Mathematics higher level exploration (AA)

Title : modelling and integration of a coke bottle

Aim of the exploration :

“Using modelling and integral calculus to find the volume of coke inside the Coca-cola
bottle.”

Session :
May 2022

Candidate code:
Jqf547
 INTRODUCTION:

I have always been addicted to drinking coke frequently in a week. I always use to buy a
500ml bottle and run it for a week. So the idea of this exploration was very personal to me.
What was so special about Coca-cola ? It has a distinctive taste and the it has a finite
volume that can be filled in its 500ml bottle. I was very intrigued to know how much exact
amount of coke Coca-cola serves in its 500ml bottle and if it claims the truth.

We've seen how integration can be used to compute some areas; now we'll look at how an
integral can be used to compute particular volumes.In general, the volumes we can compute
in this way have cross-sections that are simple to characterise. Circular cross-sections, for
example, are easy to explain because their area is proportional to their radius, and they are
one of the key subjects in this section1. But first, we'll go through how to compute the volume
of a solid by separating it into smaller pieces.Rotating a planar figure around a line, also
known as the axis of rotation, is a simple technique to create "beautiful" cross-sections, and
hence such a solid is also known as a solid of revolution2.

1
"Summit | SFU's Institutional Repository", Summit.sfu.ca, 2022, online, Internet, 11 Apr. 2022. , Available: http://summit.sfu.ca.
2
"Volume of Revolution: Disk Method", Sfu.ca, 2022, online, Internet, 8 Feb. 2022. , Available:
https://www.sfu.ca/math-coursenotes/Math%20158%20Course%20Notes/sec_volume.html.
 3

Of course, a true "slice" of this figure will not be cylindrical, but we can approximate the
volume of the slice with a cylinder or "disc" with circular top and bottom and straight sides
parallel to the axis of rotation; the volume of this disc will have the form r2 x, where r is the
disc's radius and x is the disc's thickness. As long as we can write r in terms of x, we can
compute the volume using an integral. We compute the volume where the radius r is
supplied by the height of the function, i.e. r=f(xi).
Suppose there are disks on the interval [a,b],[a,b],then the volume of the solid of revolution is
approximated by
𝑛−1
2
∑ π[𝑓(𝑥ᵢ)] ∆𝑥,
𝑖=0

and the volume computes to the result of a definite integral when we apply the limit x→0

𝑉=∫𝑑𝑐π[𝑔(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦

Chapter 1: modelling a curve.

Figure 1: desmos screenshot

3
"Volume of Revolution: Disk Method", Sfu.ca, 2022, online, Internet, 8 Feb. 2022. , Available:
https://www.sfu.ca/math-coursenotes/Math%20158%20Course%20Notes/sec_volume.html.
 4

Figure 2: integrating the bottle in parts

Diving the vottle in 4 curves.

1- sin curve
2- straight line curve.
3- sin curve (2)
4- staright line curve(2)

The formula to calculate the volume uding disc method is :

𝑉=∫𝑑𝑐π[𝑔(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦

4
Youtube.com, 2022, online, Internet, 15 Mar. 2022. , Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4M_Qn96-lc&list=LL&index=2.

5
Youtube.com, 2022, online, Internet, 15 Mar. 2022. , Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4M_Qn96-lc&list=LL&index=2.
 Figure 3: modelling sin curve 1.
To find the value of the first sin curve seen in figure 2:

11.06
𝑥−6.3 2 2
π ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛(( 3.77
) − 5. 9) + 2. 31) + 𝑑𝑥
0

Since the equation was long to calculate it manually so i calculated it it wolfram alpha :

11.06
𝑥−6.3 2 2 3
𝛑 ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛(( 3.77
) − 5. 9) + 2. 31) + 𝑑𝑥 = 311. 8102𝑐𝑚
0

3
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 1 = 311. 8102 𝑐𝑚

Solving equation 2 as seen in the figure 1.2 :

𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 : (3. 288 ≥ 𝑦 {11. 06 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 15. 4} )

Figure 4: modelling curve 2

To find the value of the first straight line curve seen in figure 2:
15.4
∫ (3. 228)𝑑𝑥
11.06

15.4
2
∫ (3. 228) 𝑑𝑥
11.06

15.4
2
∫ (3. 228) 𝑑𝑥 = 10. 41998𝑥 + 𝐶
11.06

15.4
2
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 : ∫ 3. 228 𝑑𝑥 = 160. 0677836 − 115. 24502
11.06

160. 0677836 − 115. 24502 = 45. 22730066.

3
45. 22730066 = 142. 07140 𝑐𝑚

Solving for equation 3 as seen in the figure 1.2 :

 21.6 2

15.4
(
𝛑 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛((
𝑥−21.6 2
42.9
) (𝑥 )
− 13) + 1. 05 𝑑𝑥

Figure 4: modelling curve 3

To find the value of the first straight line curve(2) seen in figure 2:

Since the equation was long to calculate it manually so i calculated it it wolfram alpha :

21.6 2

15.4
(
𝛑 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛((
𝑥−21.6 2
42.9
) (𝑥 )
− 13) + 1. 05 𝑑𝑥

21.6 2

15.4
(
𝛑 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛((
𝑥−21.6 2
42.9
) (𝑥 )
− 13) + 1. 05 𝑑𝑥 = 35. 7040681

3
𝛑 35. 704081 = 108. 98563 𝑐𝑚

Solving equation 4 as seen in figure 1.2 :

𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4: 1. 05 ≥ 𝑦 {2. 16 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 23. 65}

Figure 5:modelling a straight line curve
To find the value of the first sin curve(2) seen in figure 2:
 23.65
2
𝛑 ∫ (1. 05)
21.6

23.65
2
𝛑 ∫ (1. 05) = 2.26
21.6

𝛑 2. 2601125 = 7. 11

3
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 4 = 7. 11𝑐𝑚

Calculating the volume of the complete coke bottle :

𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 1 + 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 2 + 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 3 = 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒.

311.8102 + 142.07140 + 108.98563 = 562.231 cm3

562.231 cm3 = 0.562331 L

562.231 ml

2
(𝑥−16.2)
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 42.9
(𝑥 − 11) + 0. 92
 16.25 2
(𝑥−16.2) 2
π ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 42.9
(𝑥 − 11) + 0. 92)
14.2

π × 9. 458857409
3
= 29. 68805058 𝑐𝑚
Calculating the volume of coke in the bottle :
𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 + 2 + 5 = 311. 8102 + 142. 07140 + 29. 98805058
3
= 483. 86896506 𝑐𝑚
3
= 483. 86 𝑐𝑚

The amount of coke coca-cola claims to offer you in this bottle is 500ml but the
From calculating using modelling and integration I found the amount of coke to be 483.86ml.

Further exploration and limitations :

The limitations to this exploration was that I could not find a way to do this in real life using
the concept of modelling a curve. The method I chose was easier to be done online with the
help of technology. I used modelling of the curve and integration with the disc method
formula to incorporate the calculation. The other way to do this was by using shell method
instead of disc method but it wouldn't be easier and not very convenient to understand. I
could have done better by comparing the difference of the answers from both methods.

To understand and explore the technology a little bit better, i came across this app called
solidworks. This is a place where i could built the bottle according to its real life
measurements and then try to find the volume of the coke in the coca-cola bottle:
Here is an example of how i could have done it using this app:

Figure 6: other way of finding the volume of coke

6

This is how I could have drawn the real-life outline of the bottle. To measure the volume of
the volume of coke in the bottle in a more accurate way I could have directly integrated the
bottle in a more accurate manner. Here is a look to calculate the volume in a more effective
way:
Figure 7:dividing the bottle in parts on the app to find the volume of coke

6
Youtube.com, 2022, online, Internet, 2 Mar. 2022. , Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARzX8pPeJiA.

7
Youtube.com, 2022, online, Internet, 2 Mar. 2022. , Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARzX8pPeJiA.
The thing I could have improved in my IA was I could have try to incorporate more
technology into the whole working process to make it more efficient.
We also have to talk about the shape of the bottle. We can see that most soffit drinks are
shaped in a certain similar shape. They do not have a flat base. The base is shaped
appearing in a very different 4 out cornered shape. The shape of the bottom makes the
pressure in the bottle remain constant since flat bottoms usually start to disfigure gradually
and the bottle cannot withstand for a long time and can help the pressure of carbonation in
the coke and also make it easier during transportation.
The proper representation of the bottom :

Figure 8: bottom of the coke bottle

It's because soda bottles have a pressure of roughly 4 bar, and a flat bottom can bend under
pressure, causing the bottle to tip over.
The curvy bottom you are referring to here is a patented design for pressurised container
that gives it stability which has basically two main reasons ... One the curvy surfaces
distributes the pressure evenly and is stronger than a sharp cornered surface. Two if your
carefully observe the bottom of the bottle you will see a hazy round circular patch in the

8
Youtube.com, 2022, online, Internet, 2 Mar. 2022. , Available:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARzX8pPeJiA.
centre of the bottom .It is the weakest place of the bottle since it is where the plastic gets
packed in the mould. As a result, it is designed to have the least amount of exposure in the
event of a drop.

Conclusion :
Thus, through the proper application of modelling of a curve and integration along with disc
method and the timely application of calculus helped me justify the aim proposed previously.
Thus I was able to find the volume of coke in the coca-cola bottle using curves as a part of
modelling theory. The final results of the exploration came to be that
● Coca - cola claimed giving 500ml of coke in the bottle,
● But , after my exploration, I got the answer to be 483.86ml , which gives me the
difference of 16.14ml which is reasonable since there were limitations to my
exploration.
● It can also prove that Coca-Cola has not been giving us the amount of coke
promised.
This investigation has assisted me in comprehending the volume of this three-dimensional
item that can be filled despite its length of up to 562 ml. This analysis also aids in
determining why there hasn't been a proper technological advancement to assist us in
determining the exact volume of liquids inside a bottle. This exploration takes advantage of
the dimensions involved in the study of mathematics and gives me the confidence to keep
exploring in all aspects of life, including the modelling of unlimited options in life but finite
time in our hands!
 BIBLIOGRAPHY :

Youtube.com, 2022. Online. Internet. 15 Mar. 2022. . Available:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4M_Qn96-lc&list=LL&index=2.

"Volume of Revolution: Disk Method". Sfu.ca, 2022. Online. Internet. 8 Feb. 2022. . Available:
https://www.sfu.ca/math-coursenotes/Math%20158%20Course%20Notes/sec_volume.html.

Youtube.com, 2022. Online. Internet. 2 Mar. 2022. . Available:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARzX8pPeJiA.

"Calculating the Volume of a Bottle | SOLIDWORKS Tips". Central Innovation, 2022. Online. Internet.
8 Mar. 2022. . Available:
https://centralinnovation.com/technical-resources/learn/calculating-the-volume-of-a-bottle/.

"Summit | SFU's Institutional Repository". Summit.sfu.ca, 2022. Online. Internet. 11 Apr. 2022. .
Available: http://summit.sfu.ca.