B IOD I V E R S I TA S ISSN: 1412-033X

Volume 24, Number 2, February 2023 E-ISSN: 2085-4722

Pages: 947-957 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240234

Ethnobotany of wild and semi-wild edible plants of the Madurese Tribe

in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts, Indonesia

THOBIB HASAN AL YAMINI1, NINA RATNA DJUITA2,, TATIK CHIKMAWATI2, YOHANES PURWANTO3
1Plant Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl Agatis, Kampus
IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West

Java, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-251-8622833, email: ninadj@apps.ipb.ac.id

3Research Center for Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency. Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia

Manuscript received: 5 January 2022. Revision accepted: 7 February 2023.

Abstract. Al Yamini TH, Djuita NR, Chikmawati T, Purwanto Y. 2023. Ethnobotany of wild and semi-wild edible plants of the Madurese
Tribe in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 947-957. This study aimed to inventory, identify, and
characterize the diversity of wild and semi-wild edible plants (WSEPs) utilization; analyze and determine the highest importance of
WSEPs based on socio-cultural, economic, and ecology; and analyze the sustainable management of WSEPs. This study was carried out
in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts. The qualitative data collection was obtained by open, semi-structured, and structured interviews,
while quantitative data were assessed using the pebble distribution method (PDM). Data were analyzed using the Index of Cultural
Significance (ICS), Use Values (UVs), Local User's Value Index (LUVI), economic valuation, and important value index (IVI). The
Madurese utilized 122 plant species belonging to 47 families of WSEP. The Madurese in Pamekasan District used more plant species
(90 species of 30 families) than Sampang District (84 species of 20 families). These plant species were used as sources of carbohydrates,
fruits, vegetables, seeds, spices, and beverages. The dominant plant families used are Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae. Accem
(Tamarindus indica) is the species with the highest ICS, UV, and LUVI values in both districts. Accem and tarebung (Borassus
flabellifer) had the highest economic value. These plant species are also suggested to be maintained their species availability in their
habitat.

Keywords: Diversity, edible plants, food plants, ICS

INTRODUCTION biological biodiversity and lead to weakened food security

and increased environmental degradation (Addis 2013).
Wild and semi-wild edible plants (WSEPs) are food Furthermore, the high rate of land conversion for housing
plants that grow without human intervention or are not and industry is increasing all the time (Amente 2017;
cultivated. These plants produce food sources such as Duguma 2020), especially on Madura Island. It is feared
staple foods, fruits, vegetables, or even spices for local that this could threaten the existence of WSEPs plant
communities (Sujarwo et al. 2016). The utilization of species in nature and reduce the local knowledge of the
WSEPs is still practiced by local communities in various Madurese community regarding the utilization of WSEPs
parts of the world today and is one way to support their species.
lives (Ju et al. 2013; Sujarwo et al. 2014; García-Herrera et Madura is one of the islands that is administratively part
al. 2014). WSEPs has an important role in improving food of East Java Province, but the Madurese tribe that inhabits
security, especially during the lean season, increasing food it has a different culture from the Javanese ethnic group.
diversification, and as a source of additional nutrients that Madura Island is divided into West Madura and East
are beneficial for health (Bacchetta et al. 2016). Based on Madura (Hefni 2008). West Madura, which consists of
the study's results, the content of micronutrients such as Bangkalan and Sampang districts, has a topography with
vitamins and minerals in some WSEPs is higher than high rainfall, while East Madura, which consists of
nutrients in cultivated plants. For example, the folic acid Pamekasan and Sumenep districts, has low rainfall (Sigit et
content in purslane plants (Portulaca oleracea) is higher al. 2016). The difference in geographical conditions
than in other cultivated plants (Addis 2013; Ranfa et al. between West Madura and East Madura drives the Madurese
2014). to have a different culture of food plant utilization.
Currently, the utilization of WSEPs, an ancestral Madurese people have local knowledge about using
tradition, is increasingly abandoned (Cruz et al. 2013). plant resources to meet their needs. Local knowledge of the
Furthermore, socioeconomic changes, globalization, and Madurese community that has been widely known is the
modern lifestyles have led to the erosion of local utilization of plant species diversity as traditional medicinal
knowledge on plant use in the community (Ju et al. 2013; materials (Zaman et al. 2013). However, local knowledge
Shrestha 2013; Wiryono et al. 2017; Ojelel et al. 2019). about using WSEPs in Madura as a food source has never
Consequently, this can threaten the sustainability of been disclosed.
948 B I OD I V E R S ITA S 24 (2): 947-957, February 2023

The Madurese community is one of the tribes with local Oloh. The selected villages in Pamekasan Regency include
wisdom on utilizing WSEPs. Local knowledge and wisdom Bunder, Lembung, Proppo, Pakong, West Waru, and
about utilizing WSEPs is a form of adaptation strategy to Pegantenan.
Madura Island's dry and less fertile environmental Sampang and Pamekasan districts have a varied
conditions, so they can only depend partially on the topography, ranging from lowlands to highlands. The
agricultural sector (Sigit et al. 2016). Therefore, the altitude of the research site in Sampang Regency ranges
Madurese people need efforts to fulfill their needs, from 6-216 meters above sea level, with rainfall ranging
especially food fulfillment, by utilizing the species of from 707-2,504 mm. This district has two seasons: the dry
WSEPs found in their environment. In addition, the season in May-October and the rainy season in November-
problems faced by the Madurese community are the low April. Meanwhile, Pamekasan Regency has an altitude
level of food security and the high poverty rate. This ranging from 2-320 meters above sea level, with rainfall
condition creates an excellent urgency for further study to ranging from 838-1,777 mm. This regency has two
make these resources available for future generations and seasons: the rainy season in December-April and the dry
food sovereignty and security, especially in the Sampang season in May-November.
and Pamekasan Districts. This study aims to (i) inventory,
identify and characterize the diversity of species and Data collection procedures
utilization of WSEPs utilized by the Madurese community Qualitative and quantitative data were collected by
in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts; (ii) analyze and conducting open-ended, semi-structured, and structured
determine the species of WSEPs that have the highest interviews by visiting the homes of key informants and
importance value, including economic value, ecological regular informants directly. Key informants were selected
value, and socio-cultural value; and (iii) analyze the using a purposive sampling method based on the research
sustainable management and development of WSEPs. objectives. The selection of ordinary respondents used a
combination method between snowball sampling and
purposive sampling by considering (i) respondents who
MATERIALS AND METHODS have used and are currently using wild plants as food
obtained from nature; (ii) respondents who know the
Study area and period species of wild plants as food, how to use and process
This research was conducted from July 2021 to June them. In addition to interviews, another method used was
2022. Data collection through interviews and plant field observation with local informants in their natural
sampling was conducted in two districts, namely Sampang habitat to collect plant specimens. The data collected
District (7°2'24.72 "S, 113°14'21.84 "E) and Pamekasan included the diversity of WSEPs species, harvesting
District (7°6'18.36 "S, 113°31'30.72E) (Figure 1). From locations, parts used, habitus, frequency of use, preference
each section, six villages were selected based on different level, market price, and other uses of WSEPs besides food
topographic conditions, ranging from the southern coastal ingredients. Quantitative data collection of plant
area to the northern part towards the mainland. Villages in importance values was calculated using the Pebble
Sampang Regency are Dharma Camplong, Apaan, Distribution Method (PDM) referring to Sheil et al. (2004).
Samaran, Tambak, Gunung Rancak, and Karang Penang

Figure 1. The map shows the sites of studies areas, Sampang and Pamekasan districts, East Java Province shown in red, indicate the
sub-districts of the research location
 AL YAMINI et al. – Ethnobotany of wild edible plants of the Madurese, Indonesia 949

Herbarium-making is carried out for plant species that cited by informants.

could not be identified during field observations. The
herbarium-making process was based on standard methods Local User's Value Index (LUVI)
(Das 2020). First, specimens were dried and then carried Data on the local importance value of a plant species
out the identification process using plant identification was analyzed using calculations that refer to (Sheil et al.
books by matching the morphological characteristics of 2004). The formula used is:
specimens with morphological traits in the book "Plants for
Human Consumption" (Kunkel 1984) and "Flora of Java" LUVI = Gij = Σkategori=jGij = RWj x Rwij
(Backer and Van den Brink 1968). The plant identification
process was carried out at the Integrated Laboratory of Where; I is the species, J is the use, Gij is the individual
Trunojoyo University, Madura. The scientific names value, RWj is the weight given to the broad class of use to
obtained were verified with two websites Global online which the specific j belongs, Rwij is the relative weight
sites Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) within the category j for the uses of species i that qualify as
(https://www.gbif.org/) and plant of the world members of j.
(https://powo.science.kew.org/).
Importance Value Index (IVI)
Data analysis Data on the importance value index of a plant species
Analysis of Importance Value was analyzed using calculations that refer to (Ismail et al.
Ethnobotanical quantitative data were analyzed using 2017). The formula used is:
several approaches, namely the Index of Cultural
significance (ICS), Use Values (UVs), and Local User's IVI = RF + RD + Rdo
Value Index (LUVI). The formulas used are as follows:
Where; RF is relative frequency, RD is relative density,
Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) and RDo is relative dominance. Data on the importance
Index of Cultural significance (ICS) is used to value index of a plant species is used to determine the
determine the importance of each plant species that refers conservation strategy by comparing the IVI with the ICS
to Turner (1988): value (Table 1).

n Economic valuation
ICS = ∑ (q x i x e)ni The economic valuation of WSEPs species uses a direct
i=1 approach using market prices. The parameters used to
calculate the economic value are the amount harvested per
Where; q is the quality value which is the use number tree or hectare, the frequency of harvesting in one year, and
of a plant species, i is the intensity value which is the value the total harvest per household per plant species.
of the intensity of utilization of beneficial plant species,
and e is the exclusivity value which is the value of the level
of exclusivity or preference. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Use Values (UVs) Diversity of wild and semi-wild edible plants

Use value is analyzed using a calculation that refers to Madurese people utilize about 122 species from 47
Phillips et al. (1994) as follows: families of WSEPs (Table 6). The number of WSEPs
species differs in the research locations, where in Sampang
UV = ΣU / N District, there are 84 species belonging to 20 families. In
Pamekasan District, there are 90 species belonging to 30
Where; U is the number of uses mentioned by families of WSEPs. The most diverse species found
informants for a plant species, and N is the total number of belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, consisting of 26
informants interviewed for a plant species. If a plant species, including its varieties, followed by the Fabaceae
obtains a high UV value, it indicates many usage reports family, with nine, and Myrtaceae, at eight.
for the plant, while a low score shows fewer use reports

Table 1. Classification of conservation strategies based on IVI and ICS scores

Comparison category
Conservation strategy
IVI ICS
High Low Assessing and developing other potentials
High High Maintaining the availability of species
Low/moderate High Cultivating species
Low/Moderate Low Cultivating, studying, and developing another potential
Notes: IVI is the importance value index, and ICS is an index of cultural significance
950 B I OD I V E R S ITA S 24 (2): 947-957, February 2023

The highest plant species diversity in Sampang District local mango varieties. Plant species in Pamekasan Regency
was found in Gunung Rancak Village. This village is are 25 species such as Cleome rutidospema, Wrightia
located at the highest point in Sampang Regency, 216 pubercens, Murraya koenigii, L. coromandelica,
meters above sea level. The number of WSEPs species Phyllanthus reticulatus, Garcinia dulcis, Cyperus rotundus,
found was 45 species belonging to 22 families. This Hellenia speciosa, Trichosanthes costata, Trianthema
village's highest types of WSEPs come from the portulacastrum, and four local mango varieties.
Anacardiaceae family, with as many as three species: The high number of usage plant species in Pamekasan
Mangifera odorata, and Mangifera lalijiwa, and ten Regency is due to the drier environmental conditions with
Mangifera indica varieties, namely pao re'dere', pao low rainfall. This condition causes people in this district to
kangsel, pao gentong madhu, pao kedhe', pao kocor, pao be unable to depend entirely on cultivated plants' food
ote, pao dudul, pao teke', pao paka' madhu and pao carang. needs, so people also use more wild plants as an additional
The most diverse WSEPs species in Pamekasan District food source.
was found in Bunder Village. This village is located in the
lowlands with an altitude of 2 meters above sea level. The Growth form, part of use and habitat
number of species found was 46 species belonging to 30 The WSEPs habitus utilized by the Madurese
families. The most prominent family is Fabaceae consisting community are trees, herbs, shrubs, and vines. Based on the
of as many as five species, namely Tamarindus indica, interview, it was found that the Madurese community most
Erythrina variegata, Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania widely uses the tree habitus. The percentage of species with
javanica, and Macroptilium lathyroides. The second most tree habitus is 56%, herbaceous 21%, shrubs 12%, and
prominent family, Anacardiaceae, consists of three species, vines 11% (Figure 2A). The Madurese community most
namely Lannea coromandelica, M. lalijiwa, and three M. widely utilizes plants with tree habitus because they can
indica varieties, namely pao golek, pao jenali, and pao provide food throughout the season, especially during the
tepong. The third largest family is Amaranthaceae, with dry season, where other plants with habitus herbs and
three species: Suaeda maritima, Amaranthus hybridus, and shrubs do not grow.
Amaranthus viridis. Madurese people utilize six plant parts, namely fruit 80
Based on the number of species most utilized by the species, leaves 36 species, seeds ten species, tubers ten
Madurese community in both Sampang and Pamekasan species, sap two species, and shoot two species. The most
Districts, it shows that topographic conditions at the utilized plant part is fruit (Figure 3). Fruit contains sugar,
research site do not affect the number of species used by starch, water, vitamins, and minerals, which are beneficial
the community. However, topographic conditions affect the for humans if consumed (Rejman et al. 2021). Fruit
diversity of species utilized by the community. That is generally has a sweet or sour taste and is one of the healthy
because a plant species requires appropriate conditions and foods. Fruit is usually eaten as fresh fruit or processed into
environmental factors to grow well in its habitat. For other foods such as salad, jam, and candied, for example,
example, S. maritima only grows in coastal areas with high the fruits of Phyllanthus acidus and Antidesma bunius.
soil salinity levels and is not found in other areas. Based on interviews and surveys at the research site,
Therefore, the availability of species in nature affects the WSEPs species grow in several habitat types: moorland,
level of utilization of plant species in a community. yard, garden, rice field, and salt pond (Figure 2B). WSEPs
In addition, several plant species are only utilized in species are most commonly found in moorland habitats.
one district. For example, plant species used only in Moorland is the most dominant land on Madura Island, so
Sampang District include Aegle marmelos, Annona many WSEPs species are found in this habitat (47%). The
reticulata, Ardisia elliptica, Psidium guajava, Bidens proportion of moorland area in Sampang District is 58.8%,
pilosa, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Antidesma ghaesembilla, and in Pamekasan District is 73.6% (Hefni 2008).
Ampelocissus arachnoidea, Protium javanicum, and nine

A B
Figure 2. The percentage of plants' growth form (A) and the percentage of plants' habitat (B) used by the Madurese Tribe in Sampang
and Pamekasan Districts, Indonesia
 AL YAMINI et al. – Ethnobotany of wild edible plants of the Madurese, Indonesia 951

compared to other cultivated vegetables such as spinach,

mustard greens, and lettuce (Nemzer et al. 2020).

Source of fruits
A total of 68 plant species are utilized as a source of
fruits, such as T. indica, Ziziphus mauritiana, A. bunius,
Lantana camara, Syzygium cumini, Ficus montana,
Melastoma malabathricum, M. citrifolia, Schleichera
oleosa, A. ghaesembilla, A. arachnoidea, Phyllanthus
emblica, M. lalijiwa, A. occidentale, M. odorata, Passiflora
foetida, Coccinia grandis, P. javanicum, and Physalis
Figure 3. Number of plant parts used by the Madurese angulata. In addition, people prefer fruits that have a sour
community in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts, Indonesia or sweet taste. Therefore, these fruits are usually eaten
fresh or processed into a salad, such as A. bunius. This fruit
Mode of use contains anthocyanin, phenol, and flavonoid compounds
Source of carbohydrates (Suravanichnirachorn et al. 2018).
The primary sources of carbohydrates for Madurese are Lengmalengan fruit (A. arachnoidea) has a unique way
rice and corn. However, Madurese also utilizes 11 other of consumption. The name lengmalengan originated from
species as carbohydrate sources, Pachyrhizus erosus, the word 'maling' or thief. Before consuming this fruit,
Colocasia esculenta, Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea people who pick the fruit must be chased while shouting
esculenta, Amorphophallus variabilis, C. rotundus, thief. This activity is believed to eliminate the fruit's
Dioscorea alata, H. speciosa, Amorphophallus itching when eaten. According to Dalimunthe et al. (2016),
paeoniifolius, Rhizophora stylosa, and Eleocharis dulcis. plants of the Ampelocissus genus have the characteristics of
Most of the carbohydrates source come from tubers such as flower buds covered by wooly hairs. When the fruit is ripe,
D. alata. These tubers are usually processed before the remaining hairs are still attached around the fruit and
consumption, such as by boiling. In addition, some tubers cause itching in the throat. Therefore, the chasing activity
must be processed in a particular way, soaking and drying before eating the fruit can indirectly shed the remaining
to remove the poisonous content, for example, D. hispida. hairs on it and reduce the itching when it is consumed.
The tubers of this plant contain hydrogen cyanide
compounds that have toxic properties if they enter the body Source of beverage ingredients
(Lokman et al. 2017; Estiasih et al. 2022). The tubers of H. A total of five plant species are utilized as beverage
speciosa and A. variabilis are only taken for their starch to ingredients, namely T. indica, Arenga pinnata, M.
be processed into porridge and are known to treat gastric citrifolia, B. flabellifer, and R. stylosa. T. indica fruit is
pain. This plant is also used as a medicine to treat diabetes processed by brewing and adding sugar. The leaves are
by people in South India (Ramya and Dhamotharan 2019). processed into herbal drinks, sinom or kunir asam, mixed
The fruit of R. stylosa is used as a substitute for rice by with Curcuma domestica, brown sugar, and water. This
chopping, drying, and steaming. drink is believed to treat fever, menstrual pain, thrush, and
dysentery. A. pinnata and B. flabellifer are utilized for their
Source of vegetables inflorescent sap as a beverage called la'ang. La'ang has a
Madurese people utilize 42 species of plants as short shelf life if stored at room temperature due to the
vegetables, S. maritima, Pluchea indica, Cleome rutidosperma, fermentation process. Madurese people preserve the la'ang
Wrightia pubescens, Marsdenia brunoniana, E. variegata, L. by boiling it and adding slices of M. citrifolia and
coromandelica, Paederia foetida, B. pilosa, Morinda citrifolia, P. Capsicum frutescens to flavoring. La'ang from the B.
oleracea, A. hybridus, A. viridis, T. portulacastrum, M. flabellifer plant has health effects such as laxatives and
lathyroides, and S. javanica. Plant species used as diuretics (Krishnaveni et al. 2020). R. stylosa fruit is used
vegetables by coastal communities are S. maritima and S. as a beverage ingredient, a substitute for coffee. This drink
portulacastrum. These plants have a salty taste, and people is believed to have health benefits such as increasing body
can distinguish plants that have a very salty taste from the color stamina, having aphrodisiac properties, and treating
of the stems and leaves. For example, plants with red or orange diabetes and high blood pressure. It is proven in several
stems and leaves taste saltier than green ones, so people only studies that extract from R. stylosa have health benefits
harvest green plants. such as anti-diabetes (Usman et al. 2019) and antibacterial
Portulaca oleracea is a vegetable commonly found in (Burhanuddin et al. 2019).
rice fields and moorlands. This plant is usually found
during the rainy season, especially after the rice harvest Source of seeds
season. In addition, this plant grows a lot on newly Nine plant species are a source of seeds, such as Adenanthera
prepared rice fields for tobacco planting at the beginning of pavoniana, Anacardium occidentale, Artocarpus heterophyllus,
the dry season and becomes a dominating weed. People Artocarpus camansi, Terminalia catappa, Sterculia foetida,
harvest this plant to be processed into vegetable soup, stir- Ceiba pentandra, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, and T.
fried or boiled, and lalab is eaten with sambal. P. oleracea indica. T. indica seed in Madurese is called maghi' and is
plants have the highest omega-3 fatty acid content processed by roasting, then soaking overnight to soften the
952 B I OD I V E R S ITA S 24 (2): 947-957, February 2023

seeds before eating. Apart from maghi', A. pavonina seed is Morinda citrifolia (29-51) (Table 2). T. indica has the most
a source of seeds that is also in demand by the community. utilization compared to other plant species, such as a source
A. pavonina seeds that have been roasted are usually very of fruits, spices, seeds, and beverages. In addition, it is also
popular with children because the seed coat is usually used used as a medicinal ingredient, such as to treat fever,
as a toy. A. pavonina seeds have been studied to be internal heat, and stomach pain. The leaves are used as
processed into tempeh (Damayanti et al. 2022). The protein animal feed, wood as building materials, charcoal, and
content of A. pavonina seeds is around 22-31% (Krishnan firewood. Accem (Tamarindus indica) has a high
et al. 2022), while the protein content of maghi' is 18.4- exclusivity value as a source of spices or herbs,
26.9% (Anjali et al. 2020). Therefore, both seeds of A. significantly as the main ingredient to add a sour taste to
pavonina and T. indica can be an alternative source of dishes. In addition, T. indica has a high intensity of
protein for the community. utilization as a seasoning. This plant species is used as an
antimicrobial, antiallergic, analgesic, and antiemetic
Seasoning source (Menezes et al. 2016). Its also used as a menstrual pain
Six species of WSEPs are used as a seasoning source: reliever in North Banyumas (Utaminingrum et al. 2022).
Borassus flabellifer, M. lalijiwa, Bergera koenigii, O.
tenuiflorum, Syzygium polyanthum, and T. indica. Bergera Use value (UV)
koenigii leaves are used to boost the flavor of curry dishes. Plant species that have high UV values are T. indica
This plant usually grows around the yard or by the roadside (2.91-3.91), followed by Borassus flabellifer (3.91),
around the village. The fruits of T. indica and M. lalijiwa Anacardium occidentale (1.5-2), Ceiba pentandra (1.16-
are used as spices to add a sour taste to dishes, especially 1.83), Syzygium polianthum (1.5-1.66), Morinda citrifolia
fish cooking. The leaves of O. tenuiflorum are used to (0.61-1) (Table 3). T. indica has more than one category of
season fish dishes and treat asthma. The Malay people in utilization in the food group, namely as a source of fruits,
Upper Kampar Kiri Riau utilize O. tenuiflorum as a spices, beverage ingredients, and seeds. In addition, this
vegetable. In addition, this plant has been used as an plant is evenly utilized by the Madurese people, so it has a
antiseptic, antistress, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, high UV value. This result also follows Bibi et al. (2022),
immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial (Borah and Biswas who revealed that T. indica is an essential plant in the
2018). Tanawal area, Lesser Western Himalayas, Pakistan. B.
flabellifer is also a species with a high use value because it
The important value of wild and semi-wild edible plants is used as a source of fruit, beverage, and spice. The
Index cultural significance (ICS) utilization of this plant is also extensive, especially as a
The plant that has the highest ICS value is T. indica (54- condiment. The inflorescent sap is fermented into vinegar,
115), followed by Borassus flabellifer (99), Ceiba pentandra (32- utilized by the community, and sold outside the region.
90), Adenanthera pavonina (45-59), Scleichera oleosa (44-57),

Table 2. Plant species with the highest value of Index Cultural Significance (ICS) used by the Madurese in Sampang and Pamekasan
Districts, Indonesia

Sampang Pamekasan
Species
DC AP SM TB KPO GR BD LB PP PK WB PG
A.pavonina 59 - - - 50 - - - - - 45 -
B. flabellifer - - - - - - 99 - - - - -
C. pentandra 48 55 37 32 90
M. citrifolia 51 30 30 51 39 30 29 29 - 29 51 -
S. oleosa 45 57 - - - - - 44 57 - - 54
T. indica 78 115 82 100 66 54 87 82 81 68 109 109
Notes: Sampang (DC: Dharma Camplong, AP: Apaan, SM: Samaran, TB: Tambak, KPO: Karang Penang Oloh, GR: Gunung Rancak);
Pamekasan (BD: Bunder, LB: Lembung, PP: Proppo, PK: Pakong, WB: Waru Barat, PG: Pegantenan)

Table 3. Plant species with the highest Use Value (UV) used by Madurese in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts, Indonesia

Sampang Pamekasan
Species
DC AP SM TB KPO GR BD LB PP PK WB PG
A. occidentale - - - - 2 2 - - 1.5 - 2 -
B. flabellifer - - - - - - 3.91 - - - - -
C. pentandra 1.58 1.83 1.2 1.83 1.16 -
M. citrifolia 1 0.61 1 0.9 0.83 - 1.58 1 - 1 1 -
S. polyanthum - 1.66 - - 1.5 - - 2 1.66 - -
T. indica 3.58 3.38 2.91 3 3 3 3.91 3.58 3.3 3.3 3.41 3.3
Notes: Sampang (DC: Dharma Camplong, AP: Apaan, SM: Samaran, TB: Tambak, KPO: Karang Penang Oloh, GR: Gunung Rancak);
Pamekasan (BD: Bunder, LB: Lembung, PP: Proppo, PK: Pakong, WB: Waru Barat, PG: Pegantenan)
 AL YAMINI et al. – Ethnobotany of wild edible plants of the Madurese, Indonesia 953

Table 4. Plant species with the highest Local User's Value Index (LUVI) used by Madurese in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts,
Indonesia

Sampang Pamekasan
Species
DC AP SM TB KPO GR BD LB PP PK WB PG
A. occidentale - - - - 3.81 3.88 - - - - 3.93 -
S. polyanthum - - 3.27 - - - - - 2.31 3.57 - -
B. flabellifer - - - - - - 4.10 - - - - -
R. stylosa - - - - - - - 3.02 - - - -
S. coetjape - - - - - - - - - 3.18 - -
T. imdica 3.46 3.51 4.67 3.59 4.12 2.96 4.10 3.72 3.59 3.50 3.05 3.76
Notes: Sampang (DC: Dharma Camplong, AP: Apaan, SM: Samaran, TB: Tambak, KPO: Karang Penang Oloh, GR: Gunung Rancak);
Pamekasan (BD: Bunder, LB: Lembung, PP: Proppo, PK: Pakong, WB: Waru Barat, PG: Pegantenan)

Local user's value index (LUVI) occidentale (IDR 2.4-4.8 million/year), A. heterophyllus
Plant species that have the highest LUVI are T. indica (2.96- (IDR 0.4-1.2 million/year), B. flabellifer (IDR 3.4
4.67%), followed by B. flabellifer (4.10%), A. occidentale million/year), and T. indica (IDR 0.48-2.8 million/year)
(3.81-3.93%), S. polyanthum (2.31-3.57%), S. coetjape (Table 5).
(3.18%), and R. stylosa (3.02%) (Table 4). T. indica has the
highest value due to its utilization as the primary spice to Conservation strategy of wild and semi-wild edible
add sour flavor in cooking. Likewise, S. polyanthum as a plants
spice is considered necessary by the community. B. Madurese people need to become more familiar with
flabellifer is considered important because this plant has the culture of planting trees because Madura's dry soil
many uses. In addition, vinegar and brown sugar from B. conditions make people who plant trees have to take care of
flabellifer sap are the sources of spices that are widely used them, especially during the dry season. However, Madurese
in cooking, especially in making pickles or sambal (chili people know the important value of trees, especially for
sauce), which is often consumed by the community. Finally, A. shade or animal feed during the dry season when no grass
occidentale has a high value because this plant is one of the or other herbaceous plants are around them. The
sources of side livelihoods for the community. After all, dried community also has a local wisdom not to cut down trees
seeds have a relatively high selling price. in the spring area because it will cause drought. This local
wisdom is similar to the people of North Aceh not to cut
The economic value of wild and semi-wild edible plants trees around springs within a 200 m radius (Suwardi et al.
Madurese people harvest wild plants from nature to 2020).
fulfill subsistence needs. However, when the amount The availability of WSEPs is essential for the Madurese
harvested is abundant, the community will sell wild plants community because these plants grow wild or uncultivated,
in the market or on the roadside. The generally traded so they require attention to maintain their availability. The
species are fruits such as A. occidentale, A. heterophyllus, B. correlation between the importance of cultural significance
flabellifer, T. indica, S. oleosa, P. acidus, P. javanicum, S. cumini, value (ICS) and plant importance value index (IVI) can
and Z. mauritiana. Some wild vegetables are also sold, either help determine the conservation strategy of WSEPs utilized
fresh or processed, such as S. maritima and L. by the Madurese community. Plant species that need
leucocephala. WSEPs have economic value that can conservation efforts to maintain species availability are T.
provide financial income to the community. Therefore, the indica (IVI 34,1; ICS 81,67) and A. occidentale (IVI 32,68;
community usually sells WSEPs that have economic value ICS 33) (Table 7). These two species have high ICS and
to be sold in the market, either in the form of fresh raw IVI values, so it is recommended to maintain their
products or those that have been processed into food population so that the needs of these plant species remain
(Karabak 2017; Moksia et al. 2019). Plant species that have available.
the highest economic value in the community are A.

Table 5. Plant species with the highest economic value used by Madurese in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts, Indonesia

Economic value/HH/Year (IDR million)

Species Sampang Pamekasan
DC AP SM TB KPO GR BD LB PP PK WB PG
T. indica 0.48 0.48 1.04 0.54 0.78 - - 2.8 2.2 1.75 2.4 2.4
A. occidentale - - - - 2.8 4.8 - - - - 4.8 -
A.heterophyllus 0.4 - - 1.2 - - - - - - - -
B. flabellifer - - - - - - 3.4 - - - - -
Notes: Sampang (DC: Dharma Camplong, AP: Apaan, SM: Samaran, TB: Tambak, KPO: Karang Penang Oloh, GR: Gunung Rancak);
Pamekasan (BD: Bunder, LB: Lembung, PP: Proppo, PK: Pakong, WB: Waru Barat, PG: Pegantenan), HH: head of houshold
954 B I OD I V E R S ITA S 24 (2): 947-957, February 2023

Table 6. Wild and semi-wild edible plants used by the Madurese in Sampang and Pamekasan Districts, Indonesia

Vernacular Growth
Species Family Part of use Mode of use
name Form
Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Tengantegan Herb Leaf Vegetable
Adenanthera pavonina L. Fabaceae Sageh Tree Seed Seed source
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Rutaceae Billa Tree Fruit Fruit Source
Amaranthus hybridus E.H.L.Krause Amaranthaceae Tarnyak binik Herb Leaf Vegetable
Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Tarnyak durih Herb Leaf Vegetable
Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Tarnyak lakek Herb Leaf Vegetable
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Araceae Sobeg Herb Tuber Carbohydrate
Nicolson
Amorphophallus variabilis Blume Arecaceae Lorkong Herb Tuber Carbohydrate
Ampelocissus arachnoidea (Hassk.) Planch. Vitaceae Lengmalengan Vine Fruit Fruit source
Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Pattek Tree Fruit, seed Fruit source, seed source
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Bromeliaceae Nanas Herb Fruit Fruit source
Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Binoah Tree Fruit Fruit source
Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Sarkajeh Shrub Fruit Fruit source
Uvaria dulcis Dunal Annonaceae Kalak Shrub Fruit Fruit source
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. Phyllanthaceae Burnih Tree Fruit Fruit source
Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Phyllanthaceae Lang mantek Tree Fruit Fruit source
Ardisia humilis Vahl Primulaceae Campenih Shrub Fruit Vegetable, fruit source
Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Arecaceae Aren Tree Fruit, sap Beverage
Artocarpus camansi Blanco Moraceae Kolor Tree Fruit, seed Vegetable, seed source
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Nangkah Tree Fruit, seed Vegetable, fruit source,
seed source
Avicennia alba Blume Acanthaceae Peapeh Tree Leaf Vegetable
Bambusa spinosa Roxb. Poaceae Perreng durih Tree Shoot Vegetable
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae Kondur Vine Fruit Vegetable
Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Ketol Herb Leaf Vegetable
Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Tarebung Tree Fruit, sap Fruit source, beverage
Capparis micrantha A.Rich. Capparidaceae Sannik Shrub Fruit Fruit source
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae Kapoh Tree Leaf, fruit, Vegetable, fruit source,
seed seed source
Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleomaceae Bhubuan Herb Leaf Vegetable
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Temon tekos Vine Leaf, fruit Vegetable, fruit source
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Araceae Carpot Herb Leaf Vegetable, carbohydrate
Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Tongcentongan Herb Leaf Vegetable
Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Muttah Herb Tuber Carbohydrate
Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoreaceae Obih Vine Tuber Carbohydrate
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Dioscoreaceae Kaburen Vine Tuber Carbohydrate
Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Dioscoreaceae Ghedung Vine Tuber Carbohydrate
Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae Dhedhep Tree Leaf Vegetable
Ficus montana Burm.f. Moraceae jekbujeen Shrub Fruit Fruit source
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Flacourtiaceae Rokem kenik Shrub Fruit Fruit source
Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi Flacourtiaceae Rokem Tree Fruit Fruit source
Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz Clusiaceae Monduh Tree Fruit Fruit source
Gigantochloa apus (Schult.f.) Kurz Poaceae Pereng keles Tree Shoot Vegetable
Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta Costaceae Paceng Herb Tuber Carbohydrate
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae Kangkong sabe Herb Leaf Vegetable
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Fabaceae Rakarah Vine Fruit Vegetable
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Anacardiaceae Kajuh jeren Tree Leaf Vegetable
Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Campelot Shrub Fruit Fruit source
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Fabaceae Malandengan Tree Leaf, fruit, Vegetable
seed
Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. Fabaceae To'otoan Herb Fruit Vegetable
Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Pao Carang Tree Fruit Fruit source
Mangifera lalijiwa Kosterm. Anacardiaceae Pao taber Tree Leaf, fruit Vegetable, fruit source
Mangifera odorata Griff. Anacardiaceae Pokaenih Tree Fruit Fruit source
Marsdenia brunoniana Wight & Arn. Apocynaceae Bletah Herb Leaf Vegetable
Melastoma sanguineum Sims Melastomaceae Kemanden Shrub Fruit Fruit source
Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Reparean Vines Leaf, fruit Vegetable
Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae Kodhuk Tree Leaf, fruit Vegetable, fruit source,
beverage
Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Maronggih Tree Leaf, fruit Vegetable
Muntingia calabura L. Muntingiaceae Kersen Tree Fruit Fruit source
Bergera koenigii L. Rutaceae Engguh Tree Leaf Spice
 AL YAMINI et al. – Ethnobotany of wild edible plants of the Madurese, Indonesia 955

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Lamiaceae Korokoh Shrub Leaf Spice

Opuntia littoralis (Engelm.) Cockerell cactaceae Ghubik Herb Fruit Fruit source
Oxalis barrelieri L. Oxalidaceae Blimbingan Herb Leaf, fruit Vegetable
Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Cembicenan Herb Leaf Vegetable
Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Fabaceae Bitok Herb Tuber Carbohydrate
Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae Kasembuen Vine Leaf Vegetable
Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae Rambusa Vine Fruit Fruit source
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Piperaceae Sere cenah Herb Leaf Vegetable
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Phyllanthaceae Cermih Tree Fruit Fruit source
Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae Malakah Tree Fruit Fruit source
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Phyllanthaceae Mangsenan Shrub Fruit Fruit source
Physalis angulata L. Solanaceae Yornyioran Herb Fruit Fruit source
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Fabaceae Accem Tree Fruit Fruit source
belendeh
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Asteraceae Beluntas Shrub Leaf Vegetable
Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Reserean Herb Leaf Vegetable
Protium javanicum Burm.f. Burseraceae Trenggulun Tree Fruit Fruit source
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. Anacardiaceae Kaceper Vine Fruit, seed Vegetable, seed source
Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Jembuh deduh Tree Fruit Fruit source
Rhizophora stylosa Griff. Rhizophoraceae Tenjeng Tree Fruit, seed Carbohydrate, beverage
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Meliaceae Sentol Tree Fruit Fruit source
Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab. & NP. Phyllanthaceae Cangkok manis Shrub Leaf Leaf
Balakr.
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Sapindaceae Kosambih Tree Fruit, leaf Fruit source, vegetable
Sesbania javanica Miq. Fabaceae Toroi koning Shrub Leaf, fruit Vegetable
Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Aiozoaceae Pesepeh Herb Leaf Vegetable
Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae Ranteh Herb Leaf, fruit Vegetable, fruit source
Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Terong Perat Shrub Fruit Vegetable
Spondias dulcis Parkinson Anacardiaceae Kadungdung Tree Fruit Fruit source
Sterculia foetida L. Malvaceae Kelompang Tree Seed Seed source
Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Pelle Tree Fruit Fruit source
Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. Amaranthaceae Alor Herb Leaf Vegetable
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Dhuwek Betoh Tree Fruit Fruit source
Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp. Myrtaceae Mataba Tree Fruit Fruit source
Syzygium littorale (Blume) Amshoff Myrtaceae Klampok lakek Tree Fruit Fruit source
Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Myrtaceae Dhuwek Salam Tree Fruit Fruit source
Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Accem Tree Leaf, fruit, Fruit source, beverage,
seed seed source, spice
Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae Ketapang Tree Seed Seed source
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Aiozoaceae Telpok Herb Leaf Vegetable
Trichosanthes costata Blume Cucurbitaceae Pakanah Vine Fruit Vegetable
dengdeng
Wrightia pubescens R.Br. Apocynaceae Bintaos Tree Leaf Vegetable
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Bukkol Tree Fruit Fruit source
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Sribuk Tree Fruit Fruit source

Table 7. Conservation strategies for wild and semi-wild edible plants in Madura, Indonesia

Conservation strategy/species ICS IVI category ICS category

Maintaining the availability of species
Accem (Tamarindus indica) 34.41 81.67 High High
Pattek (Anacardium occidentale) 32.68 33 High High
Assessing and developing other potentials
Alor (Suaeda maritima) 80.61 12 High Low
Peseppeh (Sesuvium portulacastrum) 56.39 12 High Low
Cultivating species
Dhuwek salam (Syzygium polyanthum) 13.74 45 Moderate High
Pao taber (Mangifera lalijiwa) 6.88 36 Low High
Cultivating, studying, and developing another potential
Ghedung (Dioscorea hispida) 13.58 12 Moderate Low
Sobeg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) 6 8 Low Low
Notes: IVI (< 10 = low, 10-20 = moderate, > 20 = high), ICS (< 20 = low, > 20 =high), IVI: importance value index, ICS: index of
cultural significance, : average
956 B I OD I V E R S ITA S 24 (2): 947-957, February 2023

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