Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                

Electromagnetic Induction CH6

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 18

ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION
1. Magnetic Flux
2. Faraday’s Experiments
3. Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
4. Lenz’s Law and Law of Conservation of Energy
5. Expression for Induced emf based on both laws
6. Methods of producing induced emf
a) By changing Magnetic Field
b) By changing the Area of the Coil (Motional emf)
c) By changing the Relative Orientation of the coil with
the Magnetic Field
7. Eddy Currents
8. Self Induction and Self Inductance
9. Mutual Induction and Mutual Inductance
10. Additional Information
Magnetic Flux (ΦB):
Magnetic Flux through any surface is the number of magnetic field lines
passing normally through that surface.
It can also be defined as the product of the area of the surface and the
component of the magnetic field normal to that surface.

dΦ = B . ds = B ds. n Direction of ds is
along the normal to B cos θ n
dΦ = B . ds cos θ the surface and n ds θ
is unit normal B
vector.
Φ=B.A
Φ = B . A cos θ

Positive Flux:
Magnetic Flux is positive for 0° ≤ θ < 90° & 270°< θ ≤ 360°
Zero Flux:
Magnetic Flux is zero for θ = 90° & θ = 270°
Negative Flux:
Magnetic Flux is negative for 90°< θ < 270°

Flux is maximum when θ = 0° and is Φ = B . A


Faraday’s Experiment - 1:
S N N S

N S

G G

N S S N

S N

G G
S N

N S

Magnetic flux linked with the coil changes relative to the positions
of the coil and the magnet due to the magnetic field lines cutting at
different angles at the same cross sectional area of the coil.
Observe:
i)the relative motion between the coil and the magnet
ii)the induced polarities of magnetism in the coil
iii)the direction of current through the galvanometer and hence the deflection in the galvanometer
iv)that the induced current (e.m.f) is available only as long as there is relative motion between the
coil and the magnet

Note: i) coil can be moved by fixing the magnet


ii)both the coil and magnet can be moved ( towards each other or away from each other)
i.e. there must be a relative velocity between them
iii)magnetic flux linked with the coil changes relative to the positions of the coil and the
magnet
iv)current and hence the deflection is large if the relative velocity between the coil and the
magnet and hence the rate of change of flux across the coil is more
Lenz’s Law:
The direction of the induced emf or induced current is such that it opposes the
change that is producing it.
i.e. If the current is induced due to motion of the magnet, then the induced current
in the coil sets itself to stop the motion of the magnet.
If the current is induced due to change in current in the primary coil, then induced
current is such that it tends to stop the change.

Lenz’s Law and Law of Conservation of Energy:


According to Lenz’s law, the induced emf opposes the change that produces it. It
is this opposition against which we perform mechanical work in causing the
change in magnetic flux. Therefore, mechanical energy is converted into electrical
energy. Thus, Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
If, however, the reverse would happen (i.e. the induced emf does not oppose or
aids the change), then a little change in magnetic flux would produce an induced
current which would help the change of flux further thereby producing more
current. The increased emf would then cause further change of flux and it would
further increase the current and so on. This would create energy out of nothing
which would violate the law of conservation of energy.
Expression for Induced emf based on both the laws:
E = - dΦ / dt
E = - (Φ2 – Φ1) / t
And for ‘N’ no. of turns of the coil,
E = - N dΦ / dt
E = - N (Φ2 – Φ1) / t

Expression for Induced current: Note:


I = - dΦ / (R dt) Induced emf does not depend on
Expression for Charge: resistance of the circuit where as the
induced current and charge depend on
dq / dt = - dΦ / (R dt) dq = - dΦ / R resistance.

Methods of producing Induced emf:


1. By changing Magnetic Field B:
Magnetic flux Φ can be changed by changing the magnetic field B and hence
emf can be induced in the circuit (as done in Faraday’s Experiments).
2. By changing the area of the coil A available in Magnetic Field:
Magnetic flux Φ can be changed by changing the area of the loop A
which is acted upon by the magnetic field B and hence emf can be
induced in the circuit.

B P’ P Q’ Q

dA v
l I

S’ v.dt S R’ R
dΦ = B.dA
The loop PQRS is slided into uniform and perpendicular = B.l.v.dt
magnetic field. The change (increase) in area of the coil
under the influence of the field is dA in time dt. This causes E = - dΦ / dt
an increase in magnetic flux dΦ.
E = - Blv

The induced emf is due to motion of the loop and so it is called ‘motional emf’. If
the loop is pulled out of the magnetic field, then E = Blv
The direction of induced current is anticlockwise in the loop. i.e. P’S’R’Q’P’ by
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule or Lenz’s Rule.
According Lenz’s Rule, the direction of induced current is such that it opposes
the cause of changing magnetic flux.
Here, the cause of changing magnetic flux is due to motion of the loop and
increase in area of the coil in the uniform magnetic field.
Therefore, this motion of the loop is to be opposed. So, the current is setting
itself such that by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the conductor arm PS experiences
force to the right whereas the loop is trying to move to the left.
Against this force, mechanical work is done which is converted into electrical
energy (induced current).
NOTE: If the loop is completely inside the boundary of magnetic field, then there
will not be any change in magnetic flux and so there will not be induced current
in the loop.

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: Magnetic Field


Force (F)
If the central finger, fore finger and thumb of (B)
right hand are stretched mutually
perpendicular to each other and the fore
finger points to magnetic field, thumb points Electric
in the direction of motion (force), then central
finger points to the direction of induced Current
current in the conductor. (I)
3. By changing the orientation of the coil (θ) in Magnetic Field:
Magnetic flux Φ can be changed by changing the relative orientation of the
loop (θ) with the magnetic field B and hence emf can be induced in the circuit.

Φ = N B A cos θ
At time t, with angular velocity ω,
ω
θ = ωt (at t = 0, loop is assumed to be
perpendicular to the magnetic field and θ S
= 0°)
Φ = N B A cos ωt Differentiating w.r.t. t, P θ B
dΦ / dt = - NBAω sin ωt E = - dΦ / dt
n

E = NBAω sin ωt R

E = E0 sin ωt (where E0 = NBAω is


the maximum emf) Q
The emf changes continuously in E
magnitude and periodically in
direction w.r.t. time giving rise to E0
alternating emf.
0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt
If initial position of the coil is taken T/4
T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
as 0°, i.e. normal to the coil is at 90°
t
with the magnetic field, then
θ becomes θ + π/2 or ωt + π/2

E
E = E0 cos ωt
E0
So, alternating emf and
consequently alternating 0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt
current can be expressed
T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
in sin or cos function. T/4
t

This method of inducing emf is the basic principle of generators.


Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents:
The induced circulating (looping) currents produced in a solid metal due to
change in magnetic field (magnetic flux) in the metal are called eddy currents.

Applications of Eddy Currents:


B
1. In induction furnace eddy currents are
used for melting iron ore, etc.
2. In speedometer eddy currents are used to
measure the instantaneous speed of the
vehicle.
3. In dead beat galvanometer eddy currents Metallic Block Eddy Currents
are used to stop the damping of the coil in
a shorter interval.

4. In electric brakes of the train eddy currents are produced to stop the
rotation of the axle of the wheel.

5. In energy meters (watt – meter) eddy currents are used to measure the
consumption of electric energy.

6. In diathermy eddy currents are used for localised heating of tissues in


human bodies.
SELF
INDUCTION:
Self Induction is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the self coil due to
change in current and hence the change in magnetic flux in the coil.

The induced emf opposes the growth or decay of current in the coil and hence
delays the current to acquire the maximum value.

Self induction is also called inertia of electricity as it opposes the growth or


decay of current.
Self Inductance:
ΦαI or Φ = LI (where L is the constant of proportionality and is known as
If I = 1, then L=Φ Self Inductance or co-efficient of self induction)

Thus, self inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with a coil
when unit current flows through it.
Also, E = - dΦ / dt or E = - L (dI / dt)
If dI / dt = 1, then L=E

Thus, self inductance is defined as the induced emf set up in the coil
through which the rate of change of current is unity.
SI unit of self inductance is henry (H).
Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in a coil links
magnetic flux of 1 weber.
or
Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current
(1 A / s) induces emf of 1 volt in the coil.

Self inductance of a solenoid: A


Magnetic Field due to the solenoid is
B = µ0nI I l
Magnetic Flux linked across one turn of the
coil is
Φ per turn = B A = µ0nIA = µ0NIA / l Energy in Inductor:
Magnetic Flux linked across N turns of the Small work done dW in
coil is establishing a current I in the
coil in time dt is dW = - EI dt

Φ = µ0N2IA / l dW = LI dI (since E = -L(dI /


dt)
But, Φ = I0
0
LI So, L = µ0N2A / l = µ0n2Al W = ∫ L I dI0 = ½ LI 2
Mutual Induction:
Mutual Induction is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the secondary coil
due to change in current in the primary coil and hence the change in magnetic
flux in the secondary coil.

Mutual Inductance:
(where M is the constant of proportionality and is
Φ21 α I1 Φ21 = MI1 known as Mutual Inductance or co-efficient of mutual
or
If I1 = 1, then M=Φ
induction)

Thus, mutual inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with the
secondary coil when unit current flows through the primary coil.
Also, E2 = - dΦ21 / dt or E 2= - M (dI1 / dt) If dI1 / dt = 1, then M = E
Thus, mututal inductance is defined as the induced emf set up in the
secondary coil when the rate of change of current in primary coil is unity.
SI unit of mututal inductance is henry (H).
Mutual inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in the primary coil
links magnetic flux of 1 weber across the secondary coil. or
Mutual inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current (1 A
/ s) in primary coil induces emf of 1 volt in the secondary coil.
Mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids:
Magnetic Field due to primary solenoid is B 1 = µ0n1I1
Magnetic Flux linked across one turn of the secondary
solenoid is
G
Φ21 per turn = B1 A = µ0n1I1A = µ0N1I1A / l
Magnetic Flux linked across N turns of the secondary S A
solenoid is

I1 P
l
= µ 0 N1 N 2 I 1 A / l
Φ21

But, Φ21 = M21I1


M21 = µ0N1N2A / l = µ0n1n2Al

lllly M12 = µ0N1N2A / l = µ0n1n2Al


For two long co-axial solenoids of same length and cross-sectional
area, the mutual inductance is same and leads to principle of
reciprocity.
M = M12 = M21
Additional Information:
1) If the two solenoids are wound on a magnetic core of relative permeability
µr, then
M = µ0 µr N1N2A / l
2) If the solenoids S1 and S2 have no. of turns N1 and N2 of different radii r1 and
r2 (r1 < r2), then
M = µ0 µr N1N2 (πr1 )/ l
2

3) Mutual inductance depends also on the relative placement of the solenoids.


4) Co-efficient of Coupling (K) between two coils having self-inductance L 1 and
L2 and mutual inductance M is
K = M / (√L1L2) Generally, K < 1
5) If L1 and L2 are in series, then L = L1 + L2
6) If L1 and L2 are in parallel, then (1/L) = (1/L 1) + (1/L2)

You might also like