which represents the
manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress below which the
deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material. In some material
the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and
a lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic
deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in section
and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins to decrease. This stage the “ultimate
strength‟ which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original cross-sectional area,
reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’ formation and rupture.

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 Fig. 1.1 Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and tensile specimen

PROCEDURE: -
1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of
gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the
specimen

2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it.

3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.

4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.

5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.

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6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.

7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.

OBESERVATIONS:

1. Original dimensions Gauge Length = ------------

Diameter = ---------

Area = --------------

2. Final Dimensions:

Gauge Length = -------------------

Diameter = -----------------

Area = ---------------------- Fig. 1.2 Stress vs Strain curve

TABULATION: -

Sl. No. Descriptions Value

1 Load at limit of proportioning
2 Load at elastic limit
3 Maximum tensile strength

𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕

𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = N/mm2
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉

𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 =
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈′ 𝒔 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 =
𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏

𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 (𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆) − 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉

% 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉

𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 − 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆)

% 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 =
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

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CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS: -

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STRESS VS STRAIN CURVE

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REMARKS: -

Exp. No. 1 Title: Tensile test of mild steel

Name of Student:

Roll No.:

Date of Experiment:

Date of Submission:

Signature of Teacher with

Date of Check SEAL

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 EXPERIMENT - 2
TITLE: - Verification of Hooke’s Law

OBJECTIVES: - The objective of this experiment is to verify Hooke’s Law of spring

APPARATUS: - Weight Holder, Weights, Helical Spring (known spring constant), Scale,
Holding Pin

THEORY: - Hooke's Law is a principle of physics that states that the force needed to extend or
compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance. When a spring is stretched by
an applied force, a restoring force is produced. Due to the restoring force, simple harmonic motion
is caused in a straight line in which the acceleration and the restoring force are directly proportional
to the displacement of the vibrating load from the equilibrium position. The force is opposite in
direction to the displacement. This is the force, expressed in Newton, which will produce an
elongation of one meter in the spring. The relation between the force 𝐹 and displacement 𝑥 is

𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥

where, 𝑘 is known as the constant of the spring

Fig. 2.1 Experimental set-up

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PROCEDURE: -
1. Set up the spring
2. Measure the length of spring
3. Hang the spring and record the elongation.
4. Repeat the step 3 for different masses.
5. Calculate the applied force for different masses.
6. Calculate 𝑘 using 𝐹/Δ𝐿 and 𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑔 for spring.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sl. Mass Length of the Elongation Force (= m×g) k = 𝐹/Δ𝐿

kavg
No. (kg) spring (m) (m) (N) (N / m)

CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS: -

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REMARKS: -

Exp. No. 2 Title: Verification of Hooke’s Law

Name of Student:

Roll No.:

Date of Experiment:

Date of Submission:

Signature of Teacher with

Date of Check SEAL

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 EXPERIMENT - 3
TITLE: - Shear Force and Bending Moment Experiment

OBJECTIVES: - To determine the shear force and bending moment at any section of the simply
supported beam

APPARATUS: - Simply supported beam apparatus, weights

THEORY: - The shear force (F) are unalligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction,
and another part the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are alligned into each other,
they are called compression forces. Bending moment exits in a structural element when a moment
is applied to the element so that the element bends. Moments and torques are measured as a force
multiplied by a distance so they have as unit Newton-metres (Nm). The shear force (F) in a beam
at any section, X, is the force transverse to the beam tending cause it to shear across the section.
The force which make the right-hand side tends to slide downwards relative to the left hand portion
is taken as positive whereas the force is taken as negative when the right-hand portion tends to
slide upwards relative to left.

Fig. 3.1 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear force, F is defined that it is the load, W but in opposite directions. Besides, the bending
effect at any section X of a concentrated load W is measured by the applied moment Wx, where x
is the perpendicular distance of the line of action W from section X. This moment is the bending
moment.

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 M = Wx

The bending moment is balanced by an equal and opposite moment exerted by the material of the
beam at X, balances the bending moment. If its effect makes the beam to sag at the section
considered, the bending moment will be positive. The moment will be negative if it tends to make
the beam bend upward or hog at the section.

For any value of x, the relationship between load W and shearing force F is:

W = dF/dx

And the relationship between shearing force and bending moment M is:

F = dM/dx

Fig. 3.2 Force Diagram

The equation we will use in this experiment is:

(𝑙−𝑎)
Bending Moment at cut section:- 𝑊𝑎 lb-in
𝑙

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Distance Reaction at Reaction at

Distance S.F at cut B.M at cut
Sl. Load from left support right support % Error
from left (lb) (lb-in)
No. (lb) right (lb) (lb)
(in)
(in) Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. S.F B.M

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CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS: -

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REMARKS: -

Exp. No. 3 Title: Shear Force and Bending Moment Experiment

Name of Student:

Roll No.:

Date of Experiment:

Date of Submission:

Signature of Teacher with

Date of Check SEAL

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 EXPERIMENT - 4
TITLE: - Compression and Extension of Spring

OBJECTIVES: - Calculate stiffness of helical spring in both compression and tension

APPARATUS: - Spring, a rigid support, slotted weights, scale, hook.

THEORY: -When a load F suspended from lower free end of a spring hanging from a rigid
support, it increases its length by amount x,

then Fx

or F = - kx,

where k is constant of proportionality and is known as spring constant

Fig. 4.1 Experimental set-up (a) extension; (b) compression

PROCEDURE: -
1. Set up the spring
2. Measure the length of spring
3. Record the change in length of the spring in both extension and compression.
4. Repeat the step 3 for different masses.
5. Calculate the applied force for different masses.
6. Calculate 𝑘 using 𝐹/Δ𝐿 and 𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑔 for spring.

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 OBSERVATION TABLE: -

During Extension of Spring During Compression of Spring

Spring
Sl. Mass
length Force (= Force (=
No. (kg) Elongation k1 Compression k2
(m) m×g) kavg m×g) kavg
(m) (N/m) (m) (N/m)
(N) (N)

CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS: -

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REMARKS: -

Exp. No. 4 Title: Compression and Extension of Spring

Name of Student:

Roll No.:

Date of Experiment:

Date of Submission:

Signature of Teacher with

Date of Check SEAL

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