Electromagnetic Induction CH6
Electromagnetic Induction CH6
Electromagnetic Induction CH6
INDUCTION
1. Magnetic Flux
2. Faraday’s Experiments
3. Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
4. Lenz’s Law and Law of Conservation of Energy
5. Expression for Induced emf based on both laws
6. Methods of producing induced emf
a) By changing Magnetic Field
b) By changing the Area of the Coil (Motional emf)
c) By changing the Relative Orientation of the coil with
the Magnetic Field
7. Eddy Currents
8. Self Induction and Self Inductance
9. Mutual Induction and Mutual Inductance
10. Additional Information
Magnetic Flux (ΦB):
Magnetic Flux through any surface is the number of magnetic field lines
passing normally through that surface.
It can also be defined as the product of the area of the surface and the
component of the magnetic field normal to that surface.
dΦ = B . ds = B ds. n Direction of ds is
along the normal to B cos θ n
dΦ = B . ds cos θ the surface and n ds θ
is unit normal B
vector.
Φ=B.A
Φ = B . A cos θ
Positive Flux:
Magnetic Flux is positive for 0° ≤ θ < 90° & 270°< θ ≤ 360°
Zero Flux:
Magnetic Flux is zero for θ = 90° & θ = 270°
Negative Flux:
Magnetic Flux is negative for 90°< θ < 270°
N S
G G
N S S N
S N
G G
S N
N S
Magnetic flux linked with the coil changes relative to the positions
of the coil and the magnet due to the magnetic field lines cutting at
different angles at the same cross sectional area of the coil.
Observe:
i)the relative motion between the coil and the magnet
ii)the induced polarities of magnetism in the coil
iii)the direction of current through the galvanometer and hence the deflection in the galvanometer
iv)that the induced current (e.m.f) is available only as long as there is relative motion between the
coil and the magnet
B P’ P Q’ Q
dA v
l I
S’ v.dt S R’ R
dΦ = B.dA
The loop PQRS is slided into uniform and perpendicular = B.l.v.dt
magnetic field. The change (increase) in area of the coil
under the influence of the field is dA in time dt. This causes E = - dΦ / dt
an increase in magnetic flux dΦ.
E = - Blv
The induced emf is due to motion of the loop and so it is called ‘motional emf’. If
the loop is pulled out of the magnetic field, then E = Blv
The direction of induced current is anticlockwise in the loop. i.e. P’S’R’Q’P’ by
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule or Lenz’s Rule.
According Lenz’s Rule, the direction of induced current is such that it opposes
the cause of changing magnetic flux.
Here, the cause of changing magnetic flux is due to motion of the loop and
increase in area of the coil in the uniform magnetic field.
Therefore, this motion of the loop is to be opposed. So, the current is setting
itself such that by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the conductor arm PS experiences
force to the right whereas the loop is trying to move to the left.
Against this force, mechanical work is done which is converted into electrical
energy (induced current).
NOTE: If the loop is completely inside the boundary of magnetic field, then there
will not be any change in magnetic flux and so there will not be induced current
in the loop.
Φ = N B A cos θ
At time t, with angular velocity ω,
ω
θ = ωt (at t = 0, loop is assumed to be
perpendicular to the magnetic field and θ S
= 0°)
Φ = N B A cos ωt Differentiating w.r.t. t, P θ B
dΦ / dt = - NBAω sin ωt E = - dΦ / dt
n
E = NBAω sin ωt R
E
E = E0 cos ωt
E0
So, alternating emf and
consequently alternating 0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt
current can be expressed
T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
in sin or cos function. T/4
t
4. In electric brakes of the train eddy currents are produced to stop the
rotation of the axle of the wheel.
5. In energy meters (watt – meter) eddy currents are used to measure the
consumption of electric energy.
The induced emf opposes the growth or decay of current in the coil and hence
delays the current to acquire the maximum value.
Thus, self inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with a coil
when unit current flows through it.
Also, E = - dΦ / dt or E = - L (dI / dt)
If dI / dt = 1, then L=E
Thus, self inductance is defined as the induced emf set up in the coil
through which the rate of change of current is unity.
SI unit of self inductance is henry (H).
Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in a coil links
magnetic flux of 1 weber.
or
Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current
(1 A / s) induces emf of 1 volt in the coil.
Mutual Inductance:
(where M is the constant of proportionality and is
Φ21 α I1 Φ21 = MI1 known as Mutual Inductance or co-efficient of mutual
or
If I1 = 1, then M=Φ
induction)
Thus, mutual inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with the
secondary coil when unit current flows through the primary coil.
Also, E2 = - dΦ21 / dt or E 2= - M (dI1 / dt) If dI1 / dt = 1, then M = E
Thus, mututal inductance is defined as the induced emf set up in the
secondary coil when the rate of change of current in primary coil is unity.
SI unit of mututal inductance is henry (H).
Mutual inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in the primary coil
links magnetic flux of 1 weber across the secondary coil. or
Mutual inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current (1 A
/ s) in primary coil induces emf of 1 volt in the secondary coil.
Mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids:
Magnetic Field due to primary solenoid is B 1 = µ0n1I1
Magnetic Flux linked across one turn of the secondary
solenoid is
G
Φ21 per turn = B1 A = µ0n1I1A = µ0N1I1A / l
Magnetic Flux linked across N turns of the secondary S A
solenoid is
I1 P
l
= µ 0 N1 N 2 I 1 A / l
Φ21