Fluid Mechanics

Lemuel John Sese

ljfsese@mapua.edu.ph
Fluid

*flows

*liquid or gas
Density
Density

#
!=
$
Densities of some common substances

g kg
!!"#$% = 1 & = 1000 &
cm m
Fluid Pressure
Due to random motion of particles
Fluid pressure is compressive.

unit: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Atmospheric Pressure
Due to the Earth’s atmosphere
Approximately constant near the surface of the Earth

Pair = 1 atm = 101,325 Pa

1. 01325 x 105 Pa

Air molecules impinging on the surface

Any object exposed to air experiences

atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric Pressure
Due to the Earth’s atmosphere
Approximately constant near the surface of the Earth
Pressure at depth in a Fluid

% = %! + !'( P0

h
P = pressure at depth )
P0 = pressure at top surface P

P0 = 1 atm if top surface is exposed to air

P0 = 0 if top surface is not exposed to air
 Pressure at depth in a Fluid

At higher altitudes, air P is lower

Pressure difference
is felt by the ears.

At deeper depths, water P is higher

* = *' + ,-)
Example 1
A cylindrical tank with a cross-sectional area of 2 m! contains water 4 m high.
Find: -
-

a) The pressure of the water at the bottom of the tank.

b) The total force acting on the bottom of the tank due to the water
exposed to air

can
>
-

22
Using hydrostatic pressure :

L
-
-

(lU im
-

[ / L Pe Po +
pgh
0x103 #
p
= 1 .

9/m3 P =
Patm +
Pgh
g 9 8 m/s2
(1, 01325x1059a) + (1 0 x103
Km) 19 M/s2)(4 01)
=
8
P
.

.
.
.

=
.

n =
4m
P = 1 . 40525 X 105 Pa Pressure at the bottom

(b) p
=
F1 = PA =
(1 40525x105Pa) (2 0 m2)
.
.

F =
2 8105 x
.
105 N Total force
.
Example 2
A barrel contains a 0.120 m layer of oil floating on water that is 0.250 m deep. The density of the oil is
600 kg/m".
a) What is the gauge pressure at the oil-water interface?
b) What is the gauge pressure at the bottom of the barrel?
exposed P Patm
↓ to air
Po =
600 kg/m3
=
+
pgh
Pw 0x103 kg/m Pressure at the oil
-

oil = 1 P, Patm Pgh

120 m >
0- +
-
=
.

+
.

>
interface
Water 250m Pa
water ,

↳ Pr Pwghz Pressure at
t
P2 =
+ + the

↳ bottom of the barrel

P,
gauge
=

Doghy
All barometer is calibrated
Pr P2-Patm
gauge
=

at atmospheric pressure ,
.

Patm =
Pange
=
o
= P, -Patm +
Boyghz
La

↑ -
Patm =
Pange =
P gauge
.
+ Prughe
P2 gauge Poghe +
pughra
=
,
Example 2
A barrel contains a 0.120 m layer of oil floating on water that is 0.250 m deep. The density of the oil is
600 kg/m".
a) What is the gauge pressure at the oil-water interface?
b) What is the gauge pressure at the bottom of the barrel?

(a) P ..
gange
=
Poghy
=
(600kg/m3) (9 . 8 ~/ )
=
(0 120m)
.

P =
705
. 6 Pa
,
gauge

(b) Pe ,
gauge
=
Pogh +
Pmgh2
= 705 6
.
Pa + (1000 +g/m2) (9 8 m/st (0 250m)
. .

3 , 155 6 Pa
P2 gange = .

Il
Pressure at depth in a Fluid

! = !! + $%&

The pressure is the

same at any two points
at the
same level in a fluid.
The shape of the
container is irrelevant.
Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure
Manometer: measures pressure
Pressure at the bottom should be the same on
both sides.

Pa +
p + pgy + pgyz
=

p
-

pa
=
Pgyz -

P9Y
)
p pa
-
=
Pg(yz -

y .

Pange
=

pg(yz y) -

. + !/0( = .")% + !/0*

. − .")% = !/(0* − 0( )
 Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure

Absolute pressure
* Total pressure (including air pressure)

! = !!"# + $%('$ −'% )

Gauge pressure
* Pressure relative to a surrounding pressure (excluding air pressure)

'"#$"% = ' − '#&' = )*(,( −,) )

Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure

*Mercury barometer measures atmospheric pressure directly.

The dish is exposed to air, the tube is not.

Pair + Pgy ,
=
0 + Pgyz

Pair =

PGYc-p9Y +

!!"# + #$%$ = !% + #$%&

!!"# = #$(%& −%$ )

The water column provides a measure
of the atmospheric pressure.
Example 3
A manometer tube is partially filled with water. Oil (which does not mix
with water) is poured into the left arm of the tube until the oil-water
interface is at the midpoint of the tube as shown in the figure. Both
arms of the tube are open to the air. Find a relationship between the
heights ℎ#$% and ℎ&'()* .

TatPughm =+Pogho

Pughw
=

Pogho
ha 19
To Pu

=
Il
Pascal’s Principle

l Pascal's principle governs the transmission of pressure through an

incompressible fluid:

l Consider a cylinder of fluid (Figure 14-7)

l Increase pext, and p at
any point must change

l Independent of h
Pascal’s Principle
• Describes the basis for a hydraulic lever
• Input and output forces related by:

do Ao = difi
• The distances of movement are related by: -Volume
displaced
P =
pi + pghi p
=
pi + pgh ;

p =
pf + pght p =

py + p9hf

Ap =
Pg(nf hi) - Ap =
pg(hi)-

⑭
-
=
pgdi -
⑪
-
=
pg do

= pg di = pgd

P =
Example 4
In a hydraulic lift, a 120 cm diameter piston supports a car. If the total mass of the piston and
car is 3200 kg, what should be the diameter of the smaller piston if an applied force of 450 N
is to maintain the system in equilibrium?

We =

Rom go an Fz = Ic =
mg

rz = 0 .
06 m
=
F, 450N
r 2) =#
=

I =F
(120cm)-
-

& = di =

50M)
-
r. =?
-
↳ di = 2ri

di =
da d , = 14 . 37 cm
,
Bouyancy

*Force due to the fluid pressure

*Opposite in direction as the weight of the object
*Reason why heavy objects can float on water
Assume the object is in equilibrium.

FB

Wo
!! = #"
Archimedes’ Principle

Buoyant force = weight of the fluid displaced

!! = #"# = $"# %
View buoyant force like a normal force.
Archimedes’ Principle

Buoyant force = weight of the fluid displaced

!! = $"# % = &" '"# %

View buoyant force like a normal force.
Archimedes’ Principle

Buoyant force = weight of the fluid displaced

!! = &" '"# % = &" '$% %

volume of the fluid displaced =
submerged volume of the object
Archimedes’ Principle

Case 1: A less dense object floats (not moving).

FB *' = #( +() $ = #( +*% $

*' − ,% = 0

Wo
Archimedes’ Principle

Case 2: A denser object sinks (accelerating).

FB *' = #( +() $ = #( +*% $

*' − ,% = −.% /

Wo
Example 5
A 15.0 kg solid gold statue (/ = 19.3 g/cm") is being raised from a sunken ship. What is the tension in
the hoisting cable when the statue is at rest and
a) Completely immersed?
(a) FBD : Gold statue
b) Out of the water / = 1 g/cm" ? FB Mfd 9
↑
=

↑ ZE =
0

P
Pfalfa 9
9 FB-Wo
T +
= 0 =

No
Tw = Wo -
Fi =
PfaY9
-

FB
mig
Pm(
-
=

Fi =

-
-
Tw =

Mog-mc9 FB =

mc
Tm =
mag(1 -

(1-tig)
-
Tw =
( 15 kg) (9 8 m2)
. 0 .

Tw = 139 .
38 N
I
Example 5
A 15.0 kg solid gold statue (/ = 19.3 g/cm") is being raised from a sunken ship. What is the tension in
the hoisting cable when the statue is at rest and
a) Completely immersed?
(b) FBD :
b) Out of the water / = 1 g/cm" ? z =
o

F Ta-Io =
0

& W
,
Ta =
We

=
(15 kg) (9 .
8 mys)
Ta =
147 N
Il
Apparent weight

• Weight of an object in a liquid

• Less than its true weight

!.(/01) = !.(304) − $5
wo(liq) = apparent weight of object (in a liquid)
wo(air) = true weight of object (in air)
Specific Gravity

)*+,%-.
67 =
)/#.%'
Densities of Solids and Liquids
solid Density (g/cm3) Liquid Density (g/cm3)

aluminum 2.700 benzene 0.879

brass 8.440 alcohol 0.820
copper 8.890 kerosene 0.790
iron 7.500 turpentine 0.873
Specific Gravity

)*+,%-.
67 =
)/#.%'
If object is completely submerged:

0&'()*+ 0&(4/6)
67 = =
0,-./0 0/23-4*)0 0-&22

4+,-- = 4, ./0 − 4,(+/2)

Example 6
A raft of area 5, thickness ℎ, and mass 600 kg floats in still water with 7.00 cm submerged. When a
person stands on the raft, 8.40 cm along its thickness gets submerged. What is the person’s mass?
-

A
T Raft only Pm=

1000g FBD : raft wo person

7.00 =N 1
T -
ZE =
0

fr Fi-Wr = 0
cm
Fi =
Wr

Mfag =
Mrg
PmUfay =
Mrg
Mea
=
PfaVfd
fa Mr
=

Mr =
Ph A =

= =
A = 85
-
-
Example 6
A raft of area 5, thickness ℎ, and mass 600 kg floats in still water with 7.00 cm submerged. When a
person stands on the raft, 8.40 cm along its thickness gets submerged. What is the person’s mass?
When is
Raft only
there a
person
From hi =
7 00 cm
.
to he = 8 to cm
.

7.00 FBD : raft / person

cm
F
↑
=
0

FB -

Wr-Wp =
0

FB-mrg-mpg =
o
gr
PmAnz-mm Mp
=
Amhz() .
- mr

PmAnc-mr-mp
=
0
mp
=
mr-Mr
= m-
(
-

1)
Mp =

PmAnz-mr mp
Example 6
A raft of area 5, thickness ℎ, and mass 600 kg floats in still water with 7.00 cm submerged. When a
person stands on the raft, 8.40 cm along its thickness gets submerged. What is the person’s mass?

(000kg)(
Raft only
Mp
=

7.00
cm
mp
= 120
kg
II
Fluid Flow

• The flow lines in the bottom figure

are laminar because adjacent
layers slide smoothly past each
other.
• In the figure at the right, the
upward flow is laminar at first but
then becomes turbulent flow.
Fluid Flow

l Motion of real fluids is complicated and poorly understood (e.g.,

turbulence)
l We discuss motion of an ideal fluid
1. Steady flow: Laminar flow, the velocity of the moving fluid at
any fixed point does not change with time.
2. Incompressible flow: The ideal fluid density has a constant,
uniform value.
3. Nonviscous flow: Viscosity is, roughly, resistance to flow, fluid
analog of friction. No resistive force here.
4. Irrotational flow: May flow in a circle, but a dust grain
suspended in the fluid will not rotate about com.
Continuity Equation
* The mass of a flowing fluid is conserved.
* Holds for a fluid moving on the same elevation.

da 2 Conservation of mass

dma = am2 p
=

d
T daz
Ad PdVe = dm =
pd/
A- dx, = Andaz 11 Fu
A, v = Azuzd volume
I
↓
velocity
d mi
A, v, =
HzUz

At constant = volume flow

da =

-
rate

O
Continuity Equation
* The mass of a flowing fluid is conserved.
* Holds for a fluid moving on the same elevation.

Volume flow rate is constant.

"#
= &0 '0
"$

%8 &8 = %9 &9
Continuity Equation
narrow cross-sectional area : fast fluid speed

A1v1 = A2v2
Speed
If Area decreases increases

Fluid speeds up upon

encountering a constriction
Example 7
As part of a lubricating system for heavy machinery, oil of density 850 kg/m"
is pumped through a cylindrical pipe of diameter 8.0 cm at a rate
9.5 liters per second.
a) What is the speed of the oil? What is the mass flow rate?
b) If the pipe diameter is reduced to 4.0 cm, what are the new values of the
speed and volume flow rate? Assume that the oil is incompressible.
1000L 1m3
(a)
=

Po = 850 kg/m3
1 ml
=
1 cm3
1000 mL
(tm) (m) =
# = 9 5 L/s
=p
.

dt
=A
dl
at
= 9 . 5x10-
3 m2
% =
V
=
(850 19) (9 5x10-
.

I
1 M
=
0 an
8 07 *
d 8
9/s
=
V,
.

at
.
"

4 0 am Tr,
ni
= .

/
r = 0 04 m

894/
.

0. = 1 .

,
Example 7
As part of a lubricating system for heavy machinery, oil of density 850 kg/m"
is pumped through a cylindrical pipe of diameter 8.0 cm at a rate
9.5 liters per second.
a) What is the speed of the oil? What is the mass flow rate?
b) If the pipe diameter is reduced to 4.0 cm, what are the new values of the
speed and volume flow rate? Assume that the oil is incompressible.

(b) A , vi =
AzNz cm
↳0
r2 =
= .
2 0 cm

Au , 2

Vz =
= 0 .
02 M
Az

=
#rivi Ne =
7 56
. M/s
Are
u
2
v, U ,

since constant
--
is
r22
20 04m) (1
=
89 M/s)
=95 my
.

12 x
.

=
<
Then .

e
10 . 02 m)
I
Bernoulli’s Principle

Total energy per unit volume for a fluid is

constant.
Work done : W = F :, 5 : displacement

# : constant force
Total work done is
# B
,
.
= ABCOSE
W+ =
Fod + F2 &Si
.

E: lesser
# and &S are parallel vectors angle bet
F and as are anti-parallel zvectors

W =
Eds -
-
Fedse

WT =
P - AndS--peAndSe
W+ = P-dV -

P2dY

(N+ =
(P +
-
pc)dV
theorem
Recall :
work-energy
W+ =
Ak + AU
Bernoulli’s Principle

Total energy per unit volume for a fluid is

constant.
Ak + AU (P1-pc)d/ =

↓ dm ve
2
-

Edmu + drgge-dm gy =
(Pt-p2dV

Recall :
p =& (density
dm =
pdV
(yz ye) gpal
Lve-En") pdV + (p -pr) all
-
= +

() Ev Evits
- + (yz -

)pg
y+
-

(p+ -

pz)]dV =
0

* pre +
P9ye + Pe =

Epu +Pgya + P1

I
Bernoulli’s Principle

Total energy per unit volume

for a fluid is constant.

1 * 1 *
!( + #$%( + #(( = !* + #$%* + #(*
2 2

P + pgy +
pr =

constant
Example 8
Water enters a house through a pipe with an inside diameter of 2.0 cm at
an absolute pressure of 4.0×10+ Pa (about 4 atm). A 1.0 cm diameter pipe
leads to the second-floor bathroom 5.0 m above. When the flow speed at
the inlet pipe is 1.5 m/s, find the flow speed, pressure, and volume flow
rate in the bathroom. &+ 2
= Cm . , 1 5 m/S
V 0 =
.

0 01m

Using Continuity equation

= .

P +
=
4 0x105 Pa
A , vi AzUz
.

4 atm
speed
=

in the
dz = 1 0 cm
.
bathroom
0 01 m

#
=

=
.

Y2
=

-
Y2-y V
O = 5 0
m
.
Pressure >
-
Bernoulli Equation

EPV
= P + Pgyz + prz
"
Pl +
pgy ,
+
,
=

Ve

pi
zpV pr
+
P =

pgy , pgyz +
-

(0 02) (1 5 m/s)
-I

Uz
.

y 0
= =
,

(0 01 m) .

PL =
p . -

pg(y =
-

y ) , +
[p(v v )
,
2
-

v2 =
am/s
,
Example 8
Water enters a house through a pipe with an inside diameter of 2.0 cm at
an absolute pressure of 4.0×10+ Pa (about 4 atm). A 1.0 cm diameter pipe
leads to the second-floor bathroom 5.0 m above. When the flow speed at p
= 1000 kg/ms (water)
the inlet pipe is 1.5 m/s, find the flow speed, pressure, and volume flow
rate in the bathroom.
PL p pg(y y ) + [p(v
= . -
2
=
-

, ,
-

v= )
P2 = (4 .

0x105Pa) -
61 000 kg/m3) (a 8 m/s2)
.
(5 0 m)
.

+ (1000 kg/m3) (16m/s)" -

(1 5 . M/s)")

Pi = 3 .
3 x105 Pa
Il

Volume Flow rate :

= A ,
v, =
Are
& =
4 .

71x10-
=
T()u , I
"

T (00m) (1 5 m/s)
.
Example 9
In the figure shows a gasoline storage tank with cross-sectional area 5,, filled to
a depth ℎ. The space above the gasoline contains air at pressure F-, and the
gasoline flows out the bottom of the tank through a short pipe with cross-
sectional area 5!. Derive expressions for the flow speed in the pipe and the
volume flow rate. Assume 5, ≫ 5!.
-
-

-
>
-

A, is much greater than Az

Continuity Equation
Y == " A V
,,
=
AzUz - v.
=
Vz = #0 , if Al > Az
Az v consequence
.

vo
Bernoulli's principle :

po +-opati +002
&Pr pgh + =
+

=
-

EDV
2
+
Y = 0 Po Pgy +

potpgh patm EPO

, , "
=
+ :

P9Yz + EPU .
-

Patm +
- =

2 2po 2pgh-2patm pue"

+ =

po + Pgh +
E00 ,

=((po-pain) pgh]
2
z
02 = +
=

Patr +
EBVe
-
- v =

po -

Patm) + pgh)
,
Example 9
In the figure shows a gasoline storage tank with cross-sectional area 5,, filled to
a depth ℎ. The space above the gasoline contains air at pressure F-, and the
gasoline flows out the bottom of the tank through a short pipe with cross-
sectional area 5!. Derive expressions for the flow speed in the pipe and the
volume flow rate. Assume 5, ≫ 5!.

is
The flom speed at pt . 2

v
=
(po-patm) Pgh] +

Volume flom rate :

= AzUz =

An
(p0 pain) pgm) -
+
Torricelli’s Theorem
The speed of efflux from an opening a distance
ℎ below the top surface of the liquid is the
same as the speed a body would acquire in
falling freely through height ℎ.

(* = 2$ℎ

+,
= .* 2$ℎ
+-
Example 9
Water flows steadily from an open tank as in the figure. The elevation of
point 1 is 10.0 m, and the elevation of points 2 and 3 is 2.00 m. The cross-
sectional area at point 2 is 0.0480 m!; at point 3 it is 0.0160 m!. The area of
-

the tank is very large compared with the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
-

Assuming that Bernoulli’s equation applies, compute

a) The discharge rate in cubic meters per second
b)
&
The gauge pressure at point 2.

↓
Patr
As
zgh

An = 0 .
0160m2

0160ml
-

d
10 agm/s)(8 00m)
Patr
.

=?
- .

U2 f dt

a) rate
↑ =
0 2
.

my discharge
voin K
h =
10 Om
. -
200 m

= 8 00m.
Example 9
Water flows steadily from an open tank as in the figure. The elevation of
point 1 is 10.0 m, and the elevation of points 2 and 3 is 2.00 m. The cross-
sectional area at point 2 is 0.0480 m!; at point 3 it is 0.0160 m!. The area of
13 =
sigh
the tank is very large compared with the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
Assuming that Bernoulli’s equation applies, compute Patie

pr .
a) The discharge rate in cubic meters per second
b) The gauge pressure at point 2.
.
6
Be +
paye +[ gys +
100
P2-Patm
Epe
"

=
Pange .
2
=

Pg(ya-yr) + EPV32- ,

-yz) + zp(83' ve
*

Pange ,
2 = -
pg(ya
-

Yz =
Yz

Ep (0s" Un
-

Prange
-
=
.
2

vi)
AzUz =
A38z =
[p(2gn -

: p(e-()
As Uz
Uz =
=

"Legn) (1 (E)
"

↳ v.
=
=
pgh -
Example 9
Water flows steadily from an open tank as in the figure. The elevation of
point 1 is 10.0 m, and the elevation of points 2 and 3 is 2.00 m. The cross-
sectional area at point 2 is 0.0480 m!; at point 3 it is 0.0160 m!. The area of
the tank is very large compared with the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
Assuming that Bernoulli’s equation applies, compute
a) The discharge rate in cubic meters per second Pange . =
=
(1 , 000 9/m3)(9 8 M/s2)(0 00 m)
.
.

b) The gauge pressure at point 2.

(1-10mg
69 60% Pa
Paangez =
,

I
Example 10
Air streams horizontally past a small airplane’s wings such that the speed is 70.0 m/s over the top
surface and 60.0 m/s past the bottom surface. If the plane has a wing area of 16.2 m! on the top and
on the bottom, what is the net vertical force that the air exerts on the airplane? The density of the air
is 1.20 kg/m".
Bernoulli's principle :
P +
Epur" + po = pr +
-pu pa +

- Y: Y
Areasam/ Pr Ve
j DV
P1 +
EPUr =
Pr +

-
p(r) um)
Orea 4 pt 0
p-
=
-
+ -

PAP2
4 Let above
P2 =
pressure
of
stream
Pa P =
pressure below
P2 P -
+
=

Ep(V Ve) -

Up

pr- P
=
# 20 kg/m3) (160m/s)2 (704/s)
.
-

-780 Pa change in pressure

tends pc-P1
=

The object to move

low
from high pressure to He
pressure
.
From this result, the airplane tends

to move from lower pressure to a

higher pressure /c creates a lift.