Sulaimani Polytechnic University

Technical Engineering Department

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering/Production

Title
“Electric Vehicles”

 Produced by:
Mihraban Bakhtiar, Peshwaz Nzar, Ahmad Zrng.
 Supervised by:
Dr. Yassin
 Subject:
Automotive engineering.

Date: 5/9/2024

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Content Page

1. The development of vehicles from running 3,4

on gasoline to electric.

2. Types of Electric cars. 5,6

3. How does an Electric car work? 7,8,9

4. How to charge an Electric car? 10

5. Advantages. 11

6. Disadvantages. 12

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Introduction:
Electric cars have been around a lot longer than today’s Tesla or even the General
Motors EV1 of the late 1990s. Electric cars appeared long before the internal
combustion sort, and dreamers have never stopped trying to make them work both
on the road and as a business proposition. A lack of historical perspective
sometimes leads to misunderstandings of how things came to be as they are now,
It started in the 1830s, with Scotland’s Robert Anderson, whose motorized
carriage was built sometime between 1832 and 1839. Batteries (galvanic cells)
were not yet rechargeable. Scot, Robert Davidson of Aberdeen built a prototype
electric locomotive in 1837. A bigger, better version, demonstrated in 1841 could
go (1.5 miles) at (4 mph) towing six tons. Batteries that could be recharged came
along in 1859, making the electric car idea more viable.
Around 1884, inventor Thomas Parker helped deploy electric-powered trams and
built prototype electric cars in England. By 1890, a Scotland-born chemist William
Morrison applied for a patent on the electric carriage he’d built perhaps as early as
1887. It appeared in a city parade in 1888, according to the Des Moines Register
With front-wheel drive, (4 horsepower), and a reported top speed of (20 mph), it
had (24 battery cells) that needed recharging every (50 miles).
Philadelphians Pedro Salom and Henry G. Morris adapted technology from
battery-electric street cars and boats and got a patent in 1894. At first very heavy
and slow and 1600 pounds of batteries on board, their Electrobat evolved to
employ pneumatic tires and lighter materials so that, by 1896, their rear-steer
carriages used two (1.1 kW) motors to move (25 miles) at a top speed of (20 mph).
Morris and Salom built a few electric Hansom cabs to compete with the horse-
drawn vehicles then serving New York, they sold that idea to Issac L. Rice who
incorporated the Electric Vehicle Company (EVC) in New Jersey. He in turn
attracted big-money investors and partners and by the early 1900s. EVC’s battery
supplier which was an investor and partner became what we know today as Exide.
Electric cars proved their mettle in early motorsports. Belgian Camille Jenatzy, a
builder of electric carriages near Paris, engaged in several speed stunts to promote
his firm’s engineering acumen, the highlight of which came in the spring of 1899.
Driving his racing special, La Jamais Contente, he became the first to break the
(100-km/h) and (60-mph) barriers. A pair of direct-drive (25-kW) motors, running
at (200 volts) and drawing (124 amps) each (about 67 horsepower).
And then there’s Studebaker, which had built wagons and carriages in the 19th
century but entered the 20th as an electric car manufacturer. That’s Thomas Edison
aboard his own 1902 Studebaker Electric in the left photo. Edison and his camping
buddy Henry Ford also tried their hand at an electric car and built at least one

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prototype before both decided that the gasoline engine had a more promising
future. In 1996 California mandated that automakers sell a small percentage of
zero-emission vehicles (only electric cars met the standard), General Motors didn’t
go down the Electrovair/Electrovette trail of converting an existing model.
The production version, the GM EV1, had all the latest tech save for its reliance on
lead-acid batteries This kept costs within reason after GM splurged on alloy and
magnesium, an induction-charging system, and seriously advanced electronics to
manage the efficient AC motor. A lot went into the inverter, which managed to
change DC battery power to AC for the motor to use and AC back to DC to
recharge the batteries in regeneration mode. Tesla was officially incorporated in
2003 to invent an electric car that was powerful, beautiful, and with zero
emissions. Tesla Motors (company) began production in 2008 with the Roadster,
the first generation of which could be fairly described as an AC Propulsion (tzero)
with the kit-car bits replaced by one-grade-above-kit-car Lotus Elise components.

First Electric Car: A Brief History of the EV, 1830 to Present.

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Types of electric cars:
There are three types of electric-drive vehicles:
 Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).
 All-electric vehicles (EVs).

Hybrid Electric Vehicles:

Clean Cities has long encouraged the use of (HEVs) which are well established in
the mainstream marketplace. These vehicles are powered by an internal
combustion engine that can run on conventional or alternative fuel and an electric
motor that uses energy stored in batteries. The extra power provided by the electric
motor allows for a smaller engine, resulting in better fuel economy without
sacrificing performance. HEVs combine the benefits of high fuel economy and low
emissions with the power and range of conventional vehicles. Some HEVs achieve
fuel economy of (40 to 50) miles per gallon. They also produce lower levels of air
pollutants and greenhouse gases than conventional vehicles do. HEVs don’t require
a plug to charge the battery; instead, they use regenerative braking and their
internal combustion engine to charge. They capture energy normally lost during
braking by using the electric motor as a generator and storing the captured energy
in the battery. The energy from the battery provides extra power during
acceleration and auxiliary power when idling. HEVs are powered by conventional
or alternative fuels as well as electrical energy stored in a battery. The battery is
charged through regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine and is
not plugged in to charge.

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Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles:
PHEVs are powered by conventional fuels as well as electrical energy stored in a
battery. Using electricity from the grid to charge the battery some of the time costs
less and reduces petroleum consumption compared with conventional vehicles.
PHEVs might also reduce emissions, depending on the electricity source. PHEVs
have an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, which uses energy
stored in batteries. PHEVs have a larger battery pack than HEVs, making it
possible to drive using only electric power (approximately 10 to 40 miles). This is
commonly referred to as the “all-electric range” of the vehicle. PHEV batteries can
be charged in three ways: by an outside electric power source, by the internal
combustion engine, or through regenerative braking. If a PHEV is never plugged in
to charge, fuel economy will be about the same as a similarly sized HEV. If the
vehicle is fully charged and then driven a shorter distance than its all-electric
range, it is possible (depending on the powertrain design) to use electric power
only. PHEVs are powered by conventional fuels and electrical energy stored in a
battery. The vehicle can be plugged into an electric power source to charge the
battery in addition to using regenerative braking and the internal combustion
engine.

All-Electric Vehicles:
EVs use a battery to store the electrical energy that powers the motor. EV batteries
are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source. Although
electricity production may contribute to air pollution, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency considers EVs to be zero-emission vehicles because their
motors produce no exhaust or emissions. EVs have a shorter range per charge than
conventional vehicles have on a full tank of gas. For example, the custom-order,
all-electric Tesla Roadster has a 220-mile range. The Nissan Leaf can travel
between 62 and 138 miles on a single charge, depending on driving style,
topography, and speed. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration, 100 miles is sufficient for more than 90% of all
household vehicle trips in the United States.

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How does an electric car work?
The working principle of an EV lies in the electric motor. Normal cars use engines
to make a motion from thermal. energy which produces bad emissions to the
atmosphere. On the other hand, electric cars have zero emissions and have a very
low cost of maintenance. EVs work with electric motors which get the electrical
power from a rechargeable battery.

Key Components of an Electric Car:

Breaking down the key parts that make up an electric car is essential to
understanding how they run. These key components include:
\

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A. Charge Port:
An electric vehicle’s charge port allows the battery pack to receive energy from an
external power source. These power sources are referred to as electric vehicle
supply equipment (EVSE), more commonly known as a charging station. Charging
occurs when an EVSE is plugged into an EV’s charge port at a private residence or
commercial charging station.

B. Inverter:
Electric vehicle inverters change the battery pack’s flow of electrons from a Direct
Current (DC) into an Alternating Current (AC), which is then used to power the
electric traction motor. Because lithium-ion batteries can only accept DC power
and because electric traction motors require AC power to function inverters are
necessary components for EVs. Inverters are also used to control the frequency of
the AC power being sent to the motor, so they play a direct role in controlling an
EV’s speed.

C. Electric Traction Motor:

Receiving electricity from the inverter, the electric traction motor provides the
power that makes an electric vehicle move. Electric traction motors are commonly
powered by an alternating current, as this type of motor is more efficient and
reliable than a DC motor. When AC electrons reach the motor via the inverter, they
generate a rotating magnetic field that causes the motor to turn. Electric traction
motors are highly efficient and powerful, as they do not feature multiple gears to
shift between like an internal combustion engine power from the pedal to the
engine is almost immediate.

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D. Electric Powertrain:
An electric vehicle’s powertrain encompasses the entire high-voltage electrical
system that allows the vehicle to operate. An electric powertrain is commonly
made up of an inverter, an electric traction motor, a reduction drive, and a traction
battery. These electric powertrains are lightweight, compact, and provide very little
vibration with instant torque. Many inverters in electric powertrains can even
recover displaced energy during deceleration. This process is known as
regeneration, transferring unused AC power during braking into DC power that can
be stored back in the battery pack. With instant torque, long-distance range, and
responsive handling, the all-electric Nissan LEAF gives you instant acceleration
and exhilaration. Explore the benefits of owning the Nissan LEAF today.

E. Traction Battery Pack:

An electric vehicle’s traction battery pack’s main function is to store energy
gathered from the grid during charging. This energy is then used to power the
vehicle’s motor and all other electrical components. Almost all EVs on the road
today utilize lithium-ion batteries within their traction battery pack, as they have
one of the highest energy densities of any battery available. Lithium-ion batteries
also produce larger currents and require little maintenance compared to other
battery types. Some EVs also feature an auxiliary battery that strictly powers
vehicle accessories rather than drawing from the traction battery pack to power all
components

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How to Charge an Electric Car?

Charging an electric vehicle requires access to the electrical grid and can be done
at home or a commercial charging station:
The three main ways to charge an EV are:

F. Level 1 Charging
Using a 120-volt outlet, Level 1 home charging requires no special equipment,
but it provides the slowest charging cycle compared to specialty EVSEs. This
charging method provides an EV with 2 to 5 miles of range each hour of
charging.

G. Level 2 Charging
Using a 220- or 240-volt outlet, Level 2 charging requires specialty equipment
in the home or use of a public charging station. Also works for all BEVs. This
EVSE is much faster than a Level 1 charger, compatible with all plug-in
vehicles, and provides 10 to 25 miles of range each hour of charging.

H. DC Fast Charging
This specialty EVSE converts AC electricity into DC electricity within the
charging station, which delivers energy into an EV’s battery pack faster than
Level 1 and 2 chargers. These fast-charging stations can charge a traction
battery pack from 15 to 45 minutes, but they are only compatible with certain
plug-in vehicles.

Advantages:
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 1. Cost:
The cost of maintaining an electric car can be drastically less than a normal
ICE car due to the absence of using and buying fuel for the car to keep going.
The cost of charging an EV is much less. And there are fewer moving parts in
an EV so that means fewer parts that need repair.

2. Performance:
Electric cars tend to have a much higher horsepower due to the high
capability of the battery and the motor output. Electric cars have instant
torque because they use a single-speed transmission where the electric motor
is directly connected to the drive wheels via a drive shaft. This makes the
power from the engine can be directly channeled to the wheels resulting in a
very spontaneous acceleration.

3. Comfort:
Most electric cars have much more features and comfort than petrol
cars. Most electric cars have outstanding features that can’t exist in normal
cars.Like how the Ford F-150 lightning can power a house and can be use as
a powerhouse for using electrical equipment.And most of them have less
vibration and they are completely silent so people like them more

Disadvantage:

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1. Charging time:
One significant disadvantage of electric vehicles (EVs) is their charging time.
While traditional gasoline cars can be refueled in a matter of minutes, charging
an EV typically takes significantly longer. Even with fast-charging technology,
which can provide a substantial boost to the battery in a short time, fully
replenishing the battery of an EV can still take much longer than refueling a
gas-powered vehicle. This longer charging time can be inconvenient for drivers,
especially on long trips where they may need to stop frequently to recharge.
Additionally, it may require planning ahead to ensure the vehicle's battery
doesn't run out of power during travel.

2. Range: A
notable disadvantage of electric vehicles (EVs) is their limited range compared
to traditional gasoline cars. While EV technology has improved, many models
still cannot travel as far on a single charge as their gas-powered counterparts
can on a full tank. This limited range can create anxiety for drivers, especially
on long journeys where access to charging stations may be scarce. It may also
necessitate frequent stops for recharging, extending travel times. Despite
advancements in battery technology, range remains a concern for some
consumers, particularly those who regularly drive long distances or live in areas
with limited charging infrastructure.

3. Charging stations:
One disadvantage of electric vehicles (EVs) is the availability and accessibility
of charging stations. While the infrastructure for EV charging is expanding, it
still lags behind the widespread availability of gas stations. This can create
inconvenience for EV owners, especially in areas with limited charging
infrastructure or during peak usage times when charging stations may be
occupied. Additionally, charging stations may not be evenly distributed, leading

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to concerns about range anxiety and the ability to find a charging point when
needed. Improving the accessibility and density of charging stations is essential
for widespread adoption of EVs and alleviating concerns about charging
convenience

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Conclusion:

ur results have several implications. First, the additional plug-in vehicles that are
sold as a result of the policies and market conditions that we model (e.g., high
gasoline prices) can be expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and local air
pollution.
Second, the magnitudes of those benefits differ considerably from one policy or
market condition to another.
Third, in its standards for greenhouse gas emissions for passenger vehicles, the US
Environmental Protection Agency does not count greenhouse gas emissions from
battery charging when crediting vehicles for compliance. This omission makes it
easier for manufacturers to achieve the standards, but the method results in higher
greenhouse gas emissions compared to a situation in which EPA counts those
emissions. Our estimates of electricity emissions can help EPA if the agency
decides to include electricity emissions in its compliance assessments and
eliminate over-crediting of plug-in vehicles which EPA has implied it may
do when plug-in vehicle market shares increase.

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References:

 https://afdc.energy.gov/files/pdfs/50809.pdf
 https://www.resources.org/common-resources/what-are-the-benefits-of-
electric-vehicles-for-climate-air-pollution-and-health/?
gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw6PGxBhCVARIsAIumnWa9BPGYZjLZgQ3
bJD-XoS_8MbF5kUuNsUH33yk_t0wvHmtyRbs1JOIaAofvEALw_wcB
 https://www.nissanusa.com/experience-nissan/news-and-events/how-do-
electric-cars-work.html#:~:text=Here%27s%20a%20basic%20rundown
%20of,to%20make%20this%20motion%20happen
 https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g43480930/history-of-electric-cars/

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