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Some (literature)Studies in Black Hole Physics

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............PHY-401 PRESENTATION............

TITLE
Some Studies in Black Hole Physics

Done By
Manjari Dutta
I-phd(4th Semester)
SNBNCBS
17.05.2019
1 / 47
What is a Black Hole?

Physical interpretation
Physically Black Hole is an extremely densed object in a
comparablly small volume in space and it’s gravitational field
streanth is so high that nothing can escape from it to the
outside world,not even light.

Geometrical Interpretation
Geometrically Black Hole is a special kind of distortion on
space-time manifold where General Theory of Relativity does
not work at all and any infalling geodesic (both time like and
light like)cannot come out from there.
This kind of Distortion on space-time manifold is said to
be Singularity.

2 / 47
Concept of Singularity on space-time

Generally for any metric expression the points at which the

metric co-effitients blow up are Suspected to have Singularity
on space-time manifold.

It is a theoritical aspect to detect Singularity on

manifold;Practically all of the points where any metric
co-effitient blow up do not hold singularity always.
3 / 47
Concept of Singularity

Real Singularity

When any of the scalars formed from the curvature tensors

blows up at a certain point except infinity,that point is
said to have a Real Singularity.
Black Hole is centred at a Real Singular point.

Coordinate Singularity

If none of the curvature scalars does not blow up at the

suspected singular point,that point is said to have a
Co-ordinate Singularity.
This type of Singularity can be removed by co-ordinate
transformation.
4 / 47
A look on Schwarzschild Metric

2MG −1 2
   
2MG
dτ 2 =− 1− 2
dt + 1 − dr + r 2 dΩ2
r r
Reimann Scalar
48G 2 M 2
R abcd Rabcd = [g bβ ][g cγ ][g dδ ][gaµ ]R a βγδ R µ bcd =
r6
Matrix of metric

  
2MG

− 1− 0 0 0

 r  −1


 2MG 
 0 1− 0 0 

 r 

 0 0 r 2 0 
2
0 0 0 r 2 (sinθ)

Determinant D=−r 4 (sinθ)2

5 / 47
Singularity in Schwarzschild Metric

 
2MG
At r=0 i.e Origin,gtt = − 1 − blows-up.
r
At r=2GM i.e Schwarzschild Radius
2MG −1
 
grr = 1 − blows-up.
r

6 / 47
Singularity in Schwarzschild Metric

Origin has Real Singularity

48G 2 M 2
R abcd Rabcd == blows up at r=0
r6
The matrix of Schwarzschild metric is singular at r=0 i.e
D=0 here. So,it is a Real Singularity; and it is the centre
of Schwarschild Black Hole

Schwarzschild Radius has coordinate singularity

R abcd Rabcd gives finite value at r=2GM

Matrix of Schwarzschild metric is not singular at that
point i.e D 6= 0 here.The metric is well behaved at this
point and it is just a Co-ordinate singularity which can
be removed by co-ordinate transformation.
7 / 47
Trouble making Schwarzschild Radius in Polar
coordinate
Slope of Schwarzschild light cone for radial null
curves(i.e θ, φ are constants and dτ 2 = 0),
2MG −1
 
dt
=± 1− (1)
dr r
Light cones appear to close up as we approach r=2GM

It is the Apparent Inability to get to there with respect

to an observer’s view point in this coordinate. 8 / 47
Schwarzschild Light cone in Tortoise
Coordinate System

From radial null slope

r
  
dt

2MG
−1
1 − 1 + 1
  2GM
=± 1− = ±

r

dr r 2MG 
1− 2GM
r
(2)
After simplification and integration
h  r  i
t = ± r + 2GMln − 1 + constant = ±r ∗ +constant
2GM
(3)
r ∗ is known as Tortoise Coordinate
h  r i
r ∗ = ± r + 2GMln −1 (4)
2GM
9 / 47
Schwarzschild Light cone in Tortoise
Coordinate System

From the tortoise parameter which is function of r only

 −1
∗ 2GM
dr = 1 − dr (5)
r

The Tortoise Metric is

 
2GM
2
ds = 1 − (−dt 2 +dr ∗ 2 )+r 2 dθ2 +r 2 (sinθ)2 dφ2 = 0
r
(6)
Slope of Radial null curve
dr ∗
= ±1
dt

10 / 47
Schwarzschild Light cone in Tortoise
Coordinate System
What are the Adventages of Tortoise Coordinate System

The metric is singular only at r=0 as none of the metric

coeffitients would blow up at r=2GM.So,the Coordinate
singularityhas been removed.
this coordinate system prevents the light cone from being

closed up anywhere.
At r ∗ 7→ −∞ r=2GM i.e the schwarzschild radius has
been pushed away to the infinity.
11 / 47
Requrement of Another Coordinate system

Tortoise Coordinate system is well-behaved only for

r > 2GM
We can only stop the light cone from being closed-up but
it could not be passed through the Schwarzschild Radius
smoothly.
We want to study the behaviour of light cone between the
Singularity and Schwarzschild Radius.Next time we need
a suitable coordinate system according to that criteria.

12 / 47
Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates

These are radially null coordinates of Tortoise

Coordinate system.
dr ∗
From the previous slope = ±1
∗
dt
⇒ v = r + t=constant
And u = r ∗ − t=constant.
u and v are known as Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates.
u is Outgoing null coordinate because for u,dr ∗ = dt i.e
with the increse of time the distance from the singularity
increses as if the geodesic has been come out from the
singularity
v is Infalling null coordinate because for v,dr ∗ = −dt i.e
with the increse of time the distance from the singularity
decreses as if the geodesic is approaching to the singularity.
13 / 47
Schwarzschild Light Cone in Infalling null
coordinate system
 −1
2GM
dr ∗ = 1− dr and
r
2GM −1
 
∗
dt = dv − dr = dv − 1 − dr
r
Replacing those in Tortoise Metric,
 
2GM
2
dτ = (drdv +drdv )− 1 − dv 2 +r 2 dθ2 +r 2 (sinθ)2 dφ2
r
(7)
Slope for Radiallynull geodesic
 i.e
2GM
(drdv + drdv ) − 1 − dv 2 = 0
r
dv
= 0(infalling ) (8)
dr
2GM −1
 
dv
=2 1− (Outgoing ) (9)
dr r 14 / 47
Schwarzschild Light Cone in Infalling null
coordinate system
This metric provides not only non-singularity at r=2GM
but also it is well-behaved there unlike the previous cases.
The infalling surface of cone coincides with v=constant
and with this surface the outgoing surface makes an angle
which tilts anti-clockwise with the decresing value of r i.e
with the incresing value of t.

15 / 47
Schwarzschild Light Cone is falling into the
singularity

For r > 2GM i.e in Time-like region the outgoing surface

makes obtuse angle with infalling surface,hence an
time-like observer can recieve light i.e null geodesics from
the moving photon
With the decresing r this angle increses anti-clockwise so
the intensity of recieving light decreses.
16 / 47
Schwarzchild Radius is an Event Horizon

At r = 2GM The outgoing surface makes right angle with

infalling surface i.e coincides with
r=2GM.So,Schwarzschild Surface is a null surface.
It is just limiting position of the light cone to emit light i.e
future directed null geodesic towards the time like
region.That’s why it is called Point of No Return or
Event Horizon i.e the horizontal line beyond which the
events cannot be seen from time like region. 17 / 47
Singularity as a Black Hole

For r < 2GM i.e Space-like region the outgoing surface

makes acute angle with infalling surface, no future
directed null geodesics can come out in the direction of
time like region.
As it is impossible to see this region,it is known as Black
Hole to a time-like observer.
18 / 47
Schwarzschil Light cone in outgoing null
coordinate system
 −1
2GM
dr ∗ = 1− dr and
r
2GM −1
 
∗
dt = du + dr = du + 1 − dr
r
Replacing those in Tortoise Metric,
 
2GM
2
dτ = −(drdu+drdu)− 1 − du 2 +r 2 dθ2 +r 2 (sinθ)2 dφ
r
(10)
Slope for Radiallynull geodesic
 i.e
2GM
(drdu + drdu) + 1 − du 2 = 0
r
du
= 0(Outgoing ) (11)
dr
2GM −1
 
du
= −2 1 − (Infalling ) (12)
dr r 19 / 47
Schwarzschil Light cone in outgoing null
coordinate system

This metric provides not only non-singularity at r=2GM

but also it is well-behaved.
The outgoing surface of cone coincides with u=constant
and with this surface the infalling surface makes an angle
which tilts anti-clockwise with the incresing value of r i.e
with the incresing value of t.

20 / 47
Singularity as a White Hole

For r < 2GM i.e Space-like region the infalling surface

makes acute angle with outgoing surface u=constant in
such a way that all the future directed geodesics are in the
direction of time like region;they cannot enter to the
singularity at all.
As,it emits everything it would be looked white to a time
like observer so this type of singularity is known as White
Hole. 21 / 47
Event Horizon after White Hole

At r = 2GM The infalling surface makes right angle with

outgoing surface u=constant i.e coincides with
r=2GM.So,Schwarzschild Surface is a null surface here
also.
It is the limiting surface upto which no future directed
geodesic can be direceted to the direction of
singularity.So,It is a Event Horizon beyond where nothing
can enter. 22 / 47
Time-like region as Mirror Universe

For r > 2GM i.e this Time like region is just a time
reversed case of our time-like region and known as Mirror
Universe.

23 / 47
Requrement of better coordinate system

We want to study all of the possible space-like and

time-like regions together.We need suitable coordinate
system for that.
 r  1
r ∗ = r + 2GMln − 1 = (v − u)
2GM 2
 r v −u r
 −
− 1 = e 4GM e 2GM
2GM
u v
−
0
Define u = −e 4GM and v = e 4GM 0

(r − t) r
0 r
In terms of r and t,u = −e 4GM −1
2GM
(r + t) r
0 r
In terms of r and t,v = e 4GM −1
2GM
24 / 47
Schwarzchild light cone in Krushkal
coordinate system

1 1
Define,T = (u 0 + v 0 ) and R = (u 0 − v 0 )
2 2
In terms of r and t
r r
r   t 
T = − 1sinh e 2GM
2GM 4GM
In terms of r and t
r r
r   t 
R= − 1cosh e 2GM
2GM 4GM
 r  r
2 2
R − T = (R + t)(R − t) = −u v = 0 0 − 1 e 2GM
2GM
Hyperbolic function for each constant value of r.
T  t 
= tanh ⇒ Straight line for each constant
R 2GM
value of t.

25 / 47
Maximally Extented form of Schwarzschild
metric

For radial,null curve tortoise Metric was

 
2GM
2
ds = 1 − (−dt 2 + dr ∗ 2 ) = 0 (13)
r
As dudv=(dt + dr ∗ )(dt − dr ∗ )
 
2 1 2GM
ds = − 1 − (dudv + dvdu) = 0 (14)
2 r
 
2GM
From the tortoise coordinate 1 −
r
v −u r r #
  "
− 2GM 0 0 − 2GM
=e 4GM e 2GM  = −u v e 2GM
r r
du 0 dv 0
du 0 = − u and dv 0 = v
4GM 4GM
26 / 47
Maximally Extented form of Schwarzschild
metric

Putting the previous calculated values

r
16G 3 M 3 −
2
ds = − e 2GM (du 0 dv 0 + dv 0 du 0 ) = 0 (15)
r
1h 0 i
du 0 dv 0 = (du + dv 0 )2 − (dv 0 − du 0 )2 = dT 2 − dR 2
4
The Maximally extended form of metric is
r
232G 3 M 3 −
ds = e 2GM (−dT 2 + dR 2 ) = 0 (16)
r
Here is also the singularity at r=0

27 / 47
Kruskal Diagram

ds 2 = 0 implies T = ±R + constant i.e radial null curves

look like they do in Minkowshki flat space because the
light cones are at 45o at every point.
The time like lines must lie inside this cone.
This pair of lines divides it in four regions.
28 / 47
Our Universe in Krushkal Diagram

For r > 2GM,R 2 − T√2 = constant(> 0)(Hyperbolic

function) and R = ± constant + T 2 .Among them

R > T stands for our universe.
At r=2GM,R 2 − T 2 = 0 implies R = ±T .Among them
R=T stands for R > 0 stands for event horizon in our
universe.
29 / 47
Physical Interior region in Kruskal diagram

For 0 <√r < 2GM,T 2 − R 2 = constant(> 0) implies

T = ± 1 + R 2 .Among them T > R stands for the region
after Event Horizon.
√
2 − R 2 = 1 implies T = ± 1 + R 2 .Among them
At r=0,T
√
T = 1 + R 2 stands for Black Hole singularity.
30 / 47
White Hole in Kruskal Diagram

√
At r=0√T 2 − R 2 = 1 implies T = ± 1 + R 2 .Among them
T = − 1 + R 2 stands for White Hole singularity.
For 0 <√r < 2GM,T 2 − R 2 = constant(> 0) implies
T = ± constant + R 2 .Among them T < −R stands for
the region before Event Horizon.
31 / 47
Mirror universe in Kruskal Diagram

At r=2GM,R 2 − T 2 = 0 implies R = ±T .Among them

R=T in R < 0 stands for event horizon in mirror universe.
For r > 2GM,R 2 − T√2 = constant(> 0)(Hyperbolic

function) and R = ± constant + T 2 .Among them

R < −T stands for the hypothetical time like region called
Mirrror Universe
32 / 47
Time in Krushkal Diagram

For each and every value of t,T = R ∗ constant.The value

of the constant will be ± 1 for t → ±∞.Then it would
coincide with the event horizon line.
The range of tanh(x) is (-1,1);all the lines representing
constant time are inside the time like regions.
33 / 47
Advantages of Krushkal Diagram

It can cover all the space time manifold extended to

infinity.
It is well behaved everywhere except the Real singular
point.

34 / 47
How does Realistic Black Hole form?

There are several mechanism to produce a black hole,one

of the most popular casuses is that Black Hole is formed
due to Gravitational collapsing of a star after it has been
burnt out completely i.e thermal pressure does is no longer
exist to balance the gravitational pressure.
For a star of a perticular radius there is a certain mass
limit beyond which the gravitational presure is so high that
it starts to collapse.
To find out thae condition of collapsing we have to discuss
about the internal space time geometry of a star.
Here we will consider the Spherically Symmetric,Static
stars made of Ideal fluide having constant Density.

35 / 47
Internal Space-Time structure of a star

Inside a star Einstein Field equation is

 
1
Gab = Rab − gab R = −8πGTab (17)
2

The non-vacuam metric is

ds 2 = −e 2α(r ) dt 2 + e 2β(r ) dr 2 + r 2 dΩ2 (18)

The energy-momentum tensor of a perfect fluide is

Tab = [ρ(r ) + P(r )]Ua Ub + P(r )gab (19)

Ua is normalized four velociity and P=Pressure,ρ=Density

36 / 47
Internal Space-Time structure of a star

Four velocity matrix is

 α(r ) 
e
 0 
 
 0 
0
Using it Calculated Energy-momentum tensor matrix is
 2α
−e ρ

0 0 0
 0
 e 2β P 0 0 

 0 0 2
r P 0 
2 2
0 0 0 r (sinθ) P

37 / 47
Internal Space-Time structure of a star

The calculated value of Ricci scalar is

R = −2e −2β ∗
 
2 2 1 1 2β
∂r α + (∂r α) − ∂r α∂r β + (∂r α − ∂r β) + 2 (1 − e )
r r
All of the calculated quantities would be used to evaluate
the ’tt’ and ’rr’ components of the Einstein Field Equation.
The ’tt’ component would provide the expression of
Schwarzschild Mass which will be used to solve the
pressure gradient equation of a star which can be found
out from the ’rr’ component of field equation and the
conservation of energy-momentum tensor.

38 / 47
Schwarzschild Mass of a star

Consider the tt componenet of the einstein’s field equation

1
Gtt = Rtt − Rgtt = 8πGTtt (20)
2
1 −2β 
2r ∂r β − 1 + e 2β =8πGe 2α ρ

We get ⇒ 2
e
r
As this equation contains only β and ρ we can define
2Gm(r ) −1
 
e 2β = 1 − to find ∂r β.
r
dm(r )
The equation reduces to = 4πr 2 ρ.
dr
So,m(r ) is mass function of interior of a star.
RR
Total Mass=M = m(R) = 4π 0 ρ(r )r 2 dr
This is expression of Schwarzschild mass
39 / 47
Energy Momentum Conservation of a Star

Enery-Momentum tensor is given by ∇a T ab = 0

For b=t,∇a T at =0
For b=r,

∇a T ar = ∂r Pe −2β + ∂r αe −2β P + e 2(α−β) ∂r αe −2α ρ (21)

For b=θ and b = φ,∇a T aθ and ∇a T aφ are zero.

So,the radial component is itself zero.

∂r Pe −2β + ∂r αe −2β P + e 2(α−β) ∂r αe −2α ρ = 0 (22)

dα dp
(P + ρ) =− (23)
dr dr

40 / 47
Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volcoff equation

The value of ∂α r can be found from the ’rr’ component of

1
Einstein Field Equation i.e Grr = Rrr − Rgrr = 8πGTrr
2
dα Gm(r ) + 4πGr 3 P
= (24)
dr r [r − 2Gm(r )]
Putting it we get finally

dp 4πGPr 3 + Gm(r )
= −(ρ + P) (25)
dr r (r − 2Gm(r ))

This is the equation of Hydrostatic Equllibrium named

asTOV Equation of a static,spherically symmetric star
made by ideal fluid.

41 / 47
Equation of State of a Star

The pressure expression can be found out by solving the TOV

Equation.It is in terms of energy density and specific
entropy.To make the case simplest we consider
The pressure P=P(ρ, S) where S is specific entropy.
Entropy is considered as negligible.So,P=P(ρ).
As astrophysical system often obeys a polytropic equation
of state as P=kργ .
For simplest situation we has considered γ = 0.Thus
density has been considered constant through out the star.

42 / 47
Equation of State of a Star

The Equation is
dp 4πGPr 3 + Gm(r )
= −(ρ + P) (26)
dr r (r − 2Gm(r ))
The given ingredients to solve it are
4
m(r ) = πr 3 ρ0 for r < R and m(r ) = M for r = R.
3
Density=ρ = ρ0 = constant for r < R and ρ = ρ0 = 0 for
r > R.
The Boundary condition is that at r=R,P=0 i.e at the
surface of the star the gravitational pressure is zero.
The solution i.e pressure expression inside the star is ingrated
out as √ √
[R R − 2MG − R 3 − 2MGr 2 ]
P = ρ0 √ √ (27)
R 3 − 2MGr 2 − 3R R − 2MG
43 / 47
Buchdahl’s Theorem

The pressure inside the star is The central pressior is

√ √
R − 2GM − R
P(0) = √ √ (28)
R − 3 R − 2GM
√ √
This value blows up unless R − 3 R − 2GM ≥0
9GM 4
⇒ R≥ i.e Mmax = R.
4 9G
Suppose we manage to construct a star in equilibrium with
a radius R = 9MG/4, and then give it a (spherically
symmetric) inward push. It has no choice but to collapse
inwards.
General theory of relativity would admit no static solution
beyond this mass limit.
This result is valied not only for the stars of constant
density but also for those stars for which this assumtion of
constant density is weakend.
44 / 47
Three Phases of a star during Gravitational
Collapsing

After burning out the The steller remmant which is

supported by electron degenerecy pressure is known as
White Dwarf.Typically it is comparable to the earth’s size.
For the star having mass the mass greater than 1.4MJ
(according to Chandrashekhar Limit)electron degeneracy
pressure is unable to prevent collapsing,the remmant is
forced to collapse to an even smaller radius.The electrons
combine with protons and form neutrons and neutrinoes.
The neutrinos simply fly away from it.This remmant is
called Neutron Star.It has radius aroun 10 km.
Being unable to resist the pull of it’s own gravity,A
sufficiently massive Neutron Star will continue to
collapse.Since the fluide of neutrons is the densest
material,the outcome of such collapse is Black Hole
45 / 47
Conclusion

In summury I have studied

The structure of enitre space-time manifold centered by a
Spherically symmetric,Chargeless,Static Black Hole i.e
Schwarzschild Black Hole where the remaining space
time is completely free of energy-momentum.
An ideal Schwarzschild Black Hole is assosiated with
two universes which are just time reversed case of each
other and one White Hole which does just the opposite
to the black hole.
The limiting mass beyond which a star starts to collpase
gravitationally.
During the collapsing period the phases of a star through
which it can be a Black Hole.

46 / 47
 Acknowledgement

I am extremely thankful to Dr.Sunandan Gangopadhyay for

giving me this opportunity to do this project under his kind
guidance. I am also thankful to Mr.Partha Nandy, Mr.Prantik
Nandy and Ms.Rituparna Mandal for their precious guidance to
me for this project work.

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