PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Quarter 3- Module 1:
Nature of Inquiry and Research
1
 What I need to know

Every day you encountered various problems in any facets of life be it social,
political, environmental and personal. It may link between persons, groups or an
organization. In this case, there must be a solution not only to resolve it but can be a
progress that everybody benefited from it. As a learner how can you find a solution to
these problems that is based on knowledge not on ordinary beliefs, predictions or
theories? You need to have this knowledge through organized and well-planned
procedures that are accurate and useful. Thus you need to do research.
Research is asking what you know and think. It helps us to inquire on the right
information. It is of great importance to man in everyday life. The quality of man’s life is
improved through research making it easier and valuable from simple to modern.
Research develops you to an attitude to not believe everything easily available and
seek for truth - Research sharpens our mind to give a judicious vision to look. It is a
catalyst in solving complex issues in different sectors including health,
communications, business and the environment.

This module will assist you in understanding the following lessons:

Lesson 1. The Importance of Research in Daily Life

Lesson 2. The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

Learning Objectives
After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:

1. share research experiences and knowledge

2. explain the importance of research in daily life

What I know

Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a
research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.
_______1.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.
_______2.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid
listening to another researcher.
2
_______3.A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is
studying.
_______4.An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer to
the question asked by the researcher.
_______5.The researcher has the final say in his findings.

B. Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research.

biases Instrument theories factual investigation

intuition discovery system subjective Interview
dreams experiences data phenomena guessing
productivity drama validate opinions Literature

C. Using the words encircled, formulate your own definition of research.

Use the blanks provided.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Lesson The Importance of Research in

1 Daily Life

What’s in?

In your junior high school, you learned that research is essential knowing that it is
used in your daily life. It will enable you for inquiry and research in finding solutions to
problems especially in real life situations. Sharing your experiences and knowledge on
the importance of research develops your skills to think critically and relate it in every
decision you do.

What’s New?

I. What is Research?
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 1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes
collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an
individual‘s speculation with reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses
or theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the
need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and
effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring1.

II. Nature of Inquiry.

1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”.

It is a problem solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by
applying the different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.
____________________
1
Focus on Research: a Guide to Developing Students ‘Research Skills (1990).Alberta.
Canada.

III. Investigation and Immersion

Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”.

It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.
Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in
the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or
examined by him in detail.
Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of
“research” comes in.
IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research

Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for
truth, information, or knowledge.
4
Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system
or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge
creation (a creative process)

V. Purpose of Research

1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further

investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results
and findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in
life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and
environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to
others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.
Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided,
1. What is Research?

2. What is inquiry and its nature?

3. What is the difference between inquiry and research?

4. How important is research in your daily life activities?

5. Why is there a need to conduct research?

What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1
5
 You just learned the importance of research in daily life. Answer the following
questions briefly on the blanks provided.
1. Was there an instance in your life when you did an inquiry or research? Share
and describe your experiences .What are your challenges and difficulties?

2. As a learner in senior high school, how important is research in your daily life?

What’s more?

Direction: What makes these images a portrayal of what research is?

Write your reflection on the right space of the image.

1.

2.

3.

6
4.

What I have learned

Let’s check how well do you know about research. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. Research is different from inquiry because the later will ask you a question .If
inquiring is synonymous with investigation then what makes inquiry different from
research which also investigates?

2. Research in our daily life help us to understand various issues in life leading to a
solution, in what way does research empowers you with knowledge to learn new
things?

What I can do

Direction. Answer the following question.

1. What is the importance of research in your education as a 21st Century learner?

3. As a learner, what do you want to research on? Why?

Additional Activities
7
 Interview your classmate or a friend about their plans after senior high
school. .Ask them how research played a major role in their chosen track or strand.
Make a report about it and share it to your teacher.
Write your report using a narrative format. Make use of the notes you wrote
down before and after you conducted your interview to flesh out the report. The first is
the brief detail about what the report is, who is the interviewee and the location of the
interview. Then break up the interview into paragraphs, like narrating a story and finally
a conclusion paragraph to end your report.

Assessment

Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a
research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.
_______1. An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer
to the question asked by the researcher.
_______2. A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is
studying.
_______3. The researcher has the final say in his findings.
_______4.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid
listening to another researcher.
_______5.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.

B Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research.

phenomena experiences theories discovery validate

biases interview investigation intuition dreams
guessing system instrument Literature drama
subjective factual opinions data productivity

C. Using the words underlined, formulate your own definition of research.

REFERENCES:

8
Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint
slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education

Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer
Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store. Manila

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City.

Accessed in June 2020

https://www.slideshare.net/annnams1/lesson-1-nature-of-inquiry-and-research

https://rdcastro1.wordpress.com/2017/12/04/practical-research-1-quiz-1-reviewer/

https://studentniche.blogspot.com/2017/06/practical-research-lesson-1.html

Key Answer
Pretest

A. 1.TRUE 2.FALSE 3.TRUE 4.FALSE 5.FALSE

B.
theories factual investigation biases Instrument
system subjective Interview intuition discovery
data phenomena Guessing dreams experiences
validate opinions Literature productivity drama

C .Sample answers.
Research is systematic procedure, validating the investigation of theories and
opinions from a discovery or phenomena. Information is gathered through literature
and instrument as tools .It improves productivity.

Post Test

A. 1 .FALSE 2. TRUE 3. FALSE 4.FALSE 5.TRUE

B.
phenomena experiences theories discovery validate
biases interview investigation intuition dreams
What I know
guessing system instrument Literature drama
subjective factual opinions data productivity

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Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the
following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
2. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity
b. Legality
c. Social Responsibility
d. Responsible Publication
3. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should
be done.
a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the
study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.
a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility

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7. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by
the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
8. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

Lesson The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of

Research
2

Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to

answer questions. A good research follows processes that must have certain
characteristic. It must be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical
and critical. To avoid unethical practices researchers had obligations to adhere
professional standards in conducting research .Thus to consider a research writing
ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic.
.

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 What’s in?
(

In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its importance
in your daily life. Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or investigate,
you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth,
information, or knowledge. The importance of research helps improved life as well as
finding a solution to problems through reliable and validated information.

What’s New?

I. Characteristics of Research1

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends

with a problem.

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data,

whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedures.

7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to

enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
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3. Investigator‘s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related
Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research)
and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative
research) (Data Gathering Activities).

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and
statistical tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for
quantitative research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

III. Ethics in Research

Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates
and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research,
such as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work,
such as mutual respect and fairness.

 Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

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  What are these ethics in research1?

1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the

participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing
them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time
they are available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.

2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do
not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer

review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research.

4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine

your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.

6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.

7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade

secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never
plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants

submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient
records.

9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not
to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
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11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do
not outsmart others.

12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the

basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific
competence and integrity.

14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and
expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.

15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects,

minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
anonymity.

IV.Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of
human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They
constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity,
inherent to all human beings.

2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and
a commercial value.

3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material

without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the
rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set
period of time, are breached by a third party
15
 Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research

process. Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be
informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their
consent to participate.

5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name
or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given nor known.

6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret.
It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include

honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and
funding agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to
receive grants.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes,
and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use
of original works, a violation of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

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Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. Why is research practical and realistic?

2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research problem. What
is the importance of considering those factors in selecting a research problem?
3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem.
4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?

What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1

You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.

1. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research team, can you
identify the processes involved in conducting research and its characteristics?
Enumerate those processes.

2. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research participant?

What’s more?

Read and Analyse

Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that
follow .Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Certain ethical challenges in qualitative research necessitate sustained

attention of two interconnected worlds: the world of the researcher and the
world of the participant. A critical view of some of the ethical challenges in the
participants’ andresearchers’ world reveals that how we examine both these
worlds’ effects how we design our research. In addition, it reflects the need for
17
 researchers to develop an ethical research vocabulary at the inception of their
research life through multiple modes. The modes may include dialogue in the
spoken and written and visual to affect their aims to adhere to the principles
of respect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice in a way that is mutually
beneficial to the participant and the researcher.1
Further, the deliberations in this paper reveal that a critical conscious
research ethics are embedded in the unfolding research ethics process
involving the participants and the researchers, and both the participant and
researcher add equal weight to the transparency of the ethical process and
add value to building methodological and ethical rigor to the research.1
The global public health response to COVID-19 could be significantly
enhanced by safe, effective vaccines and treatments, reliable measures of
correlates of immune protection, and improved scientific knowledge of the
disease and its transmission. It is widely agreed that vaccines would be
particularly important, and over 100 candidate vaccines are currently being
developed . Well designed human challenge studies provide one of the most
efficient and scientifically powerful means for testing vaccines, especially
because animal models are not adequately generalizable to humans.

Challenge studies could thus be associated with substantial public health

benefit in so far as they (a) accelerate vaccine development, (b) increase the
likelihood that the most effective (candidate) vaccines will ultimately become
available), (c) validate tests of immunity, and (d) improve knowledge
regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.2

Questions:
1.Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?

2.Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.study on humans rather than animal

models unethical?

3.If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what will you
do to correct the unethical feature of the experiment?

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 What I have learned

Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Research process is a step by step procedure that guides the researcher in
conceptualizing and conducting the research. These seven steps are

2. According to Sanchez (2002) research is a continuous undertaking of making

known the unknown. This definition of research leads to common characteristics
of research. Can you elaborate further on this?
3. What are some of the ethical codes of research?
4. What are some tips to avoid plagiarism when one is conducting research?

What I can do

Answer the following question and write your answers on a space provided.
1. How do you characterize good research writing?

2. What is the importance of following the ethical standards in conducting a

research?

Additional Activities

Look for a sample of local or foreign research in your own field of

specialization (internet).Evaluate the research if it follows the ethical practices in
conducting research.

Assessment

Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the

following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.

19
 a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
2. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by
the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
3. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should
be done.
a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the
study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity
b. Legality
c. Social Responsibility
d. Responsible Publication
8. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
20
 a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

REFERENCES

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint

slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and

Researchers’ World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative Methods,
11(2), 1.

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education

Practical Research 1 . Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc.Pasig City

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer
Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store.Manila.

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City

Sanchez, C.A. (2002).Method and Techniques of Research, (Rev.ed).Philippines:

Rex Printing Co. Inc.

World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of COVID-
19 .human challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1

Accessed in June 2020

21
https://www.slideshare.net/jedliam/meaning-and-characteristics-of-research

https://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf

http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/

https://www.fhi360.org/sites/all/libraries/webpages/fhiretc2/Resources/
RETC2_Test_and_Evaluations.pdf

Key Answer
Pre-test

1. d 2.a 3.a 4.d 5.b 6.d 7.b 8.a 9.c 10.b

Post test
1. d 2.b 3.a 4.d 5.b 6.d 7.a 8.a 9.c 10.b

22