ȋ   Ȍ

          

   ǣ
1. An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent
variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
2. A differential equation is said to be ordinary, if the differential coefficients have reference to a single independent
variable only and it is said to be PARTIAL if there are two or more independent variables. We are concerned
u u u
with ordinary differential equations only. eg.   = 0 is a partial differential equation.
 x  y z
3. Finding the unknown function is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential equation. The solution of the
differential equation is also called its PRIMITIVE, because the differential equation can be regarded as a
relation derived from it.
4. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient occuring in it.
5. The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a polynomial in the derivatives is the degree
of the derivative of the highest order occuring in it , after it has been expressed in a form free from
radicals & fractions so far as derivatives are concerned, thus the differential equation :
p q
 dm y   dm 1( y ) 
f(x , y)  m  +  (x , y)  m 1  + ....... = 0 is order m & degree p.
 dx   dx 
Note that in the differential equation ey  xy + y = 0 order is three but degree doesn't apply.
6. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :
If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant is given , then
a differential equation is obtained as follows :
 Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x) as many times
as the number of arbitrary constants in it .
 Eliminate the arbitrary constants .
The eliminant is the required differential equation . Consider forming a differential
equation for y² = 4a(x + b) where a and b are arbitary constant .
Note : A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common properties.
This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.
7. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS :
The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of independent arbitrary constants equal to
the order of the differential equation is called the GENERAL SOLUTION (OR COMPLETE INTEGRAL OR COMPLETE
PRIMITIVE) . A solution obtainable from the general solution by giving particular values to the constants is
called a PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
Note that the general solution of a differential equation of the n th order contains ‘n’ & only ‘n’ independent
arbitrary constants. The arbitrary constants in the solution of a differential equation are said to be independent,
when it is impossible to deduce from the solution an equivalent relation containing fewer arbitrary constants.
Thus the two arbitrary constants A, B in the equation y = A ex + B are not independent since the equation can
be written as y = A eB. ex = C ex. Similarly the solution y = A sin x + B cos (x + C) appears to contain three
arbitrary constants, but they are really equivalent to two only.

8. Elementary Types Of First Order & First Degree Differential Equations .

TYPE-1. VARIABLES SEPARABLE : If the differential equation can be expressed as ;
f (x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 then this is said to be variable  separable type.
A general solution of this is given by  f(x) dx +  g(y) dy = c ;

where c is the arbitrary constant . consider the example (dy/dx) = exy + x2. ey.
Note : Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates facilitates separation of variables.
In this connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials.
If x = r cos  ; y = r sin  then,
(i) x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2 d2 (iii) x dy  y dx = r2 d
If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then x dx  y dy = r dr and x dy  y dx = r2 sec  d .

1
 dy
TYPE-2 : dx = f (ax + by + c) , b  0.
To solve this , substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation reduces to separable type in the variable
t and x which can be solved.
dy
Consider the example (x + y)2 = a2 .
dx
TYPE-3. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :
dy f( x, y )
A differential equation of the form = ( x, y )
dx
where f (x , y) &  (x , y) are homogeneous functions of x & y , and of the same degree , is called
dy x
HOMOGENEOUS . This equation may also be reduced to the form = g   & is solved by putting
dx y
y = vx so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v, where v is some unknown
function, the differential equation is transformed to an equation with variables separable. Consider
dy y( x  y )
+ = 0.
dx x2
TYPE-4. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE HOMOGENEOUS FORM :
dy a1x  b1y  c 1 a1 a2
If = ; where a1 b2  a2 b1  0, i.e. 
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 b1 b2
then the substitution x = u + h, y = v + k transform this equation to a homogeneous type in the new
variables u and v where h and k are arbitrary constants to be chosen so as to make the given
equation homogeneous which can be solved by the method as given in Type  3. If
(i) a1 b2  a2 b1 = 0 , then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential equation to an equation
with variables separable. and
(ii) b1 + a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d (xy) for x dy + y dx & integrating term
by term yields the result easily.
dy x  2y  5 dy 2x  3y  1 dy 2x  y  1
Consider = ; = & =
dx 2 x  y  1 dx 4x  6 y  5 dx 6x  5y  4
(iii) In an equation of the form : y f (xy) dx + xg (xy)dy = 0 the variables can be separated by the substitution
xy = v.
IMPORTANT NOTE :
(a) The function f (x , y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if for any real number
t ( 0) , we have f (tx , ty) = tn f(x , y) .
For e.g. f(x , y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 . y1/3 + by2/3 is a homogeneous function of degree 2/3 .
dy
(b) A differential equation of the form = f(x , y) is homogeneous if f(x , y) is a homogeneous function
dx
of degree zero i.e. f(tx , ty) = t° f(x , y) = f(x , y). The function f does not depend on x & y separately
y x
but only on their ratio or .
x y
LINEAR DIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & its differential coefficients occur in the
first degree only and are not multiplied together .
The nth order linear differential equation is of the form ;

dn y dn1y
a0 (x) + a1(x) + ...... + an (x) . y =  (x) . Where a0(x) , a1(x) ..... an(x) are called the coefficients
dx n dx n1
of the differential equation.

2
 Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differental equation of the first
3
d2 y  dy 
degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential equation 2
   + y2 = 0 is not linear, though its degree
dx  dx 
is 1.
TYPE-5. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER :
dy
The most general form of a linear differential equations of first order is + Py = Q , where P & Q are
dx
functions of x .

To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e 

Pdx
.
NOTE :

The factor e 
Pdx
(1) on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation becomes the
differential coefficient of some function of x & y , is called integrating factor of the differential equation
popularly abbreviated as I. F.
(2) It is very important to remember that on multiplying by the integrating factor , the left hand side becomes
the derivative of the product of y and the I. F.
(3) Some times a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable and
x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation ;
dy dx
(x + y + 1) = y2 + 3 can be written as (y2 + 3) = x + y + 1 which is a linear differential equation.
dx dy
TYPE- 6. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR FORM :
dy
The equation + py = Q . yn where P & Q functions of x , is reducible to the linear form by dividing
dx
it by yn & then substituting yn+1 = Z . Its solution can be obtained as in Type-5. Consider the example
(x3 y2 + xy) dx = dy.
dy
The equation + Py = Q . yn is called BERNOULI’S EQUATION.
dx
9. TRAJECTORIES :
Suppose we are given the family of plane curves.
 (x, y, a) = 0
depending on a single parameter a.
A curve making at each of its points a fixed angle  with the curve of the family passing through that point is
called an isogonal trajectory of that family ; if in particular  = /2, then it is called an orthogonal trajectory.
Orthogonal trajectories : We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves. Let it be of the
form
F (x, y, y') = 0
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
 1
F  x, y,   = 0
 y 
The general integral of this equation
1 (x, y, C) = 0
gives the family of orthogonal trajectories.

3
 Note : Following exact differentials must be remembered :
xdy  ydx y
(i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii) 2
d 
x x

ydx  xdy x xdy  ydx

(iii) 2
 d   (iv)  d (ln xy )
y y xy

dx  dy xdy  ydx  y
(v) = d (ln (x + y)) (vi)  d  ln 
xy xy  x

ydx  xdy  x xdy  ydx  y

(vii)  d  ln  (viii) 2 2
 d  tan 1 
xy  y x y  x

ydx  xdy  x xdx  ydy

(ix)  d  tan 1  (x)  d ln x 2  y 2 
x y2 2 y x2  y2  


 1  xdy  ydx  ex  ye x dx  e x dy
(xi) d     (xii) d 
 y  y2
 xy  x2 y2  

 ey  xe y dy  e y dx
(xiii) d 
 x  x2
 

 Ȃ
ȋ   Ƭ    Ȍ
1. State the order and degree of the following differential equations:
3/2
d2 y   dy  
3 4 2
 d2 x   dx  1    
(i)  2      xt = 0 (ii) 
 dt   dt  dx 2   dx  
 
2. Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0; where g , f & c are arbitary
constants.

3. Form the differential equation of the family of curves represented by,

c (y + c)2 = x3 ; where c is any arbitrary constant.
n (sec x  tan x) n (sec y  tan y)
4. dx = dy
cos x cos y

5.
dy
+
x 2

 1 y2  1  =0 6. yx
dy 
 a  y2 
dy
dx xy dx  d x 

dy dy x (2ln x  1)
7. = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y) 8. =
dx dx sin y  y cos y

9. It is known that the decay rate of radium is directly proportional to its quantity at each given instant. Find the
law of variation of a mass of radium as a function of time if at t = 0 , the mass of the radius was m0 and during
time t0  % of the original mass of radium decay.

4
10. The population P of a town decreases at a rate proportional to the number by which the population exceeds
1000, proportionality constant being k > 0. Find
(a) Population at any time t, given initial population of the town being 2500.
(b) If 10 years later the population has fallen to 1900, find the time when the population will be 1500.
(c) Predict about the population of the town in the long run.

11. e(dy/dx) = x + 1 given that when x = 0, y = 3

12. A normal is drawn at a point P(x , y) of a curve. It meets the x axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length k,
dy
then show that the differential equation describing such curves is, y = ± k 2  y 2 . Find the equation
dx
of such a curve passing through (0, k).
13. Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive ,
y = c1e3x + c2e2x + c3 ex, where c1, c2, c3 are arbitrary constants.

14. Find the curve y = f (x) where f(x)  0, f (0) = 0 , bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base [0, x] whose
area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f (x). It is known that f (1) = 1.
x dx  y dy 1  x2  y2
15. =
x dy  y dx x2  y2

16. A curve is such that the length of the polar radius of any point on the curve is equal to the length of the tangent
drawn at this point. Form the differential equation and solve it to find the equation of the curve.
 Ȃ

ȋ  Ȍ
dy x 2  xy
1. (a) = 2 (b) (x3  3xy2) dx = (y3  3x2y) dy
dx x  y2

2. Find the equation of a curve such that the projection of its ordinate upon the normal is equal to its abscissa.

3. The light rays emanating from a point source situated at origin when reflected from the mirror of a search light
are reflected as beam parallel to the x-axis. Show that the surface is parabolic, by first forming the differential
equation and then solving it.

4. The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the point of
contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which passes through (1, 1).

5. Show that the equation of the curve intersecting with the x- axis at the point x = 1 and for which the length of
the subnormal at any point of the curve is equal to the arthemetic mean of the co-ordinates of this point is
(y – x)2(x + 2y) = 1.
dy
6. Use the substitution y2 = a – x to reduce the equation y3 . + x + y2 = 0 to homogeneous form and
dx
hence solve it.

 y y  y y dy
7.  x cos x  y sin x  y =  y sin x  x cos x  x d x
   

8. Find the curve for which any tangent intersects the yaxis at the point equidistant from the point of
tangency and the origin.

5
 dy x  2y  3 dy y  x 1
9. (x  y) dy = (x + y + 1) dx 10. = 11. =
dx 2x  y  3 dx yx5

dy x  y1 dy 2 (y  2)2
12. = 13. =
dx 2x  2y  3 dx (x  y  1)2

dy cos x (3 cos y  7 sin x  3)

14. + = 0
dx sin y (3 sin x  7 cos y  7)

15. Show that the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary point is equal
to the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point,
y
 tan 1 x
x2  y2 = c e

 Ȃ
ȋ Ȍ
1. Show that the equation of the curve whose slope at any point is equal to y + 2x and which pass through the
origin is y = 2 (ex  x  1).

2. Find the curve such that the area of the trapezium formed by the coordinate axes, ordinate of an arbitrary
point & the tangent at this point equals half the square of its abscissa .
dy
3. x (x  1)  (x  2) y = x3 (2x  1) 4. (1 + y + x²y) dx + (x + x3) dy = 0
dx
5. Find the curve possessing the property that the intercept , the tangent at any point of a curve cuts off on the
yaxis is equal to the square of the abscissa of the point of tangency.
dy dy
6. sin x + 3y = cos x 7. x  y = 2 x² cosec 2 x
dx dx

8. (1 + y²) dx = (tan1 y  x)dy

9. Find the curve such that the area of the rectangle constructed on the abscissa of any point and the initial
ordinate of the tangent at this point is equal to a2. (Initial ordinate means y intercept of the tangent).

10. Let the function ln f(x) is defined where f(x) exists for x  2 & k is fixed positive real number, prove that if
d
(x . f (x))   k f (x) then f(x)  A x 1 k where A is independent of x.
dx
x x
11. Find the differentiable function which satisfies the equation f (x) = –  f ( t ) tan t dt   tan( t  x ) dt
0 0

where x    2 ,  2

  
12. Find all functions f (x) defined on   ,  with real values and has a primitive F(x) such that
 2 2
sin 2 x
f (x) + cos x · F(x) = . Find f (x).
(1  sin x ) 2

6
 dy
13. If y1 & y2 be solutions of the differential equation + Py = Q, where P & Q are functions of x alone,
dx
and y2 = y1 z, then prove that
Q
  y 1 dx
z=1+ ae , 'a' being an arbitrary constant.

dy y y dy
14. + ln y = 2 (ln y)2 15. + xy = y²ex²/2 . sin x
dx x x dx

dy dy
16. 2  y sec x = y3 tan x 17. x 2 y  x3 = y4 cos x
dx dx
18. y (2 xy + ex) dx  ex dy = 0

19. Find the curve for which the area of the triangle formed by the xaxis, the tangent line and radius vector of the
point of tangency is equal to a2.

20. A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. A solution containing 1 gm/litre of soluble lawn fertilizer runs into the
tank at the rate of 1 lit/min, and the mixture is pumped out of the tank at the rate of 3 litres/min. Find the time
when the amount of fertilizer in the tank is maximum.
dy tan y
21. (x3 + y2 + 2) dx + 2y dy = 0 22.  = (1 + x) ex sec y
dx 1 x
2
 dy dy
23.    (x  y) 0
 xy  24. (1  xy + x2 y2) dx = x2 dy
 dx dx
25. y y sin x = cos x (sin x  y2)

 Ȃ 

ȋ Ȍ
dy
1.  y ln 2 = 2sin x . (cos x  1) ln 2 , y being bounded when x  + .
dx
1
dy
2.
dx
=y+  y dx given y = 1 , where x = 0
0
x
3. Given two curves y = f(x) passing through the points (0, 1) & y =  f (t)dt passing through the points

(0, 1/2). The tangents drawn to both curves at the points with equal abscissas intersect on the x- axis. Find
the curve f(x).

dy
4. Consider the differential equation, + P(x)y = Q(x)
dx
(i) If two particular solutions of given equation u(x) and v(x) are known, find the general solution of the same
equation in terms of u(x) and v(x).
(ii) If  and  are constants such that the linear combinations  · u(x) + ·v(x) is a solution of the given
equation, find the relation between  and .
v(x)  u(x)
(iii) If w(x) is the third particular solution different from u(x) and v(x) then find the ratio .
w(x)  u(x)

7
5. Find the curve which passes through the point (2, 0) such that the segment of the tangent between the point
of tangency & the y  axis has a constant length equal to 2 .

xdy  ydx
6. x dy + y dx + =0
x2  y2
y dx  xdy dx
7.  , given that y = 2 when x = 1
x  y  2
2 1 x 2
8. Find the equation of the curve passing through the orgin if the middle point of the segment of its normal
from any point of the curve to the x-axis lies on the parabola 2y2 = x.
x x
9. Find the continuous function which satisfies the relation,  t f (x  t ) dt =  f (t ) dt + sin x + cos x – x –1,
0 0
for all real number x.

10. (1  x2)2dy +  y 1  x 2  x 
 1  x 2  dx = 0.
dy
11. 3x2y2 + cos(xy) – xy sin(xy) + {2x3y  x2 sin (xy)}= 0.
dx
dy  1
12. Find the integral curve of the differential equation, x (1  x l n y). + y = 0 which passes through 1,  .
dx  e
13. Find all the curves possessing the following property; the segment of the tangent between the point of
tangency & the x-axis is bisected at the point of intersection with the y-axis.

14. A perpendicular drawn from any point P of the curve on the x-axis meets the x-axis at A. Length of the
perpendicular from A on the tangent line at P is equal to 'a'. If this curve cuts the y-axis orthogonally, find the
equation to all possible curves, expressing the answer explicitly.

15. A curve passing through (1 , 0) such that the ratio of the square of the intercept cut by any tangent off the y-axis
to the subnormal is equal to the ratio of the product of the co-ordinates of the point of tangency to the product of
square of the slope of the tangent and the subtangent at the same point. Determine all such possible curves.

16. A & B are two separate reservoirs of water. Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of reservoir B. Both
the reservoirs are filled completely with water, their inlets are closed and then the water is released
simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any instant of time
is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir at that time. One hour after the water is released, the
quantity of water in reservoir A is 1.5 times the quantity of water in reservoir B. After how many hours do both
the reservoirs have the same quantity of water ?

17. A tank consists of 50 litres of fresh water. Two litres of brine each litre containing 5 gms of dissolved salt are
run into tank per minute; the mixture is kept uniform by stirring, and runs out at the rate of one litre per
minute. If 'm' grams of salt are present in the tank after t minute, express 'm' in terms of t and find the amount
of salt present after 10 minutes.

18. Let f (x, y, c1) = 0 and f (x, y, c2) = 0 define two integral curves of a homogeneous first order differential
equation. If P1 and P2 are respectively the points of intersection of these curves with an arbitrary line, y = mx
then prove that the slopes of these two curves at P1 and P2 are equal.

19. Find the curve for which the portion of y-axis cut-off between the origin and the tangent varies as cube of the
absissa of the point of contact.

8
20. Find the orthogonal trajectories for the given family of curves when 'a' is the parameter.
(i) y = ax2 (ii) cos y = a e– x (iii) xk + yk = ak
(iv) Find the isogonal trajectories for the family of rectangular hyperbolas x 2 – y2 = a2 which makes with it
an angle of 45°.

 Ȃ
2/3
 dy  d3 y
1. The order and degree of the differential equation 1  3  =4 are [AIEEE 2002]
 dx  dx 3

 2
(A) 1,  (B) (3, 1) (C) (3, 3) (D) (1, 2)
 3
d2 y
2. The solution to the equation = e–2x is : [AIEEE 2002]
dx 2

2 –2x e –2 x 1 –2x 1 –4x

(A) (B)  cx  d (C) e + cx2 + d (D) e + cx + d
4 4 4 4
3. The degree and order of the differential equation of the family of all parabolas whose axis is x - axis, are
respectively [AIEEE 2003]
(A) 2 , 3 (B) 2, 1 (C) 1, 2 (D) 3, 2

dy
4. The solution of the differential equation (1 + y2) + (x – etan ) = 0, is [AIEEE 2003]
1
y
dx
1 1 1
(A) x e 2 tan y
= e tan y
+k (B) (x – 2) = k e  tan y

1 1 1 1
(C) 2x e tan y
= e 2 tan y
+k (D) x e tan y
= tan y + k

5. The differential equation for the family of curves x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0, where a is an arbitrary constant is
[AIEEE 2004]
(A) 2(x – y ) y = xy
2 2 (B) 2(x + y ) y = xy (C) (x – y ) y = 2xy
2 2 2 2 (D) (x + y ) y = 2xy
2 2

6. The solution of the differential equation, ydx + (x + x2 y) dy = 0 is [AIEEE 2004]

1 1 1
(A) xy = C (B) – xy + log y = C (C) xy + log y = C (D) log y = Cx

7. The differential equation representing the family of curves y2 =2c (x + c ), where c > 0 is a parameter, is of
order and degree as follows [AIEEE- 2005]
(A) order 1, degree 2 (B) order 1, degree 1 (C) order 1, degree 3 (D) order 2, degree 2
dy
8. If x = y (log y – log x + 1), then the solution of the equation is [AIEEE-2005]
dx

x y y x

(A) y log  y  = cx (B) x log   = cy (C) log   = cx (D) log  y  = cy
  x x  

9. The differential equation whose solution is Ax2 + By2 = 1, where A and B are arbitrary constants, is of
(A) first order and second degree (B) first order and first degree [AIEEE 2006]
(C) second order and first degree (D) second order and second degree

9
10. The differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having their centres on the x-axis is
dy dy
(A) x2 = y2 + xy (B) x2 = y2 + 3xy [AIEEE 2007]
dx dx
dy dy
(C) y2 = x2 + 2xy (D) y2 = x2 - 2xy
dx dx
11. The differential equation of the family of circles with fixed radius 5 units and centre on the line y = 2 is
(A) (y – 2) y2 = 25 – (y – 2)2 (B) (y – 2)2 y2 = 25 – (y – 2)2 [AIEEE 2008]
(C) (x – 2)2 y2 = 25 – (y – 2)2 (D) (x – 2) y2 = 25 – (y – 2)2
dy xy
12. The solution of the differential equation = satisfying the condition y (1) = 1 is [AIEEE 2008]
dx x
(A) y = x n x + x2 (B) y = xe(x–1) (C) y = x n x + x (D) y = n x + x

13. The differential equation which represents the family of curves y = c1 e c 2 x where c1 and c2 are arbitrary
constants, is [AIEEE 2009]
(A) y = y2 (B) y = y y (C) yy = y (D) yy = (y)2

14. The solution to the differential equation cosx dy = y(sinx – y) dx, 0 < x < , is [AIEEE 2010]
2
(A) tanx = (secx + c)y (B) secx = (tanx + c)y
(C) ysecx = tanx + c (D) ytanx = secx + c

15. Let I be the purchase value of an equipment and V(t) be the value after it has been used for t years. The value

dV( t )
V(t) depreciates at a rate given by differential equation = – k(T – t), where k > 0 is a constant and T is
dt

the total life in years of the equipment. Then the scrap value V(T) of the equipment is : [AIEEE 2011]

I kT 2 k( T – t ) 2
(A) e–kT (B) T2 – (C) I – (D) I –
k 2 2

dy
16. If = y + 3 > 0 and y(0) = 2, then y(ln 2) is equal to [AIEEE 2011]
dx

(A) –2 (B) 7 (C) 5 (D) 13

17. The population p(t) at time t of a certain mouse species satisfies the differential equation [AIEEE 2012]

dp( t )
= 0.5 p(t) – 450. If p(0) = 850, then the time at which the population becomes zero is :
dt
1
(A) 2 ln 18 (B) ln9 (C) ln 18 (D) ln 18
2
18. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is estimated that the rate of change of production P w.r.t.

dP
additional number of workers x is given by  100 – 12 x . If the firm employs 25 more workers, then the
dx

new level of production of items is : [JEE Main 2013]

(A) 4500 (B) 2500 (C) 3000 (D) 3500

10
 dp( t ) 1
19. Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time t be governed by the differential equation p( t )  200 .
dt 2

If p(0) = 100, then p(t) equals [JEE Main 2014]

(A) 400 – 300 e–t/2 (B) 400 – 300 et/2 (C) 300 – 200 e–t/2 (D) 600 – 500 et/2
dy
20. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation (x log x) +y = 2x log x, (x 1). Then y(e) is equal to:
dx

[JEE Main 2015]

(A) 2e (B) e (C) 0 (D) 2

21. If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, –1) and satisfies the differential equation, y (1 + xy) dx = xdy,

 1
then f    is equal to : [JEE Main 2016]
 2

2 4 2 4
(A) – (B) – (C) (D)
5 5 5 5

dy 
22. If (2 + sinx) + (y + 1) cosx = 0 and y(0) = 1 then y   is equal to : [JEE Main 2017]
dx 2

4 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) – (D) –
3 3 3 3

23. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation

dy 
sin x  y cos x 4x, x  (0, ) . If y     0 , then y   is equal to [JEE Main 2018]
dx   6
2

4 2 4 8 8 2
(A)   (B) 2 (C) 2 (D)  
9 9 3 9 3 9

dy  1
24. If y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation, x x 2 satisfying y(1) = 1, then y  is equal
 2y 
dx 2

to [IIT Main Online-2019]

49 13 7 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 16 64 4

25. Let f : [0, 1]  R be such that f(x y) = f(x).f(y), for all x, y  [0, 1], and f(0)  0. If y = y(x) satisfies the

dy  1 _
3
differential equation,  f(x) with y(0) = 1, then y    y   is equal to :
dx 4 4

[IIT Main Online-2019]

(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 4

11
 dy 3 1      4
26. If  y ,x   ,  , and y    , then y     equals :
dx cos x
2 2
cos x  3 3 4 3  4
   
[IIT Main Online-2019]

4 1 1 1
(A)  (B)  e3 (C) (D)  e6
3 3 3 3
3 f (x)  1
27. such that f ' ( x ) 7 –
Let f be a differentiable function  , ( x  0) and f(1)  4. Then lim xf  
4 x x  0 x

[IIT Main Online-2019]

4
(A) Exists and equals 0 (B) Exists and equals
7
(C) Exists and equals 4 (D) Does not exist
28. The curve amongst the family of curves represented by the differential equation, (x 2 – y2)dx + 2xy dy = 0
which passes through (1, 1), is : [IIT Main Online-2019]
(A) A circle with centre on the x-axis (B) A circle with centre on the y-axis
(C) A hyperbola with transverse axis along the x-axis (D) An ellipse with major axis along the y-axis

dy  2x  1 
29. If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation  e 2 x ,x  0, where y(1) = 1 e 2 , then :
y
dx  x  2

[IIT Main Online-2019]

loge 2
(A) y(loge 2)  (B) y(x) is decreasing in (0, 1)
4

1 
(C) y(x) is decreasing in  ,1 (D) y(loge2) = loge4
2 

dy
30. The solution of the differential equation,  (x  y)2 , when y(1) = 1, is :[IIT Main Online-2019]
dx
2y 1 x  y
(A) loge  2(y  1) (B) – loge  xy2
2x 1 x  y

2x 1 x  y
(C) loge  xy (D)  loge 2(x  1)

2y 1 x  y

dy
31. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation, x + y = x loge x, (x > 1). If 2y(2) = loge 4 – 1, then
dx

y(e) is equal to : [IIT Main Online-2019]

e2 e2 e e
(A) – (B) (C) – (D)
2 4 2 4

12
 x 2  2y
32. If a curve passes through the point (1, –2) and has slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) on it as ,
x
then the curve also passes through the point : [IIT Main Online-2019]

(A) ( 3,0) (B) (3, 0) 

(C)  2,1  (D) (–1, 2)

 dy 
33. If y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation, e y  1 ex such that y(0) = 0, then y(1) is equal
 dx 

to : [IIT Main Online-2020]

(A) 2 + loge2 (B) 2e (C) loge2 (D) 1 + loge2

dy
34. Let y = y(x) be the solution curve of the differential equation, (y2–x)  1 , satisfying y(0) = 1. This curve
dx
intersects the x-axis at a point whose abscissa is : [IIT Main Online-2020]
(A) –e (B) 2 + e (C) 2 (D) 2 –e

35. Let y = y (x) be a solution of the differential equation, dy

1– x 2  1– y 2 
0,| x | 1.
dx

 1 3  –1 
If y    , then y   is equal to : [IIT Main Online-2020]
2 2  2

3 3 1 1
(A) (B) – (C) – (D)
2 2 2 2

36. The differential equation of the family of curves, x2 = 4b (y+b), b R, is:[IIT Main Online-2020]
(A) x(y ')2 x  2yy ' (B) x(y
')2 2yy ' x (C) x(y ')2 x  2yy ' (D) xy ''  y '

dy xy
37. If dx  2 ; y(1) = 1, then a value of x satisfying y(x) = e is [IIT Main Online-2020]
x  y2

e 1
(A) 3e (B) (C) 2e (D) 3e
2 2

38. If for x  0, y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation,

(x + 1)dy = ((x + 1)2 + y – 3) dx, y(2) = 0, then y(3) is equal to ______. [IIT Main Online-2020]

13
  Ȃ
ȋ  ƬȌ
2
dy dy
1. (a) A soluton of the differential equation,    x + y = 0 is :
 dx  dx
(A) y = 2 (B) y = 2x (C) y = 2x  4 (D) y = 2x2  4

(b) The differential equation representing the family of curves, y2 = 2c x   

c , where c is a positive parameter,,
is of
(A) order 1 (B) order 2 (C) degree 3 (D) degree 4

(c) A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin from the
normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from the x-axis. Determine the equation of the
curve. [JEE '99, 2 + 3 + 10, out of 200 ]

2. Solve the differential equation, (x2 + 4y2 + 4xy) dy = (2x + 4y + 1) dx. [ REE '99, 6 ]

3. A country has a food deficit of 10% . Its population grows continuously at a rate of 3%. Its annual food
production every year is 4% more than that of the last year . Assuming that the average food requirement per
person remains constant, prove that the country will become self-sufficient in food after ' n ' years, where 'n'
 n 10   n 9
is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to, . [JEE '2000 (Main)10]
 n (104
. )  0.03

4. A hemispherical tank of radius 2 metres is initially full of water and has an outlet of 12 cm 2 cross sectional
area at the bottom. The outlet is opened at some instant. The flow through the outlet is according to the law
V(t) = 0.6 2gh(t) , where V(t) and h(t) are respectively the velocity of the flow through the outlet and the
height of water level above the outlet at time t, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the time it takes
to empty the tank. [JEE '2001 (Main) 10]

5. Find the equation of the curve which passes through the origin and the tangent to which at every point
x 4  2xy  1
(x, y) has slope equal to . [REE '2001 (Main) 3]
1  x2
x

6. Let f(x), x > 0, be a nonnegative continuous function, and let F(x) =  f (t )dt , x > 0. If for some c > 0,
0
f(x) < cF(x) for all x > 0, then show that f(x) = 0 for all x > 0. [JEE 2001 (Main) 5 out of 100]

7. (a) A right circular cone with radius R and height H contains a liquid which evaporates at a rate proportional
to its surface area in contact with air (proportionality constant = k > 0). Find the time after which the cone
is empty.
dP ( x )
(b) If P(1) = 0 and > P(x) for all x > 1 then prove that P(x) > 0 for all x > 1.
dx
[JEE 2003, (Main) 4 + 4]

 2  sin x  dy 
8. (a) If   = – cos x, y (0) = 1, then y   = [JEE 2004 (Scr.) ]
 1  y  dx 2
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/4

14
 ( x  1) 2  y  3
(b) A curve passes through (2, 0) and the slope of tangent at point P (x, y) equals . Find the
( x  1)
equation of the curve and area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis in the fourth quadrant.
[JEE 2004 (Main)]

9. (a) The solution of primitive integral equation (x2 + y2)dy = xy dx, is y = y(x). If y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = e, then x0 is

e2  1
(A) 2(e2  1) (B) 2(e2  1) (C) 3 e (D)
2
(b) For the primitive integral equation ydx + y2dy = xdy; x  R, y > 0, y = y(x), y(1) = 1, then y(–3) is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 5
[JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(c) If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f (x) intercepted between the point and the x–axis is of length
1. Find the equation of the curve. [JEE 2005 (Main)]

10. A tangent drawn to the curve, y = f (x) at P(x, y) cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively such that
BP : AP = 3 : 1, given that f (1) = 1, then [JEE 2006, 5]
dy dy
(A) equation of the curve is x – 3y = 0 (B) equation of curve is x + 3y = 0
dx dx
(C) curve passes through (2, 1/8) (D) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4

t 2 f (x)  x 2 f (t)
11. (a) Let f (x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) such that f (1) = 1 and Lim = 1 for each
tx tx
x > 0. Then f (x) is
1 2x 2  1 4x 2 1 2 1
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D)
3x 3 3x 3 x x2 x

dy 1  y2
(b) The differential equation = determines a family of circles with
dx y
(A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)
(B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, – 1)
(C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis.
(D) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the y-axis. [JEE 2007, 3+3]
2
12. Let a solution y = y (x) of the differential equation, x x 2  1 dy  y y 2  1 dx  0 satisfy y (2) = .
3
 1 
STATEMENT-1 : y (x) = sec  sec x 
and  6

1 2 3 1

STATEMENT-2 : y (x) is given by  1 2
y x x
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008, 3]

15
13. Match the statements/expression in Column I with the open intervals in Column II. [JEE 2009]
Column I Column II
  
(A) Interval contained in the domain of definition of non-zero (P)  , 
 2 2
solutions of the differential equation (x – 3)2 y + y = 0
 
(B) Interval containing the value of the integral (Q)  0, 
 2
5   5 
1( x  1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 5) dx (R)  , 
8 4 

 
(C) Interval in which at least one of the points of (S)  0, 
 8
local maximum of cos2 x + sin x lies
(D) Interval in which tan–1(sin x + cos x) is increasing (T) (– )
14. Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on R (the set of all real numbers) such that f(1) = 1. If the
y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube of the abscissa of P,
then the value of f(–3) is equal to [JEE 2010]
df ( x )
15. Let y(x) + y(x) g(x) = g(x) g(x), y(0) = 0, x  R, where f(x) denotes and g(x) is a given non-constant
dx

differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is [JEE 2011]
16. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y – y tan x = 2x sec x and y(0) = 0, then [JEE 2012]

 2  
2
 
2
   4 2
2
(A) y    (B) y '    (C) y    (D) y '    
4 8 2  4  18 3 9 3 3 3 3

  y y
17. A curve passes through the point 1,  . Let the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be + sec   ,
 6  x x
x > 0. Then the equation of the curve is : [JEE (Adv.) 2013]
y 1 y
(A) sin   = logx + (B) cosec   = log x – 2
x 2 x

 2y   2y  1
(C) sec   = log x + 2 (D) cos   = log x +
 x   x  2
18. The function y = f(x) is the solution of the differential equation [JEE (Adv.) 2014]
3
dy xy x 4  2x 2
 2 
dx x  1 1 x2
in (–1, 1) satisfying f(0) = 0. Then  f ( x)dx is :
3

2

 3  3  3  3
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
3 2 3 4 6 4 6 2
19. Let y(x) be a solution of the differential equation (1 + ex) y' + yex = 1. If y(0) = 2, then which of the following
statements is (are) true? [JEE (Adv.) 2015]
(A) y (–4) = 0 (B) y(–2) = 0
(C) y(x) has a critical point in the interval (–1, 0) (D) y(x) has no critical point in the interval (–1, 0)

16
20. Consider the family of all circles whose centers lie on the straight line y = x. If this family of circles is
represented by the differential equation Py" + Qy' + 1 = 0, where P, Q are functions of x, y and y' (here

dy d2 y
y'  , y"  ), then which of the following statements is (are) true? [JEE Advanced 2015]
dx dx 2

(A) P = y + x (B) P = y – x
(C) P + Q = 1 – x + y + y' + (y')2 (D) P – Q = x + y – y' – (y')2
dy
21. A solution curve of the differential equation (x2 + xy + 4x + 2y + 4) – y2 = 0, x > 0, passes through the
dx

point (1, 3). Then the solution curve [JEE Advanced 2016]
(A) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point (B) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points
(C) intersects y = (x + 2)2 (D) does NOT intersect y =(x + 3)2

22. If y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation [JEE Advanced 2017]

 
1
 
8 x 9  x dy   4  9  x  dx, x0
 
and y(0)  7 , then y(256) =
(A) 80 (B) 3 (C) 16 (D) 9

23. Let f : R  R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0. If y = f(x) satisfies the differential equation

dy
= (2 + 5y) (5y – 2), then the value of lim f ( x ) is _________. [JEE Advanced 2018]
dx x  –

24. Let  denote a curve y = y(x) which is in the first quadrant and let the point (1, 0) lie on it. Let the tangent to
 at a point P intersect the y-axis at YP. If PYP has length 1 for each point P on  , then which of the following
options is/are correct? [JEE Advanced 2019]
 1  1– x 2 
(A) xy '– 1– x 2  0 (B) y  loge   – 1– x 2
 x 
 

 1  1– x 2 
(C) xy ' 1– x 2 
0(D) y – loge    1– x 2
 x 
 
25. Let b be a nonzero real number. Suppose f : R  R is a differentiable function such that f(0) = 1. If the
derivative f  of f satisfies the equation

f(x)
f (x) =
b  x2
2

for all x  R, then which of the following statements is/are TRUE? [JEE Advanced 2020]
(A) If b > 0, then f is an increasing function
(B) If b < 0, then f is a decreasing function
(C) f(x) f(–x) = 1 for all x  R
(D) f(x) – f(–x) = 0 for all x  R

17
26. For any real numbers  and , let y, (x), x  R , be the solution of the differential equation

dy
 ay xex ,
 y(1) 1
dx

Let S = {y , (x) : ,  R}. Then which of the following functions belong(s) to the set S ?

[JEE Advanced 2021]

x2 x  1 x2  1
(A) f(x)
 e   e   e x  e x   e   e x
(B) f(x) 
2  2 2  2

ex  1  e2   x ex  1   e2   x
(C) f(x)

2  x  
2  
 e 
4 
e (D) f(x)

2  2
 x    e 
4 
e
  

18
 
   
 Ȃ
1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2

2. [1 + (y)²] .y  3y(y)² = 0 3. 12y (y)² = x[8(y)3  27]

4. ln2 (sec x + tan x)  ln2 (sec y + tan y) = c

5. x 2  1  sec1 x + y2  1 = c 6. y = c (1  ay) (x + a)

 x  y
7. ln 1  tan =x+c 8. y sin y = x² ln x + c
 2 

1   
9. m = m0ekt where k =  ln  1  
t0  100 

1 5
10. (a) P = 1000 + 1500e–kt where k = ln   ; (b) T = 10 log (3); (c) P = 1000 as t  
10  3  5/3

11. y = (x + 1) . ln (x + 1)  x + 3 12. x2 + y2 = k2

d3 y d2 y dy
13. 3
 6 2
 11  6y = 0 14. y = x1/n
dx dx dx

c (x  y)
15. x2  y2 + 1  x2  y2 = 16. y = kx or xy = c
x2  y2

 Ȃ

 1 1 x  2y 
1. (a) c(x  y)2/3 (x² + xy + y²)1/6 = exp  tan  where exp x  ex (b) y²  x² = c (y² + x²)²
 3 x 3 

2
y2  y y2  x 2 n  y  y 2  x 2   c
2. =   x 3 , where same sign has to be taken.
x2

1  a
4. x² + y²  2x = 0 6. lnx2 + a2  tan1   = c, where a = x + y2
2  x
y
7. xy cos =c 8. x2 + y2 = cx
x
19
 2y  1
9. arc tan = ln c x 2  y 2  x  y  1 10. (x + y  2) = c (y  x)3
2x  1 2

y3 4
11. tan 1
x2
+ ln c y  32  x  22 =0 12. x+y+
3
= ce3(x2y)

y  2
2 tan 1
x  3
13. e = c . (y + 2) 14. (cos y  sin x  1)2 (cos y + sin x  1)5 = c

 Ȃ

1. y = 2 (ex  x  1) 2. y = cx2 ± x

3. y (x  1) = x2 (x2  x + c) 4. xy = c  arc tan x

1  x x
5. y = cx  x2 6.   y tan3 = c + 2 tan x
3  2 2

7. y = cx + x ln tan x 8. x = cearctany + arc tan y  1

a2
9. y = cx ± 11. cos x – 1
2x

2 cos x  1
12. f (x) = – 2
– Ce– sin x · cos x 14. x = lny  cx 2  
(1  sin x )  2

1 x 
15. ex²/2 = y (c + cosx) 16. =  1 + (c + x) cot   
y 2
 2 4

17. x3 y3 = 3 Sinx + c 18. y1 ex = c  x²

a2 7
19. x = cy ± 20. 27 minutes
y 9
21. y² = 3x²  6x  x3 + cex + 4 22. sin y = (ex + c) (1 + x)

x2 1
23. y= cex ; y=c+
2
24. y=
x

tan  n cx 
2 c
25. y2 = sin x 
3 sin 2 x

20
  Ȃ 
1
1. y = 2sin x 2. y= (2 ex  e + 1)
3 e
3. f (x) = e2x

4. (i) y = u(x) + K(u(x) – v(x)) where K is any constant ; (ii)  +  = 1; (iii) constant

 2  4  x2  y
5. y = ±  4  x 2  2 n  6. xy + tan1 =c
 x  x
 

sin 1 x y 
7.    2 8. y2 = 2x + 1  e2x 9. f (x) = ex – cos x
2 xy 4

 x
x 1  x2
10. y = + ce 11. x (x² y² + cos xy) = c 12. x(ey + ln y + 1) = 1
1  x2

ex/a  e x/a 2 y/x  2 y/x

13. y² = cx 14. y=±a &y=±a 15. x= e ; x= e
2

 50  2
16. T = log4/3 2 hrs from the start 17. y = 5t 1   gms ; 91 gms 19. 2y + Kx3 = cx
 50  t  3

1 1 1
20. (i) x2 + 2y2 = c, (ii) siny = ce– x, (iii) y = cx if k = 2 and k 2
 k 2
 k  2 if k  2
x y c
(iv) x2 – y2 + 2xy = c ; x2 – y2 – 2xy = c

 Ȃ
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. C

11. B 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. D

21. D 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. D

31. D 32. A 33. D 34. D 35. Bonus 36. C 37. A 38. 3.00

 Ȃ
1. (a) C, (b) A, C, (c) x2 + y2  2x = 0

3  x  2y  2  2 
2. y = ln ((x + 2y)2 + 4(x + 2y) + 2)  ln   + c
2 2  x  2y  2  2 

21
 7 x10 5
4. sec. 5. y = (x – 2tan–1x) (1 + x2) 7. (a) T = H/k
135 g

2 1  1  y2
8. (a) C; (b) y = x2 – 2x, area = 4/3 sq. units 9. (a) C; (b) A; (c) 1  y  ln =±x+c
y

10. A, B, C, D 11. (a) A, (b) C 12. C

13. (A)  P, Q, S ; (B)  P, T; (C)  P, Q, R, T; (D)  S 14. 9 15. 0 16. A, D
17. A 18. B 19. A, C 20. B, C 21. A, D 22. B 23. 0.4
24. BC 25. AC 26. AC

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