-01

Modu- 4
Asiuot
Rolbuoing dex ms wth
)gefbeton frombelbc tics
espec t to Rel uctior

Pa matesia, u I absorb power and be doseibed by a

compl dielchic Constant
tant giutn by

matrial miosured i sierngn s/mtr

I , - Er

fr

n,sin ; t ng sfo Ot , 2) and s

n s the otrsie impedine th medium (i=
of the

ue, sn(9o - O+) 3

Ju,e, sîn(90 -0)
Cooditions fson Marwell's e9ns are
boun
ndary

vertial aus

Sof + ¬,- os8

¬
horgantal a's

sio
R=
sino
 L+

occurg
at shch no refuch'orn
the Breuster Angle & e ongl
in he mudium of origfn thot tho refleekn
whn the ncdsnt sngle is such
the
Co4lient I qual to set The Brewstiy ag le

siol®p) midium
and tis scond
for the Cose uhun medlun s teo spa ce

sin (Be)
E,- 1
)Ref bcfon fon pesfect condu ctos plana
throug D a peefect Corcue tor a

Cannot poss re7bctaal

Nou insnt
must be cqua
feld at fe Suface the Conductor
As e esctric
at ot timuç în ordor to be Marueels e9ua Hoo ,tf velactst
be fnciodent riave.
Nove must be equal in magnitude to

: -f (e- tod novmad to the plane inidnes)

 feld
@ Expan the teloting pouer to obctie
Reloting pouwer to Elbcric fRd: tfat ang rodatig
’he Res spaca path loss mabl Cao be. prove n
and magnetle treld s.
eloctic and
Shucture proluces ebctic
consdr a small lingar 10diotor of bngth E launchos els ehric and
oteona
Such an
> CurKe ot How tksough
magnst. ted #at Can be expresed
E, bL Cos (t-e) )

4TE c2
clt-e)(2)
4TC d
-jwe (t-e)e)

Tlustotfon ofa Gneor odlator ongth L(Leel,caning a currert

teanca d.
of amplRtude and matin angle o with a point at
Hit6 E =4y =He 0
terms eregens the adiatfons eld component
an
aul i tesns fodueton feld componnt
eloctrostatc
the elactrostahte &
At egions for auby fiorm te tangmitter
the radlated fed
inducve Reds beoma nuqlgibl and
Eo and td, ned be congRduredl
Compbngns
the pouser
ELRP Pt6t
4TTJ2
by
Hhere.
hus, the pour 3442

The pouwer Te ied a dengity d, p, (d) 1Sis gien by the power

’The effective aperture of the recoiven artenna
furz dtnsity frmes tBe 2
Ae P Gt (El'G,
480TT
at the arnten no
which is hal of the
open ireutt voltaga
('Vantl2 Vant
Raot Rant 4Rant
Rant

to matehed

(openVoat
feceiver
orcap

(a)
ÉRP
4TA2 420T
4TTd2
propagatian
ation moo.
space propag
3 Fxpaio the free
space propaqation Model8 is uged to predict ecoîved sal
Free mado ,unohstrueted
The eee space propaption
toansrmittey and receiver hove a doar
the
Stengtf whan path b/w then. which s
secofued reciven antenna
a ditanca d,
fee spaca pooer tansmter antna b
frorm
Speratad from a odiofng
the friis fre spact cquation.

(4uy' L
power
Where, Pt s the transmited fun cion D the T-R epeation
recolued power which
P()is tfe
tBe. toangmtter asta nra qat
ecoe antbnna galn.
Gr,s the
 dd s theRe T-R eperatfon dtanca n ntrs
L, s tBe Systeg
sgstom logs focto ot relatad to propagaton (L>)amo
the mrs

he gain
invebngthantnna ss
D an relafed to ît efue aperture, Ae by
4tt Ae ’
to the pheyical thu agtena,
’Tha etettue apertune Ae is related
omd Ais related to tfe carier feay by d
+is he covrier eq,uaney in testy 8 the carrfer quncy
in odians per second and
is the spead of lgbt qiven ria mtrs/s.
mtrs /s- he
fe. alus for Pt and
Sama units , and Gt and GY a e
Pr nust be epresed n the
onanson los quaoities
adioted pout (ERP) s daod as
The elleiue Tsobopic
EIRP = P G+ ncuded
spoca mod) shun antenna garns
path los& for that
Pt

and
nce greatr tfan da is
sta
di
Ro caRved pouer in free space tt a
2
pldo) ( ) dz do de
Prla) - the d Bm ecived pouex
 Telovant diag roms, ezpbin tBo colular systo m and al stosing
celluloy C6ncapt
’ AT2 T proposad a core doa af cellalar Systn in 199 |
subdividd foto smaller
n ellular systtms tBe service area îs Dun bwer .
called cal s fach cell Serued by their
aTeas
power Base Station (8s') Samo Set bf freq,wnaes to prevent
cells de
do not
oot use
foterferente Subdivided ioto gmaller
stins,tfa Sesvi area is
’ o callular sy Serod by thur
gtographic areas calted calls that are eoch sarvd by
base station
channls Can be rea nlgmud to
diterent
sâne
he &ine
’ the reoe, tße feauwny
CAilS , (ongas tose cals ne Spattalty isolated
The reuae of the sit fresuency Channals ditance beblwt liginy
shld be
the
panned in ordir to maximZe gographic ditance
Co-chaon bose stations

lust
Rguee shows the ezample of tte hezagomal eallulor sys trm
oodl ith frequsrey reuse tactor = /4, whre calls labelled itth
the same (otter ue
Use tpe Sarme
teancy channals
Dno cluts is outired 10bold and
Conis ts Seven
colls sith arent esnt channe!
cell cting
Sioco te SR s so bad in most o tie cal, it is do sfreb le
to find techniguus to fonpsoue it uhaut sacri ing So much
veuse does
borduiat, 0s teasncy
is to setorize efecfiue ie
etosize tfe cetl's, which is eleRue
popular ttchniue
are teused
fequtncies Rach col.
 using dre chional antnnas iosbad bmoi -direionel anton os
bae stotton , the co-chonnl intesferencu Can be
[qnifiantty Tedueed
eoch sector 4 poîns the Same direcio (o each al )

then the Thterfeseree coused cels wil be damfally

Teduced :
is not sthosn is to reuse
An alternatiue way toto use ectors that
feauneiee in each aector Tn this c0se,
lots can be eus_edl in eoch seetor, but tbere is no Tedwetien in the
ezpeviencod ioterfere nct

Fplan () Seloy sereod Ond cohorence BarduidA t

Delay spread :
’ The dala spread is mostly ud n tfe chora ctyization sire bs chamuls
a mioSu re of the rmultipatt. chne s 4 aa communications channol
Ppeies dusotfon Q the channiel npulge nepon $e h t)

Ts is the sampng tim

-’ Delay spread Can be quontied +hro vgh dfere nt matics:

SA;[ar) dlazj

S A (Ac)d(o)
Cmax. 5trMS
Cohrenca Band nid h
SA is a statistical measure ment tf Tange . bresuaneies
tha channel can be Considared at

4the cohrenee band oid th qives a a tough mlasur e: tor the max seperti on
blw aa tequney t freay
are (encorrelatd )
 (M) Doppo spread and cohurence ime t

’pplex spead s a
miasuTe of the spectal brondning cauwd by
6 pat & chonge ho mobila, adio chonn omd %
defined shich the recaived

Dopler spechum is tsentally non-zeYo

Alb) i:
The. Dopply powey spechum is the toaritr tronsfovm
T(of) (Aelat)e-aj-at
(dat) ’ (")
componsnts in the range ffd to f t fy. porpler thi
h spockum
(-fo, Po)
’ Te popplor spre od fp is gin by o ->)
cohvence Tione (1c):
coherenCa Tione Te is used to charactevie the tme varying cature f
& e feauncy depresiuens a the channel o te tne domain
|Er-t2) sT ’ tH(t) = HCt2 )
lt- t) te ’ H(t) aod Ht5) ore uncorrelat o
(i) Te
Pmqulor pread oad cohusence oisto ne
Amgulan spread (Orms):
’ ¥rekrs 4o the stotstical distibution the ong e the
eneg
mpl'es Rat
tat chonnal
chanal eg
dke cfons, Whereas a Small
J " s Coming(S

Seceived chonnl ene LS more focused

cohaserc Distance (D)?
a'sta nce o s ohich tha
cofurence. disto nce is ke spatial
Chonnsl does 0 t change oprecaty
Spread is coharence dls tance
 Do
l6u
Constuct the stotistical chanh modals
Statistical channe) Modol 2
ohun eehions aÀe at neorly Some tme, constuciue dostsuctue
blw dPereot eHo ctton taus s
tovelope 4 agregat
Rayatgt ading:
- numben scatletng is arge e angus & ovrivad blw thom are

uncorr elated Bom untal tRrnit thtorem.

esponentialy4 diuibuted

Pr
e

Whoe R -overage. Tecived poLN

,2
Los
)
compone nt

and
 caemgii
) nakar ditedapproxfnehon
o
tiong Corre
rtial proca
is ispadion
a is ek procfa n ondloses, Aiiactfon
the estimate preciR to
very maka împouble is
to henerally,it
predtetng area seruica a in eng uen
esential
in bndngk
is and o
4 btCau_cd atnuation gnal
hiftfroting
thlse ovea woves
Yadlio dffrocton
Modol dion Dfo Cdge kni- fe
tda)
) dz. Ad,
2d,d2 V=aldtd2)
dde
d2d,
A
Geomshy zons Fremal
Senarids
ifProchion edqe knife
- different fooy
r ems Fresne) tAnalye
fo U
rtm)
-ma/Pr m-
1. m
PPOia
tona
Aigtbution Ricean foding analyas
of
maee perfor ihannal m
r(m)
P,
 eup ( ta)dt

Gd dB) =0
Gd (dB) 90 lbg (o5 -o-629)
GA lde) 2o log (ot expl- ov9s v)
20 log (os enpl-9sv)
Ga (de) -2o

Modue:
ubers
) ist the GsM keauny bands and channal
GSM treauncy bane.
GSM Band Dounlink Frequsoy
P-GsM q00 290-9ls mt
ARFCN=124 (AR fcrN -) X62MH3 +8?0:2 M uplnk keqwney + 4sMt3

980 -890 MH3(RfCN =0-810 mt3)

ARE CN=q45-023
9-42r MH
R-Gsr 900 8 6 - 86 MH3
ARFCN 95S -o23 (ARECN -(023)X02 M#z t89om
I30S- l880 mH

ARFCN 51a--885 uglint. heury t 93MHs

I930-90 MH 3

ARfCN 519 --8lo (ARFCN-518) XomHz t

185oQmH upln teunytomts
GSm 4o 450:4 - 454"6 m
4604 - 4676 M

(AtcN -As) xomt3 +4506 mH3

GsM 48o 4#8.8 - 486 Mt3. 4888-496 M#,
PRecN = 306-34O
& SummariZ0. tho GsM n etork
architicture
Mestage
Carnti
Mobila
Iotilegeot
To SMS (Nehiole
Servico
Centtr
Sms -GmsC

STN
Sms-JMsc JGatuy
GMSC
MSC
fo PDN VLe

Mobila
Station Antna Radio Base Base stodtion Operakion and
Cootollles(Bsc)
Stoton (res) ard uppet
transcoder ysbmos)
GsM systum trchitacure
7he major Subystm e Gc nstbork ard astim Arehitctue ore
Mobile stao tion (M.
the Mcble stotion(M) s tße davica provids s the radio ok between the
GSM Subseriber and tie wireloçs mobile nw
’ Mobil Eauipmsnt (me)
’ The GsM alsD make use a subscriber Module (sIM) the
when insertd ioto the ms pakes it tunct on
SIM covd tha
Base staton Subsysbm(Bss)
Bae transcâver Station (8TS)
Base stotion Contolev (Bsc)

Netuoork Susitching subsyst m(Nss )

Mobile tchfng cntr (MSe)
Homs
sarhag
Ragstr (He)
docatfer'
vsttor dooHon Rgisr (vLe)
Authentication untbr (Avc)
fquipmant Tdrity Rgistr (Eix)
( outlhe the GsM Modo|
Model Mse
MS BTS 8SC
CM I

MM
MAPS
TCAP
RR 8SSAP (RR) TCAP
S6CP BSSAP
RR SECP SCCP
LAPD LAPD
LArDM LAPp MTP MTP
S-Layer SLoye

Um Radlo Abls
Tnterfaca ntrfaca A
otrPoce
Gsm dignaltig mode|
TCAP ’ Fongler copbiRtes appliotlon pavt
ScCP Connction Contrd par t
part
MIr’ Mesage Traof part, TsUP ’ TSDN user
GSM protoco siqnallhg
2 Mode!
Addifionally each
tße olw structue s dahid itkin the GSM andord's
oterfoce blus the derent elmen& 6s M networ k s also duired
% Poiltotes the foformation isterchangas Con taku placa
hat olw eeuntk om diPPerent
’ t also enables to a larg duare
manufocturers can be ued
elmenk Prom dHerent
uotil
’ ttowever of these ntufoces were not
ully difsd
nles hod been
dupayd the (oel
ke.
not be auit as mang peopl might
srucure is dafined uSithin tRe GSM tadard
each ?erfoea blw the dHerent elumsnts th ssM
Adai ora tly each
network
t also daisd
1S

faclcats the îoformation tharchanges ks ploce

Lan takes
T alo enabs to a that network elomzot8 frorn
fro
ARPfe ceost manuotrers (an be used.
6) Frplain the SM channal concept
GSM channal cooapt and ta fic channels o
olw use vaious control
lan talephonc the setep &a sutscriber
The cetlu ecogsary to allou for
out The operationstanmisf on 4 voice. data
coy.lk for tße
adko for thu aubscribe mabl
subeequent systen &pport TDMA chniue to
’ To prouida based tße do
systm IS
a (mttud amount radio heu
’The. GsM Cllulor user
prouid additio nal
TMA fran
|134/s4|7sa 1s6|7s+| Tso/1s1/Tal
|Ts41s5|lTs<7s) 7so Ts4.|Ts2|T53
logica chanals
TDmA ime frame stru chure
channels

’ Broad cast channels

’Brodast cortyol channels
freuncy correchon chaone |
7Syocheorization channels
Lm)
talf- rat tratfe channel CTett t or
’Be half-rata Channat CTCtt # Lm)caries voice enCodad at
6S kbps 8 dota at atis 4o 24 kbps

Full-rat Trafic channsl (TCHt & Gn)

eg Convergion
’ the full-at troBic channel + [Fo Bra) car

Enchanced full-ratr (efR) traktic chan nol?

Tat a
futl - rat (eFA) troic encocas volce at a
cH|f odds overhead bits to aeld
22% kbps chann! bi TaU
(ke
’Broadast channels
channels
-JCommon co ntrol
Dedicatd control channls .
 Broadcast channels °
’The GSr) caltulo systm uSes broadoa çt chonnals (6CHl S) provicle inforrratiog
poro rmeters and also infornatton
to the mokilu sta ton about vavious ystg para
about the loation area Tdntity CLA)
Bets
’Three types
Brood cast cootrol channol
’freyancy Correchi on channol
nc ontzoton channel.
Common cootro| chonnels
the common conhtol channals (cccHs) proviodl tie Ms ard a
means Hhich the mobil can channol that t can use
t0 conto ct the ol
’he thre cce tts are
channel
Randonn Qces channe)
Aceey Grant channel
bedfcated cootrol chaonels

thuse dedicated channals ose used for call zhup hardouel,

maurarrunt 2 thost mesage dotue fundiong
’T6e four bcct% are
1 dandalore dedicated Control chan hgl
’ slous ayoiatd contr hanne
’fast aysoiatd certo chonne
channel
s coll Br0adcat