ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

1. Magnetic Flux
2. Faraday’s Experiments
3. Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
4. Lenz’s Law and Law of Conservation of Energy
5. Expression for Induced emf based on both laws
6. Methods of producing induced emf
a) By changing Magnetic Field
b) By changing the Area of the Coil (Motional emf)
c) By changing the Relative Orientation of the coil with
the Magnetic Field
7. Eddy Currents
8. Self Induction and Self Inductance
9. Mutual Induction and Mutual Inductance
10. Additional Information
Created by C. Mani, Principal, K V No.1, AFS, Jalahalli West, Bangalore
Magnetic Flux (Φ):
Magnetic Flux through any surface is the number of magnetic field lines e
passing normally through that surface.
It can also be defined as the product of the area of the surface and the
component of the magnetic field normal to that surface.

Direction of ds is
dΦ = B . ds along the normal to B cos θ n
dΦ = B . ds cos θ the surface and n ds θ
is unit normal B
vector.
Φ=B.A

Φ = B . A cos θ

Positive Flux:
Magnetic Flux is positive for 0° ≤ θ < 90° &
270° < θ ≤ 360°
Zero Flux: Flux is maximum
Magnetic Flux is zero for θ = 90° & θ = 270° when θ = 0° and is
Φ=B.A
Negative Flux:
Magnetic Flux is negative for 90° < θ < 270°
 Φ = B . A cos θ

Magnetic Flux across a coil can be changed by changing :

1) the strength of the magnetic field B
2) the area of cross section of the coil A
3) the orientation of the coil with magnetic field θ or
4) any of the combination of the above

* Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity.

* SI unit of magnetic flux is weber or tesla-metre2 or ( wb or Tm2).
* cgs unit of magnetic flux is maxwell.
* 1 maxwell = 10-8 weber
* Magnetic flux (associated normally) per unit area is called Magnetic
Flux Density or Strength of Magnetic Field or Magnetic Induction (B).
Faraday’s Experiment - 1:

S N

N S

N S

S N

G
S N

N S

The phenomenon of production of induced emf in the coil due

to change in Magnetic flux linked with the coil called as
Electromagnetic induction
2. Motional emf from Faraday’s law:
Magnetic flux Φ can be changed by changing the area of the loop A
which is acted upon by the magnetic field B and hence emf can be
induced in the circuit.

B P’ P Q’ Q

v
l dA
I

S’ v.dt S R’ R
dΦ = B.dA
The loop PQRS is slided into uniform and perpendicular = B.l.v.dt
magnetic field. The change (increase) in area of the coil
under the influence of the field is dA in time dt. This E = - dΦ / dt
causes an increase in magnetic flux dΦ.
E = - Blv

The induced emf is due to motion of the loop and so it is called ‘motional emf’.
If the loop is pulled out of the magnetic field, then E = Blv
According Lenz’s Rule, the direction of induced current is such that it
opposes the cause of changing magnetic flux.
Here, the cause of changing magnetic flux is due to motion of the loop and
increase in area of the coil in the uniform magnetic field.
Therefore, this motion of the loop is to be opposed. So, the current is setting
itself such that by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the conductor arm PS
experiences force to the right whereas the loop is trying to move to the left.
Against this force, mechanical work is done which is converted into electrical
energy (induced current).
NOTE: If the loop is completely inside the boundary of magnetic field, then
there will not be any change in magnetic flux and so there will not be induced
current in the loop.
Magnetic Force
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule:
Field (F)
If the central finger, fore finger and thumb (B)
of right hand are stretched mutually
perpendicular to each other and the fore
finger points to magnetic field, thumb Electric
points in the direction of motion (force), Current
then central finger points to the direction of (I)
induced current in the conductor.
3. By changing the orientation of the coil (θ) in Magnetic Field:
Magnetic flux Φ can be changed by changing the relative orientation of the
loop (θ) with the magnetic field B and hence emf can be induced in the
circuit.
Φ = N B A cos θ
At time t, with angular velocity ω,
ω
θ = ωt (at t = 0, loop is assumed to
S
be perpendicular to the magnetic field
and θ = 0°)
Φ = N B A cos ωt P θ B

Differentiating w.r.t. t, n
dΦ / dt = - NBAω sin ωt
E = - dΦ / dt
E = NBAω sin ωt R

E = E0 sin ωt (where E0 = NBAω is

Q
the maximum emf)
The emf changes continuously in E
magnitude and periodically in
direction w.r.t. time giving rise to E0
alternating emf. 0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt

T/4 T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T

t
If initial position of the coil is taken
as 0°, i.e. normal to the coil is at 90°
with the magnetic field, then
θ becomes θ + π/2 or ωt + π/2
E
E = E0 cos ωt
E0
So, alternating emf and
0
consequently alternating current π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt
can be expressed in sin or cos T/4 T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
function. t

This method of inducing emf is the basic principle of generators.

Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents:
The induced circulating (looping) currents produced in a solid metal due to
change in magnetic field (magnetic flux) in the metal are called eddy currents.

Applications of Eddy Currents:

B
1. In induction furnace eddy currents are
used for melting iron ore, etc.
2. In speedometer eddy currents are used to
measure the instantaneous speed of the
vehicle.
3. In dead beat galvanometer eddy currents Metallic Block Eddy Currents
are used to stop the damping of the coil
in a shorter interval.
4. In electric brakes of the train eddy currents are produced to stop the
rotation of the axle of the wheel.

5. In energy meters (watt – meter) eddy currents are used to measure the
consumption of electric energy.

6. In diathermy eddy currents are used for localised heating of tissues in

human bodies.
Self Induction:
Self Induction is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the self coil due to
change in current and hence the change in magnetic flux in the coil.

The induced emf opposes the growth or decay of current in the coil and
hence delays the current to acquire the maximum value.

Self induction is also called inertia of electricity as it opposes the growth or

decay of current.
Self Inductance:
ΦαI or Φ = LI (where L is the constant of proportionality and is known as
Self Inductance or co-efficient of self induction)
If I = 1, then L= Φ

Thus, self inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with a coil
when unit current flows through it.
Also, E = - dΦ / dt or E = - L (dI / dt)
If dI / dt = 1, then L=E
Thus, self inductance is defined as the induced emf set up in the coil
through which the rate of change of current is unity.
SI unit of self inductance is henry (H).
Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in a coil links
magnetic flux of 1 weber.
or
Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current
(1 A / s) induces emf of 1 volt in the coil.

Self inductance of a solenoid: A

Magnetic Field due to the solenoid is
B = μ0nI I l

Magnetic Flux linked across one turn of the

coil is
Energy in Inductor:
Φ per turn = B A = μ0nIA = μ0NIA / l
Small work done dW in
Magnetic Flux linked across N turns of the establishing a current I in the
coil is coil in time dt is dW = - EI dt

Φ = μ0N2IA / l dW = LI dI (since E = -L(dI / dt)

I0

But, Φ = LI W = ∫ L I dI = ½ LI02
0
So, L = μ0N2A / l = μ0n2Al
Mutual Induction:
Mutual Induction is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the secondary coil
due to change in current in the primary coil and hence the change in
magnetic flux in the secondary coil.

Mutual Inductance:
(where M is the constant of proportionality and is
Φ21 α I1 or Φ21 = MI1 known as Mutual Inductance or co-efficient of mutual
induction)
If I1 = 1, then M= Φ
Thus, mutual inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with the
secondary coil when unit current flows through the primary coil.
Also, E2 = - dΦ21 / dt or E 2= - M (dI1 / dt)
If dI1 / dt = 1, then M=E
Thus, mututal inductance is defined as the induced emf set up in the
secondary coil when the rate of change of current in primary coil is unity.
SI unit of mututal inductance is henry (H).
Mutual inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in the primary coil
links magnetic flux of 1 weber across the secondary coil. or
Mutual inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current
(1 A / s) in primary coil induces emf of 1 volt in the secondary coil.
Mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids:
Magnetic Field due to primary solenoid is
B1 = μ0n1I1
Magnetic Flux linked across one turn of the G
secondary solenoid is S
Φ21 per turn = B1 A = μ0n1I1A = μ0N1I1A / l A
Magnetic Flux linked across N turns of the secondary P
solenoid is I1 l

Φ21 = μ0N1N2I1A / l

But, Φ21 = M21I1

M21 = μ0N1N2A / l = μ0n1n2Al

lllly M12 = μ0N1N2A / l = μ0n1n2Al

For two long co-axial solenoids of same length and cross-sectional
area, the mutual inductance is same and leads to principle of
reciprocity.
M = M12 = M21
Additional Information:
1) If the two solenoids are wound on a magnetic core of relative
permeability μr, then
M = μ0 μr N1N2A / l
2) If the solenoids S1 and S2 have no. of turns N1 and N2 of different radii r1
and r2 (r1 < r2), then
M = μ0 μr N1N2 (πr12)/ l
3) Mutual inductance depends also on the relative placement of the
solenoids.
4) Co-efficient of Coupling (K) between two coils having self-inductance L 1
and L2 and mutual inductance M is
K = M / (√L1L2) Generally, K < 1
5) If L1 and L2 are in series, then L = L1 + L2
6) If L1 and L2 are in parallel, then (1/L) = (1/L1) + (1/L2)