Radiation Heat Transfer On Back of Surface

Radiation Heat Transfer on Black Surface
Blackbody radiation refers to the emission of radiation in all directions by an

object at a temperature above absolute zero. The amount of radiation emitted at a
specific wavelength depends on the material, surface condition, and temperature of the
object. Different objects can emit varying amounts of radiation per unit area, even at
the same temperature. To determine the maximum radiation emission at a given
temperature, an idealized object called a blackbody is used as a reference point. A
blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation, ensuring that no other surface
can emit more energy at a specified temperature and wavelength. It absorbs all
incoming radiation and uniformly emits radiation in all directions.
A blackbody is considered a diffuse emitter, meaning that the emitted radiation is

independent of direction. This characteristic makes the blackbody a standard for
comparing the radiative properties of real surfaces.
All objects absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation. The rate of heat transfer
by radiation is largely determined by the color of the object. Black is the most effective,
and white is the least effective. People living in hot climates generally avoid wearing
black clothing, for instance. Similarly, black asphalt in a parking lot will be hotter than
adjacent gray sidewalk on a summer day, because black absorbs better than gray. The
reverse is also true—black radiates better than gray. Thus, on a clear summer night, the
asphalt will be colder than the gray sidewalk, because black radiates the energy more
rapidly than gray. An ideal radiator is the same color as an ideal absorber, and captures
all the radiation that falls on it. In contrast, white is a poor absorber and is also a poor
radiator. A white object reflects all radiation, like a mirror. (A perfect, polished white
surface is mirror-like in appearance, and a crushed mirror looks white.)
Gray objects have a uniform ability to absorb all parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Colored objects behave in similar but more complex ways, which gives them
a particular color in the visible range and may make them special in other ranges of the
nonvisible spectrum. Take, for example, the strong absorption of infrared radiation by
the skin, which allows us to be very sensitive to it.
The radiation energy emitted by a blackbody per unit time and per unit surface area was
determined experimentally by Joseph Stefan in 1879 and expressed as
Eb(T )= σT 4 (W/m2)
where s 5.670 108 W/m2 · K4 is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute
temperature of the surface in K. This relation was theoretically verified in 1884 by Ludwig
Boltzmann.
The fourth power of the absolute temperature is a critical factor to consider in

thermal radiation analysis. While a blackbody may appear visually black, it is important
to differentiate between an idealized blackbody and a regular black surface. Any
surface that absorbs light in the visible spectrum would appear black to the naked eye,
while a surface that reflects it completely would appear white. Visual observations are
limited by the narrow band of the spectrum occupied by visible radiation, making it
difficult to accurately determine the blackness of a surface. For example, snow and
white paint may look white due to light reflection, but they are actually effective
absorbers of long-wavelength infrared radiation. Surfaces coated with lampblack paint
demonstrate behavior similar to that of an idealized blackbody.
A large cavity with a small opening closely resembles a blackbody. The interior
surfaces of the cavity absorb radiation that enters through the opening before any part
can escape, resulting in a diffuse emission. When the cavity's surface is isothermal at
temperature T, the radiation emitted by the interior surfaces undergoes multiple
reflections and eventually streams through the opening. This cavity acts as a perfect
absorber and emitter, with the opening mimicking a blackbody of surface area A at
temperature T, regardless of the cavity's actual radiative properties. The opening of
area A experiences multiple reflections, giving it a diffuse nature similar to a blackbody.
Reference:
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(O
penStax)/14%3A_Heat_and_Heat_Transfer_Methods/14.07%3A_Radiation
https://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node136.html

Radiation Heat Transfer On Back of Surface

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Radiation Heat Transfer on Black Surface

Blackbody radiation refers to the emission of radiation in all directions by an

A blackbody is considered a diffuse emitter, meaning that the emitted radiation is

The fourth power of the absolute temperature is a critical factor to consider in

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