DOING IT FOR THE FIRST TIME

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

GRADE 11

LEARNERS NOTES

BOOK 1

Electromagnetism
T

Compiled by: Molemo Masemula &

Motsumi Selepe
ELECROMAGNETISM

Describes the interaction between charges, currents and the electric and magnetic fields to
which they give rise. An electric current creates a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field
will create a flow of charge. This relationship between electricity and magnetism has been
studied extensively and resulted in the invention of many devices which are useful to humans,
for example cellular telephones, microwave ovens, radios, televisions and many more.

If you hold a compass near a wire through which current is flowing, the needle on the compass
will be deflected. Since compasses work by pointing along magnetic field lines, this means that
there must be a magnetic field near the wire through which the current is flowing.

The magnetic field produced by an electric current is always oriented perpendicular to the
direction of the current flow. The following sketch shows what the magnetic field around a wire
looks like when the wire has a current flowing in it.

We use B⃗ to denote a magnetic field and arrows on field lines to show the direction of the
magnetic field.

How do Magnetic fields

look like actually Mr M.

SHAPE OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD (FORMATION AROUND A CONDUCTOR)

Magnetic field lines caused by the electric current are arranged in concentric airdes around a
straught wire

The direction of the current in the conductor (wire) is shown by the central arrow. The circles are eld
lines an they also have a direction indicated by the arrows on the lines. Similar to the situation with
electric eld lines, the greater the number of lines (or the closer they are together) in an area the
stronger the magnetic eld.
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 Field lines are perpendicular to the wire / flow of charge / conductor.
Magnetic field is stronger the closer they are to conductor / wire.

How do we determine the

direction of field lines.

DETERMINING DIRECTION OF FIELD LINES

There are TWO ways in determining direction:

• Right Hand Rule

• Lenz’s Law (Not gonna look at in detail)
There is a simple method of nding the relationship between the direction of the current owing in a
conductor and the direction of the magnetic eld around the same conductor. The method is called
the

Right-hand rule.
Simply stated, the Right-hand rule says that the magnetic eld lines produced by a current-carrying
wire will be oriented in the same direction as the curled ngers of a person's right hand (in the
“hitchhiking” position), with the thumb pointing in the direction of the current ow.
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ELECROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

UNIQUE TERMS & CONCEPTS

TERM DEFINITION
The magnitude of the induced emf across the ends of a
Faraday’s Law conductor is directly proportional to the rate of change in the
magnetic ux linkage with the conductor.
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an
Induction (Not Examinable) electromotive force across an electrical conductor in a
changing magnetic eld.

Electromagnetic Induction
Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law

Φ = BAcosθ ΔΦ
ε = -N
Δt
θ = 0° | B // FN

FN

θ
FN

θ = 90° | B ⊥ FN

FN
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FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF THE INDUCED EMF

Speed at which the magnet move relative to the solenoid.

Time/Duration of the solenoid relative to the speed, the faster the turns the faster it takes
to complete turns the higher the emf.

Number of turns/windings on the solenoid , the greater the turns, the larger the emf.

Strength of magnet the stronger the magnet the shonger the magnetic eld, thus the
larger the emf.

MAGNETIC FLUX

EQUATION:

Φ = BAcosθ

FORMULA IN DETAIL

Ф = magnetic. f1ux (Wb)

B = magnetic field (T)
A = surface area (m2)
θ = angle between mognetic field (B) and and the
normal force acting on the surface

• The induced emf in a call

Flux = flow
• It is the quantity magnetc field that enters a particular surface of cross sectional area (A).

FARADAY’S LAW

EQUATION:
ΔΦ
ε = -N
Δt

FORMULA IN DETAIL

ΔФ = change in magnetic. f1ux (Wb)

N = Number of Windings/Turns.
Δt = Change in time (s)
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EXAMPLE FS DoE 2023 June P1 (6 Marks ; 10 Minutes)

1.1 A conducting coil, with a diameter of 0,0015 m is connected to a

galvanometer as shown in the diagram below. A bar magnet is pushed into
the coil, kept stationary for a brief while and is then pulled out of the coil.

1.1.1 State Faraday's law in words. (2)

1.1.2 Explain how the reading on the galvanometer will change from the moment (3)
the magnet enters the coil to the moment it leaves the coil again.

1.1.3 In which direction will the current in the conductor ow when the magnet (1)
enters the coil? Write only J to K or K to J.

SOLUTION

1.1.1 The magnitude of the induced emf across the ends of a conductor is directly (2)
proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic ux linkage with the
conductor.

1.1.2 When the magnet enters the coil, the galvanometer will reach its maximum. (3)
When the magnet is inside the coil, the galvanometer will no reading.
When the magnet leaves the coil the galvanometer show have a reading in
opposite direction
1.1.3 J to K (1)
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 EXAMPLE 2 DBE 2018 Nov P1 (16 Marks ; 20 Minutes)

A SQUARE induction coil with a side length 3 cm and 400 windings, is placed perpendicularly in a
uniform magnetic eld and then rotated through an angle of 45º
in 0,08 s.

An emf of 7 V is induced in the coil.

2.1 State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction in words. (2)

2.2 Calculate the change in the magnetic ux. (3)

2.3 Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic eld. (4)

The coil is now rotated through an angle of 45º in 0,05 s.

2.4 How will the induced emf be a ected? Write only INCREASE, DECREASE or (1)
STAY THE SAME.

2.5 Explain the answer to QUESTION 2.4. (1)

SOLUTION

2.1 The magnitude of the induced emf across the ends of a conductor is directly (2)
proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic ux linkage with the
conductor.

2.2 ΔΦ ✓ (3)
ε = -N
Δt
ΔΦ ✓
7 = -400
0,08
ΔΦ = - 1,4 × 10-3Wb ✓

2.3 Φ = BAcosθ ✓ (4)

0,0014 ✓= (0,03)2B(cos 45º — cos 0º)✓
B = 5,31T✓

2.4 Increase ✓ (1)

2.5 Emf is inversely proportional to time. ✓ (1)
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