Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربيةالسعودي ة‬

University of Tabuk ‫جامعة تبوك‬

Faculty of Engineering ‫كليةالهندس ة‬
Civil Engineering Department ‫قسم الهندسةالمدني ة‬

CE0432 Geotechnical Engineering II

Experiment Title
Consolidation test

Student name Student ID

‫محمد عوده البلوي‬ 421001832

Section:2438

1
Table of content.
List of figure
Figure page
Fig 1: weight of the empty ring. 4

Fig 2: filled the ring with the sample. 4

Fig 3: weigh the sample with the ring 5

Fig 4: place the sample inside a cylinder. 5

Fig 5: place the cylinder on the (odometer). 6

Fig 6: add water to the cylinder. 6

Fig 7: place a load. 7

Fig 8: read the decline periodically. 7

The goal of the experiment.

2
→ Know how to draw e-log𝜎, curve and find:
1. Compression index (𝐶𝑐).
2. Swelling index (𝐶𝑠).
3. The preconsolidation pressure (𝜎𝑐).

→ Know how to draw the deformation – log time relationship and determine the
(consolidation stage).

→ Learn how to find Coefficient of consolidation and permeability according to:

1. Logarithm of time method.
2. Square root of time method.

Steps of the experiment.

Step 1: We set the weight of the ring while it is empty and the weight of the ring
was = 108.4g , The ring have diameter is = 6.32 cm , and height is =2.5cm fig 1.

3
 Fig 1: weight of the empty ring.

Step 2: We filled the ring with the sample (the sample must be clay) fig 2.

Fig 2: filled the ring with the sample.

Step 3: We weigh the sample with the ring and the weight was =291.6 g So the
sample wet weight is =183.2 g Fig 3.

4
 Fig 3: weigh the sample with the ring

Step 4: We place a porous stone above and below the sample, then we place the
sample inside a cylinder fig 4.

Fig 4: place the sample inside a cylinder.

Step 5: We place the cylinder on the (odometer). This device is connected to a
torque arm that increases the load 10 times fig 5.

5
 Fig 5: place the cylinder on the (odometer).

Step 6: We add water to the cylinder (the water must be distilled) because this
experiment is underwater fig 6.

Fig 6: add water to the cylinder.

Step 7: We place a load (this load will multiply 10 times). Every day we double the
load fig 7.

6
 Fig 7: place a load.

Step 8: We read the decline periodically (in 1 minute, 2 minutes, 4 minutes,....etc)

fig 8.

Fig 8: read the decline periodically.

Data of consolidation test

Time Load (Kg)

7
 10 20 40 80 160 80 40 20 10
0 2298.5 2194.2 2190.1 2166.2 2095
1min 2214.5 2193.2 2177 2115 2051.5
2 min 2213.8 2193.2 2175.6 2112 2046.8
4 min 2213.2 2193.2 2174 2106.2 2042
8 min 2212.7 2193.2 2172.2 2103.8 2036.8
15 min 2212 2193.2 2171.1 2101.2 2033.8
30 min 2211.4 2193.1 2170.4 2099.8 2031.5
1 hr 2211 2193.1 2169.1 2098.2 2030
2 hr 2195.2 2193.1 2168.3 2097.2 2029.2
4 hr
8 hr
16 hr
24 hr 2194.2 2190.1 2166.2 2095 2027 2030.5 2035.5 2043 2050

Dial Gauge Accuracy = (Every reading * 0.01 = value in mm)

Sample diameter: 6.32cm Sample height: 2.5 cm

Sample wet weight: 183.2 gm

water content: 22.3 %

Specific gravity: 2.71

Sample diameter: 6.32 cm

8
 𝜋 𝜋

𝐴= × 𝐷2 = × (6.32)2 = 31.37𝑐𝑚2
4 4

Table of e-log𝜎 curve

𝝈,(𝑲𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐) ∆𝑯(𝒄𝒎) H(cm) 𝑯𝒗 𝑯𝒗
𝒆=
=𝑯−𝑯𝒔(𝒄𝒎) 𝑯𝒔

0.319 0.104 2.396 0.636 0.361

0.638 0.108 2.392 0.632 0.359

1.275 0.132 2.368 0.608 0.345

2.550 0.203 2.297 0.537 0.305

5.100 0.271 2.229 0.469 0.267

2.550 0.268 2.232 0.472 0.268

1.275 0.263 2.237 0.477 0.271

0.638 0.256 2.244 0.484 0.275

0.319 0.249 2.251 0.491 0.279

𝑤𝑠 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑠 22.3 183.2 − 𝑤𝑠
𝐻𝑠 = 𝑤% = →=
𝐴 × 𝐺 𝑠 × 𝛾𝑤 𝑤𝑠 100 𝑤𝑠

→→ 𝑤𝑠 = 149.8 𝑔𝑚

149.8
𝐻𝑠 = = 1.76 𝑐𝑚
31.37 × 2.71 × 1
9
e-log𝝈, curve.

10
a- compression index(𝒄𝒄)

∆𝑒 𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝑐𝑐 = =
∆𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎2/𝜎1

𝜎1 = 2.550𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝜎2 = 4𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝑒1 = 0.305 𝑒2 = 0.28

0.305 − 0.28
𝑐𝑐 = = 0.1279 log
()
2.

b- swelling index (𝒄𝒔)

∆𝑒 𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝑐𝑠 = =
∆𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎2/𝜎1

𝜎1 = 2.550𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝜎2 = 4𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝑒1 = 0.268 𝑒2 = 0.267

0.268 − 0.267
𝑐𝑠 = = 0.0051 log
()
2.

11
c- preconsolidation pressure (𝝈𝒄)

𝜎𝑐 = 1𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2

Deformation – time relationship.

Load(Kg)

Time 10 20 40 80 160

(min)

1 0.84 0.01 0.131 0.512 0.435

2 0.847 0.01 0.145 0.542 0.482

4 0.853 0.01 0.161 0.600 0.530

8 0.858 0.01 0.179 0.624 0.582

15 0.865 0.01 0.190 0.650 0.612

30 0.871 0.011 0.197 0.664 0.635

60 0.875 0.011 0.210 0.680 0.650

120 1.03 0.011 0.218 0.690 0.685

1440 1.04 0.041 0.239 0.712 0.680

12
Load =10Kg

13
14
Load =
20Kg

15
Load =
40Kg

16
Load =
80Kg

17
Load =
160Kg

18
Logarithm of time method.

19
Load =

Load =10Kg

20
Load =

𝑑0 = 0.833 , 𝑑100 = 1.03 𝑑50 = 0. = 0.932 → 𝑡50 = 85 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑐𝑣 = 0.197𝐻2𝑑𝑟 = 0.197 × 1.252 = 3.62

× 10−3 𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡50 85

K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆𝜎(1∆+𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑣) ==
0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔
K = 3.62 × 10−3 × 0 .0133
× 1 = 4.81 × 10−8𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000

21
Load =
20Kg

𝑑0 = 0.01 , 𝑑100 = 0.0405 𝑑50 = 0 .

= 0.025

→ 𝑡50 = 510 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑐𝑣 = 0.197𝐻2𝑑𝑟 = 0.197 × 1.252 = −4 𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛

6.04 × 10
𝑡50 510

22
Load =
K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆ ∆ 𝑒
𝜎(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣) = = 0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔

K = 6.04 × 10−4 × 0 .0133

× 1 = 4.81 × 10−8𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000

23
Load =
40Kg

24
Load =

𝑑0 = 0.117 , 𝑑100 = 0.233 𝑑50 = 0. = 0.175 → 𝑡50 = 7 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑐𝑣 = 0.197𝐻2𝑑𝑟 = 0.197 × 1.252 =

0.044 𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡50 7

K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆𝜎(1∆+𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑣) ==
0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔
K = 0.044 × × 1 = 5.85 × 10−7𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛

25
Load =
80Kg

𝑑0 = 0.482 , 𝑑100 = 0.690 𝑑50 = 0 .

= 0.586 → 𝑡50 = 3.4 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑐𝑣 = 0 .197𝐻2𝑑𝑟 = 0.197 × 1.252 =

0.091 𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡50 3.4

K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆ 𝜎(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣) =
∆ 𝑒
=
0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔
26
Load =
K = 0.091 × × 1 = 1.21 × 10−6𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
160Kg

𝑑0 = 0.388 , 𝑑100 = 0.660 𝑑50 = 0 .

= 0.524

→ 𝑡50 = 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑐𝑣 = 0 .197𝐻2𝑑𝑟 = 0.197 × 1.252 =

0.103 𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡50 3.4
27
Load =
K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆ 𝜎(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣) =
∆ 𝑒
=
0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔

K = 0.103 × × 1 = 1.37 × 10−6𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛

28
Square root of time method. Load =10Kg

→ 𝑡90 = 144𝑚𝑖𝑛

cv= 0 .848𝐻
2𝑑𝑟
= 0.848×(1.25)2 = 9.20 × 10−3𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡90 144

K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆ 𝜎(1∆+𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑣) = =
0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔

29
Load =
K = 9.20 × 10−3 × 0 .0133
× 1 = 1.22 × 10−7𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000
20Kg

→ 𝑡90 = 729𝑚𝑖𝑛

cv= 0 .848𝐻
2𝑑𝑟
= 0.848×(1.25)2 = 1.82 × 10−3𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡90 729

K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆ ∆ 𝑒
𝜎(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣) = = 0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔

30
Load =
K = 1.82 × 10−3 × 0 .0133
× 1 = 2.42 × 10−8𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000

40Kg

→ 𝑡90 = 21.16𝑚𝑖𝑛

cv= 0 .848𝐻
2𝑑𝑟
= 0.848×(1.25)2 = 0.063𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡90 21.16

31
Load =
K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆ ∆ 𝑒
𝜎(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣) = = 0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔

K = 0.063 × × 1 = 8.38 × 10−7𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛

80Kg

→ 𝑡90 = 24.01𝑚𝑖𝑛

cv= 0 .848𝐻
2𝑑𝑟
= 0.848×(1.25)2 = 0.055𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡90 24.01

32
Load =
K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆ ∆ 𝑒
𝜎(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣) = = 0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔

K = 0.055 × × 1 = 7.32 × 10−7𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛

160Kg

→ 𝑡90 = 144𝑚𝑖𝑛

cv= 0 .848𝐻
2𝑑𝑟
= 0.848×(1.25)2 = 9.20 × 10−3𝑐𝑚2/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡90 144

33
Load =
K = 𝑐𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 × 𝛾𝑤 , 𝑚𝑣 = ∆ ∆ 𝑒
𝜎(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣) = = 0.0133𝑐𝑚2/𝐾𝑔

K = 9.20 × 10−3 × 0 .0133

× 1 = 1.22 × 10−7𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000

34
 Compare between the coefficients of consolidation in the
different stages.
10Kg 20Kg 40Kg 80Kg 160Kg

Cv in 3.62 × 10−3 6.04 × 10−4 0.044 0.091 0.103

Logarithm

(𝒄𝒎𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏)

Cv in 9.20 × 10−3 1.82 × 10−3 0.063 0.055 9.20 ×

10−3
Square root

(𝒄𝒎𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏)

Conclusion.
→ In this experiment, we calculated the :
35
𝐶𝑐 = 0.1279 , 𝐶𝑠 = 0.0051 , 𝜎𝑐 = 1𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2

→ And determine the (consolidation stage) in every load.

→ And we find the Coefficient of consolidation and permeability according to:

1. Logarithm of time method.
2. Square root of time method.

→ Finally we compare between the coefficient of consolidation in the different

loading stage

36