Fibre Reinforcement

CODE-440S
Public Discussion
Draft
1 ACI CODE-440S
2 Strengthening Structural Concrete with Fiber-Reinforced
3 Polymer (FRP) Systems—Code Requirements and
4 Commentary
5 Reported by ACI Committee 440S
6 Kent A. Harries, Chair
7 Maria Lopez de Murphy, Vice Chair
8 William J. Gold, Secretary
9 Tarek Alkhrdaji
10 Scott Arnold
11 Aniket Borwankar
12 Mahmut Ekenel
13 Ravi Kanitkar
14 Michael W. Lee
15 Abheetha Peiris
16 J. Gustavo Tumialan
17 Erblina Vokshi
18
19 Consulting Member
20 Carl J. Larosche
21
22 ACI CODE-440S was developed to provide design professionals a code for the design of strengthening strategies for
23 concrete structures using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems.
24 Keywords: buildings; carbon fiber; fiber-reinforced polymer; glass fiber; rehabilitation; repair; strengthening;
25 structural design.
26 PREFACE
27 This Code provides minimum design requirements for strengthening of existing concrete structural
28 systems and members using externally bonded and near-surface-mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer
29 (FRP) systems. Among the subjects covered are design and detailing for strength, serviceability, and
30 durability; load combinations, load factors, and strength reduction factors; FRP anchorage to concrete;
31 development and splicing of FRP reinforcement; field inspection; and testing. This Code was developed by
32 a consensus process. This Code is written for use by a licensed design professionals and authorities having
This draft is not final and is subject to revision. This draft is for public review and comment.
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33 jurisdiction. This Code provides minimum requirements for materials, design and construction, and quality
34 control and assurance requirements for FRP strengthening systems. This Code is written in a format that
35 allows adoption by reference in a repair code or a general building code. Background details or suggestions
36 for carrying out the requirements or intent of this Code provisions are in the Commentary.
37 CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
38 1.1—Scope
39 1.1.1 ACI CODE-440S, “Code Requirements for Strengthening Structural Concrete with Fiber-
40 Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Systems—Code and Commentary” is hereafter referred to as “this Code.”
41 1.1.2 This Code shall apply to the strengthening of existing concrete structures using only those
42 unidirectional externally bonded and near-surface-mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems
43 permitted in Chapter 4.
44 R1.1.2 Throughout the Code, the term “structure” means an existing building, nonbuilding structure,
45 member or system.
46 1.1.3 This Code provides minimum requirements for the materials, design, and construction of FRP
47 strengthening systems for concrete structures consistent with the requirements of ACI CODE-562.
48 R1.1.3 The Code focuses on concrete buildings and nonbuilding structures. For buildings or structures
49 similar to buildings, members that are addressed by the Code include concrete portions of composite
50 members, and precast and prestressed concrete members.
51 The licensed design professional can perform assessment, design, and quality assurance activities that
52 exceed the minimum requirements of the Code. Requirements beyond the minimum stated in the Code, such
53 as those for long-term durability, redundancy, or integrity, can be considered by the licensed design
54 professional.
55 1.1.4 This Code shall not be applied to the strengthening of masonry structures.
56 R1.1.4 Guidance for strengthening of masonry structures is provided in ACI PRC-440.7.
57 1.1.5 This Code provides minimum requirements for the strength evaluation, testing, and inspection of
58 FRP strengthening systems for concrete structures consistent with the requirements of ACI CODE-562.
59 1.2—General
60 1.2.1 The requirements of this Code use strength design provisions for demands and capacities.
61 1.2.2 FRP strengthening is permitted for the following:
62 (a) All members in structures assigned to Seismic Design Category (SDC) A in accordance with
63 ASCE/SEI 7
64 (b) Structural members not designated as part of the seismic-force-resisting system in all SDCs.
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65 R1.2.2 Seismic strengthening of members of the seismic-force-resisting-systems in structures assigned to
66 SDC B through F is outside the scope of this Code. Other standards, such as ACI CODE-369.1 and
67 ASCE/SEI 41, address repair and strengthening of seismic-force-resisting systems. ACI PRC-440.2
68 provides guidance for the use of FRP systems for strengthening seismic-force-resisting systems.
69 1.3—Purpose
70 1.3.1 The purpose of this Code is to provide for public health and safety by establishing minimum
71 requirements for strength, stability, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of concrete structures
72 strengthened using FRP systems.
73 1.3.2 This Code does not address all design considerations.
74 R1.3.2 The minimum requirements in the Code do not replace sound professional judgement or the
75 licensed design professional’s knowledge of the specific factors surrounding a project, its design, the
76 project site, and other specific or unusual circumstances to the project.
77 1.3.3 Construction means and methods are not addressed in this Code.
78 1.4—Interpretation
79 1.4.1 The official version of this Code is the English language version using inch-pound units published
80 by the American Concrete Institute.
81 1.4.2 In case of conflict between the official version of this Code and other versions of this Code, the
82 official version governs.
83 1.4.3 Modifications to this Code that are adopted by a particular jurisdiction are part of the laws of that
84 jurisdiction but are not a part of this Code.
85 1.4.4 If provisions in this Code conflict with the regulations governing existing structures of the authority
86 having jurisdiction, or those of a code adopting this Code, the regulations of the authority having
87 jurisdiction or the adopting code shall govern.
88 1.4.5 If provisions in this Code conflict with requirements of standards referenced within this Code, this
89 Code shall govern.
90 1.4.6 This Code shall be interpreted in a manner that avoids conflict between or among its provisions.
91 Specific provisions shall govern over general provisions.
92 1.4.7 The Commentary consists of a preface, commentary text, tables, figures, and cited publications.
93 The Commentary is intended to provide contextual information, but is not part of this Code, does not
94 provide binding requirements, and shall not be used to create a conflict with or ambiguity in this Code.
95 1.4.8 This Code shall be interpreted and applied in accordance with the plain meaning of the words and
96 terms used. Specific definitions of words and terms in this Code shall be used where provided and
97 applicable, regardless of whether other materials, standards, or resources outside of this Code provide a
98 different definition.
99 1.4.9 The following words and terms in this Code shall be interpreted in accordance with (a) through (e):
100 (a) The word “shall” is always mandatory.
101 (b) Provisions of this Code are mandatory even if the word “shall” is not used.
102 (c) Words used in the present tense shall include the future.
103 (d) The word “and” indicates that all of the connected items, conditions, requirements, or events shall
104 apply.
105 (e) The word “or” indicates that the connected items, conditions, requirements, or events are alternatives,
106 at least one of which shall be satisfied.
107 1.4.10 In any case in which one or more provisions of this Code are declared by a court or tribunal to be
108 invalid, that ruling shall not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of this Code, which are severable.
109 The ruling of a court or tribunal shall be effective only in that court’s jurisdiction and shall not affect the
110 content or interpretation of this Code in other jurisdictions.
111 1.5––Authority having jurisdiction
112 1.5.1 All references in this Code to the authority having jurisdiction shall be understood to refer to the
113 persons who administer and enforce this Code.
114 1.6––Licensed design professional
115 1.6.1 All references in this Code to the licensed design professional shall be understood to refer to the
116 persons who possess the knowledge, judgment, and skills to interpret and properly use this Code and are
117 licensed in the jurisdiction where this code is being used. The licensed design professional is responsible
118 for, and in charge of, the design of the strengthening measures using FRP systems.
119 R1.6.1 The design of FRP systems is often delegated to a licensed design professional with expertise in
120 this work, commonly known as a specialty engineer. Others, for example the engineer of record for a
121 rehabilitation project, are often responsible for the condition assessment that identifies the need for
122 strengthening, the strengthening requirements, and for determining whether an FRP strengthening system
123 is an appropriate option for the application.
124 1.7––Inspector
125 1.7.1 All references in this Code to the inspector shall be understood to refer to the persons employed or
126 retained by an approved agency and approved by the authority having jurisdiction as having the competence
127 necessary to observe, test, or otherwise evaluate field installations of FRP systems for compliance with the
128 construction documents.
129 1.8––Design and construction documents
130 1.8.1 Documentation of FRP system design shall satisfy 1.8.1.1 or 1.8.1.2.
131 R1.8.1 Both methods are described in ACI SPEC-440.12 and are applicable to all FRP strengthening
132 systems.
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133 1.8.1.1 The required performance of the FRP strengthened structural system shall be specified on the
134 construction documents.
135 R1.8.1.1 This method requires the FRP system performance to be specified by the licensed design
136 professional and design calculation to be submitted as a deferred submittal demonstrating that the required
137 performance is achieved. Information pertaining to required performance typically includes existing
138 material strength, existing and required strengthened capacity, dimensions, and considerations for
139 environmental exposure and fire.
140 1.8.1.2 Complete details of the FRP system shall be depicted on the construction documents.
141 1.8.2 The construction documents for strengthening using FRP systems shall convey the location, nature,
142 and extent of the work, and the necessary information to perform the work in conformance with the
143 requirements of this Code and the authority having jurisdiction.
144 1.8.3 Construction documents shall require that materials used for the work conform to this Code and
145 governing regulatory requirements in effect at the time an application for construction of the project is
146 submitted to the authority having jurisdiction.
147 1.8.4 Calculations pertinent to design shall be submitted with the construction documents if required by
148 the authority having jurisdiction.
149 1.9––Testing and inspection
150 1.9.1 Testing and inspection of concrete structures strengthened with FRP systems shall be conducted in
151 accordance with Chapter 12
152 1.9.2 Testing and inspection of FRP systems and constituent materials shall be conducted in accordance
153 with Chapter 12 to ensure compliance with Chapter 4.
154 1.9.3 Testing and inspection of concrete substrates prior to the application of FRP systems shall be
155 conducted in accordance with Chapter 12 to ensure compliance with Chapter 5.
156 1.10––Approval of special systems of design, construction, or alternative
157 construction materials.
158 1.10.1 Alternate FRP strengthening systems not within the scope of this Code shall be permitted to be
159 used if equivalent strength, serviceability and durability are demonstrated by testing and analysis, to
160 satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction.
161 R1.10.1 Results from load tests, large- or full-scale model tests loaded to failure, and other types of
162 physical testing can be used to supplement analytical procedures in the evaluation or design of FRP systems
163 or their use in strengthening existing structures.
164 1.10.2 FRP systems that are approved by the authority having jurisdiction through alternative means and
165 methods clauses in the design basis code shall be permitted.
166 CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
167 2.1—Code notation
168 Aanc = gross laminate area of the fiber anchor, in.2
169 Ae = cross-sectional area of effectively confined concrete section, in.2
170 Af = nominal area of FRP reinforcement, in.2
171 Afanchor = area of transverse FRP U-wrap for anchorage of flexural FRP reinforcement, in.2
172 Afv = area of FRP shear reinforcement with spacing sf, in.2
173 Ag = gross area of concrete section, in.2
174 Ast = total area of nonprestressed longitudinal steel reinforcement excluding prestressing
175 reinforcement, in.2
176 ab = smaller cross-sectional dimension for rectangular FRP, in.
177 bb = larger cross-sectional dimension for rectangular FRP, in.
178 bc = short side dimension of compression member of prismatic cross section, in.
179 bw = web width or diameter of circular section, in.
180 CE = environmental reduction factor
181 c = distance from extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis, in.
182 Dc = diameter of circular cross section, in.
183 d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, in.
184 db = diameter of round NSM bar, in.
185 dfv = effective depth of FRP shear reinforcement, in.
186 E2 = slope of linear portion of stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete, psi
187 Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi
188 Ef = design chord tensile modulus of elasticity of FRP, psi
189 Ef * = chord tensile modulus of elasticity of FRP, psi
190 Es = modulus of elasticity of steel, psi
191 fc = compressive stress in concrete, psi
192 f c′ = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
193 fcc′ = compressive strength of confined concrete, psi
194 fc,s = compressive stress in concrete at service condition, psi
195 ffd = design stress of externally bonded FRP reinforcement, psi
196 ffe = effective stress in the FRP; stress attained at section failure, psi
197 ff,s = stress in FRP caused by a moment within elastic range of member, psi
198 ffu = design ultimate tensile strength of FRP, psi
199 f fu = mean tensile strength of a sample of at least 20 FRP test specimens
200 ffu *
= ultimate tensile strength of the FRP material, psi
201 fℓ = maximum confining pressure due to FRP jacket, psi
202 fps,s = stress in prestressed reinforcement at service load, psi
203 fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing reinforcement, psi
204 fpy = specified yield strength of prestressing reinforcement, psi
205 fs,s = stress in nonprestressed steel reinforcement at service loads, psi
206 fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed steel reinforcement, psi
207 h = overall thickness, height, or depth of member
208 hc = long side cross-sectional dimension of rectangular compression member, in.
209 hanc = minimum embedment depth of fiber anchor in concrete, in.
210 k1 = modification factor applied to κv to account for concrete strength
211 k2 = modification factor applied to κv to account for wrapping scheme
212 La = the total length of unbonded tendon between anchorages, in.
213 Le = active bond length of FRP laminate, in.
214 ℓdf = development length of FRP system, in.
215 Mcr = cracking moment, in.-lb
216 Mn = nominal flexural strength at section, in.-lb
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217 Mu = factored moment at a section, in.-lb
218 N = number of plies of FRP reinforcement
219 Pn = nominal axial compressive strength of a concrete section, lb
220 Pu = factored axial force; to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, lb
221 RA = ratio of area of fiber in fiber anchor to area of fiber in one leg of shear U-wrap
222 ranc = length of fiber anchor splay, in.
223 rc = radius of edges or corners of a prismatic cross section confined with FRP, in.
224 sf = center-to-center spacing of FRP strips, in.
225 sanc = center-to-center spacing of fiber anchors, in.
226 Tg = glass transition temperature, °F
227 tf = nominal thickness of one ply of FRP reinforcement, in.
228 Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete, lb
229 Vf = nominal shear strength provided by FRP stirrups, lb
230 Vn = nominal shear strength, lb
231 Vs = nominal shear strength provided by steel shear reinforcement, lb
232 Vu = factored shear force at section, lb
233 wf = width of FRP reinforcing plies, in.
234 α = angle of application of primary FRP reinforcement direction relative to longitudinal axis
235 of member, deg
236 αanc = angle over which fiber anchor is splayed over externally bonded FRP, deg
237 βanc = embedment angle of fiber anchor, deg
238 εbi = strain in concrete substrate at time of FRP installation (tension is positive), in./in.
239 εc = strain in concrete, in./in.
240 ε c′ = compressive strain of unconfined concrete corresponding to fc′, in./in.
241 εccu = ultimate axial compressive strain of confined concrete corresponding to 0.85fcc′ in a lightly
242 confined member (member confined to restore its concrete design compressive strength), or ultimate axial
243 compressive strain of confined concrete corresponding to failure in a heavily confined member, in./in.
244 εct = concrete tensile strain at level of tensile force resultant in post-tensioned flexural members,
245 in./in.
246 εfd = debonding strain of externally bonded FRP reinforcement, in./in.
247 εfe = effective strain in FRP reinforcement attained at failure, in./in.
248 εfu = design rupture strain of FRP reinforcement, in./in.
249 εfu* = rupture strain of FRP reinforcement, in./in.
250 εpe = effective strain in prestressing steel after losses, in./in.
251 εps = strain in prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength, in./in.
252 εsy = strain corresponding to yield strength of nonprestressed steel reinforcement, in./in.
253 εt = net tensile strain in extreme tension steel reinforcement at nominal strength, in./in.
254 εt ′ = transition strain in stress-strain curve of FRP-confined concrete, in./in.
255 η = parameter that combines the effects of member continuity and applied load pattern for
256 producing maximum factored moment at the critical section under consideration
257 ϕ = strength reduction factor
258 κa = shape factor for FRP reinforcement in determination of fcc′ (based on geometry of cross
259 section)
260 κb = shape factor for FRP reinforcement in determination of εccu (based on geometry of cross
261 section)
262 κv = bond-dependent coefficient for shear
263 ρg = ratio of area of longitudinal steel reinforcement to cross-sectional area of a compression
264 member (As/bh)
265 σ = standard deviation
266 τb = average bond strength for near-surface-mounted FRP bars, psi
267 ψf = FRP strength reduction factor
268 R2.1—Commentary notation
269 Ap = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, in.2
270 As = area of nonprestressed longitudinal steel tension reinforcement, in.2
271 b = width of compression face of member, in.
272 Cc = resultant force of concrete stress block, lb
273 df = effective depth of FRP flexural reinforcement, in.
274 dp = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed reinforcement, in.
275 e = eccentricity of prestressing steel with respect to centroidal axis of member at support, in.
276 fps = stress in prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength, psi
277 fs = stress in nonprestressed steel reinforcement, psi
278 Icr = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete, in.4
279 Ig = moment of inertia of gross section about centroidal axis, in.4
280 k = ratio of depth of neutral axis to reinforcement depth measured from extreme compression fiber
281 Ms = service moment at section, in.-lb
282 Msnet = service moment at section beyond decompression, in.-lb
283 Pe = effective force in prestressing reinforcement (after allowance for all prestress losses), lb
284 r = radius of gyration of cross section, in.
285 Tfc = resultant force of FRP system, lb
286 Ts = resultant force of internal reinforcing steel, lb
287 Ty = resultant force of internal reinforcing steel assuming yield of steel, lb
288 yb = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme bottom fiber,
289 in./in.
290 α1 = multiplier on fc′ to determine intensity of an equivalent rectangular stress distribution for concrete
291 β1 = ratio of depth of equivalent rectangular stress block to depth of the neutral axis
292 εcu = ultimate axial strain of unconfined concrete corresponding to 0.85fc′ or maximum usable strain of
293 unconfined concrete, in./in., which can occur at fc = 0.85fc′ or εc = 0.003, depending on the obtained stress-
294 strain curve
295 εpi = initial strain in prestressed steel reinforcement, in./in.
296 εpnet = net strain in flexural prestressing steel at limit state after prestress force is discounted (excluding
297 strains due to effective prestress force after losses), in./in.
298 εpnet,s = net strain in prestressing steel beyond decompression at service, in./in.
299 εps,s = strain in prestressing steel at service load, in./in.
300 εs = strain in nonprestessed steel reinforcement, in./in.
301 2.2—Definitions
302 R2.2—Definitions
303 For consistent application of the Code, it is necessary that terms be defined where they have particular
304 meanings in the Code. The definitions given are for use in application of the Code only and do not always
305 correspond to ordinary usage. A glossary of most-used terms relating to cement manufacturing, concrete
306 design and construction, and research in concrete is contained in “ACI Concrete Terminology,” available
307 on the ACI website. Additional definitions relevant to FRP strengthening systems can be found in ACI PRC-
308 440.2.
309 bond critical—application of strengthening system that relies on load transfer from the substrate to the
310 system material achieved through bond stresses at the interface.
311 carbon fiber—fiber produced by heating organic precursor materials containing a substantial amount of
312 carbon, such as rayon, polyacrylonitrile, or pitch in an inert environment.
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313 carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)—composite material comprising a polymer matrix
314 reinforced with carbon fiber fabric, mat, or strands.
315 construction documents—written and graphic documents and specifications prepared or assembled that
316 describe the location, design, materials, and physical characteristics of the elements of a project necessary
317 for obtaining a building permit and construction of the project.
318 contact critical—application of strengthening system that relies on load transfer from the substrate to
319 the system material achieved through contact or bearing at the interface.
320 creep rupture—breakage of a material under sustained loading at stresses less than the tensile strength.
321 cure—process by which the components of a thermosetting resin react to produce specified properties.
322 design basis code—legally adopted code requirements under which the assessment and strengthening
323 measures are designed and constructed.
324 externally bonded FRP system—wet layup or precured FRP strengthening system applied to the surface
325 of a concrete member.
326 COMMENTARY: FRP systems are conventionally supplied as systems to ensure the compatibility of all
327 constituent components.
328
329 fabric—two-dimensional network of woven, nonwoven, knitted, or stitched fibers; yarns; or tows.
330 fiber anchor—bundle of fibers having a specified length and fiber content and impregnated with resin;
331 a portion of the anchor is embedded into the concrete substrate and the remaining portion is splayed over
332 externally bonded fabric.
333 fiber content—amount of fiber present in a composite, expressed as a percentage volume fraction or
334 mass fraction of the composite.
335 fiber volume fraction—ratio of the volume of fibers to the volume of the composite containing the
336 fibers.
337 glass fiber—filament drawn from an inorganic fusion typically comprising silica-based material that has
338 cooled without crystallizing.
339 glass fiber-reinforced polymer—composite material comprising a polymer matrix reinforced with glass
340 fiber fabric, mat, or strands.
341 glass transition temperature—representative temperature of the temperature range over which an
342 amorphous material (such as glass or a high polymer) changes from (or to) a brittle, vitreous state to (or
343 from) a plastic state.
344 impregnate—to saturate fibers with resin or binder.
345 intumescent coating—covering that swells, increasing volume and decreasing density, when exposed to
346 fire imparting a degree of passive fire protection.
347 jacket—FRP system that fully encloses a concrete column member cross section and has a lap splice
348 adequate to develop the capacity of the FRP.
349 laminate—multiple plies or layers of fiber reinforcement molded together.
350 near-surface-mounted FRP system—precured FRP strengthening system installed into grooves cut into
351 concrete surface.
354
355 precured fiber-reinforced polymer system—collective term for all components of an FRP
356 strengthening application that may include surface primer, adhesive, precured FRP, and protective
357 overcoats, as applicable.
360
361 putty—thickened polymer-based resin used to prepare the concrete substrate.
362 saturating resins—polymer-based resin used to impregnate the reinforcing fibers, bond them in place,
363 and transfer load between fibers.
364 vinyl ester resin—thermosetting reaction product of epoxy resin with a polymerizable unsaturated acid
365 (usually methacrylic acid) that is then diluted with a reactive monomer (usually styrene).
366 wet layup—manufacturing process where dry fabric reinforcement is impregnated on site with a
367 saturating resin matrix and then cured in place.
368 wet layup fiber-reinforced polymer system—collective term for all components of an FRP
369 strengthening application that may include surface primer, putty, saturant, fiber fabric, mat or strands, and
370 protective overcoats, as applicable.
373
374 witness panel—small mockup manufactured under conditions representative of field application, to
375 confirm that prescribed procedures and materials will yield specified mechanical and physical properties.
376
377 CHAPTER 3—REFERENCED STANDARDS

378 3.1—American Concrete Institute (ACI)
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379 ACI CODE-216.1-14—Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry
380 Construction Assemblies
381 ACI CODE-318-19(22)—Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
382 ACI SPEC-440.6-08(22)—Specification for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bar Material for Concrete
383 Reinforcement
384 ACI SPEC-440.8-13(23)—Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Materials
385 Made by Wet Layup for External Strengthening
386 ACI SPEC-440.12-22—Specification for Strengthening of Concrete Structures with Externally Bonded
387 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Materials using the Wet Layup Method
388 ACI CODE-562-21—Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures—Code and
389 Commentary
390 3.2—American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
391 ASCE/SEI 7-22—Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
392 3.3—ASTM International
393 ASTM C882/C882M-20—Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Epoxy-Resin Systems Used With
394 Concrete By Slant Shear
395 ASTM C1583/C1583M-13—Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Concrete Surfaces and the
396 Bond Strength or Tensile Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Materials by Direct Tension (Pull-off
397 Method)
398 ASTM D570-22—Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics
399 ASTM D638-22—Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
400 ASTM D695-15—Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics
401 ASTM D3039/3039M—Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
402 Materials
403 ASTM D3418/D3418M-03—Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of
404 Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
405 ASTM D4258-05(2017)—Standard Practice for Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating
406 ASTM D4259-18—Standard Practice for Preparation of Concrete by Abrasion Prior to Coating
407 Application
408 ASTM D7565/D7565M-10(2017)—Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Fiber
409 Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites Used for Strengthening of Civil Structures
410 ASTM D7682-17—Standard Test Method for Replication and Measurement of Concrete Surface Profiles
411 Using Replica Putty
412 ASTM D7957/D7957M-22—Standard Specification for Solid Round Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
413 Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
414 ASTM E119-22—Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
415 3.4—Underwriters Laboratories
416 ANSI/UL 263-11—Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
417 CHAPTER 4—FRP SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

418 4.1—General
419 4.1.1 FRP systems shall conform to the requirements of 4.2, 4.3, or 4.4 and be reported based on gross
420 laminate area or nominal bar area.
421 R4.1.1 ACI PRC-440.2 defines the ultimate tensile strength of an FRP strengthening system (ffu*) as the
422 mean tensile strength of a sample of at least 20 specimens minus three times the standard deviation (ffu* =
423 f fu – 3σ). The chord tensile modulus (Ef*) is defined as the mean chord tensile modulus of a sample of at
424 least 20 test specimens. From these, rupture strain is determined: εfu* = ffu*/Ef*.
425 4.1.2 Gross laminate area shall be taken to be equal to laminate thiclness tf multiplied by the laminate
426 width.
427 4.2—Wet layup FRP systems
428 4.2.1 Wet layup FRP systems shall conform to the requirements of ACI SPEC-440.8.
429 R4.2.1 ACI SPEC-440.8 is applicable to carbon and glass fiber systems applied using the wet layup
430 method with an epoxy resin. ACI SPEC-440.8 reports mechanical properties determined in accordance
431 with ASTM D7565/D7565M in terms of tensile force and chord tensile modulus per unit width of material.
432 To obtain the required strength and modulus in terms of gross laminate area, the reported tensile force and
433 chord tensile modulus per unit width values are divided by the nominal laminate thickness. ASTM
434 D7565/D7565 prescribes tensile testing in accordance with ASTM D3039/D3039M. Results from ASTM
435 D3039/D3039M testing, which uses gross laminate area, can be reported directly.
436 Based on the requirements of ACI SPEC-440.8, minimum ultimate tensile strength and mean chord tensile
437 modulus requirements for wet layup FRP systems are 55 ksi and 2500 ksi, respectively.
438 4.3—Precured carbon FRP systems
439 4.3.1 For precured carbon FRP plates, ultimate tensile strength and mean chord tensile modulus shall be
440 determined in accordance with ASTM D7565/D7565M or ASTM D3039/D3039M.
441 R4.3.1 Precured carbon FRP plates are used for externally bonded and, when cut into strips, near-
442 surface-mounted (NSM) applications. Mechanical properties determined in accordance with ASTM
443 D7565/7565M are reported in terms of tensile force and chord tensile modulus per unit width of material.
444 To obtain the required strength and modulus in terms of gross laminate area, the reported tensile force and
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445 chord tensile modulus per unit width values are divided by the nominal FRP laminate thickness. ASTM
446 D7565/D7565 prescribes tensile testing in accordance with ASTM D3039/D3039M. Results from ASTM
447 D3039/D3039M testing, which uses gross laminate area, can be reported directly.
448 4.3.2 The ultimate tensile strength of precured carbon FRP, determined as the mean tensile strength of a
449 sample of at least 20 specimens minus three times the standard deviation (ffu* = f fu – 3σ), shall not be less
450 than 170 ksi.

451 4.3.3 The mean chord tensile modulus of precured carbon FRP (Ef*), determined from a sample of at least
452 20 test specimens shall not be less than 18,000 ksi.
453 4.3.4 The rupture strain shall be determined from Eq. (4.3.4).
454 εfu* = ffu*/Ef* (4.3.4)
455 4.3.5 Adhesive used to secure precured carbon FRP and FRP NSM reinforcement to concrete substrate
456 shall conform to the requirements given in Table 4.3.5 when cured at 73 ± 3°F for 7 days.
457 Table 4.3.5—Physical and mechanical property requirements of adhesive.
Property ASTM standard Required value
Minimum bond strength, 14 days C882/C882M 1000 psi
Maximum absorption, 24 hours D570 1%
Minimum glass transition temperature D3418/D3418M 140°F
Minimum compressive yield strength, 7 days D695 8000 psi
Minimum compressive modulus D695 150,000 psi
Minimum tensile strength, 7 days D638 3600 psi
Minimum elongation at break D638 1%
458 4.3.5.1 Specimens used for determination of minimum glass transition temperature, minimum
459 compressive yield strength, and minimum tension strength shall be permitted to be post-cured for up to 72
460 hours at 140°F In such cases, test results shall be reported with and without post-cure.
461 R4.3.5.1 The permitted post cure is intended to better reflect physical and mechanical properties of the
462 cured FRP system.
463 4.4—FRP near-surface-mounted bars
464 4.4.1 Glass FRP NSM bars shall be No. 4 or smaller and conform to ASTM D7957/D7957M.
465 R4.4.1 ASTM D7957/D7857M is applicable to only bars having glass fibers in a vinyl ester matrix resin.
466 ASTM D7957/D7957M prescribes a minimum bar rupture force. The implied strength is obtained by
467 dividing the force by the nominal area of the bar. Table R4.4.1 gives minimum ultimate tensile strength and
468 mean chord tensile modulus requirements of ASTM D7957/D7957M. Note that the ultimate tensile strength
469 decreases with increased bar diameter.
470 Table R4.4.1—Nominal geometry and minimum mechanical properties of glass FRP NSM
471 bars (ASTM D7957/D7957M)
Bar designation No. 2 No. 3 No. 4
Nominal diameter, in. 0.250 0.375 0.500
Nominal area, in.2 0.049 0.11 0.20
Minimum ultimate tension force,
6.1 13.2 21.6
kip
Minimum ultimate tensile
124 120 108
strength, ffu*, ksi
Minimum mean chord tensile
6,500
modulus, Ef*, ksi
Rupture strain, εf* > 0.011
472 4.4.2 Carbon FRP NSM bars shall be No. 4 or smaller and conform to the material properties set forth in
473 ACI SPEC-440.6.
474 R4.4.2 ACI SPEC-440.6 is applicable only to bars having carbon fibers in either a vinyl ester or an epoxy
475 matrix resin. ACI SPEC-440.6 prescribes a minimum bar rupture force. The strength is obtained by dividing
476 the force by the nominal area of the bar. Table R4.4.2 gives minimum ultimate tensile strength and mean
477 chord tensile modulus requirements of ACI SPEC-440.6. Note that the ultimate tensile strength decreases
478 with increased bar diameter.
479 Table R4.4.2—Nominal geometry and minimum mechanical properties of carbon FRP
480 NSM bars (ACI SPEC-440.6)
Bar designation No. 2 No. 3 No. 4
Nominal diameter, in. 0.250 0.375 0.500
Nominal area, in.2 0.05 0.11 0.20
Minimum ultimate tensile
210 190 170
strength, ffu*, ksi
Minimum mean chord tensile
18,000
modulus, Ef*, ksi
Rupture strain, εf* > 0.005
481 4.4.3 Adhesive used to embed NSM FRP into concrete grooves shall conform to the requirements of
482 4.3.5.
483 CHAPTER 5—CONCRETE SUBSTRATE REQUIREMENTS

484 5.1—General
485 5.1.1 Concrete surface preparation shall be in accordance with the construction documents and shall meet
486 the minimum requirements of 5.2, 5.3, or 5.4.
487 R5.1.1 The performance of concrete members strengthened with FRP systems is highly dependent on
488 proper preparation and profiling of the concrete substrate. Procedures for installing FRP systems have
489 been developed by the system manufacturers and often differ between systems; these often include surface
490 preparation requirements. Deviations from the procedures developed by the FRP system manufacturer
491 should not be permitted without consulting with the licensed design professional and the FRP system
492 manufacturer.
493 5.1.2 The compressive strength of the concrete substrate shall not be less than 2500 psi.
494 5.1.3 The tensile strength of the substrate concrete, determined in accordance with ASTM
495 C1583/C1583M shall not be less than 200 psi.
14
496 5.1.4 Substrates that exhibit deterioration shall be evaluated. Remediation of substrate to address existing
497 damage and mitigate future deterioration shall be implemented prior to application of FRP systems.
498 R5.1.4 Corrosion of steel reinforcement, effects of freezing-and-thawing cycles, chemical reactions such
499 as ASR, cracks exceeding 0.01 in. width (ACI PRC-440.2), and others, can cause substrate deterioration.
500 Prior to specifying an FRP system, the licensed design professional should investigate the severity and
501 extent of existing deterioration and potential for future deterioration. Based on the investigation findings,
502 the licensed design professional should develop a scope for remedial work to address existing and to
503 mitigate future substrate deterioration. The investigation may reveal that the use of an FRP system is not
504 suitable due to the extent and type of deterioration. ACI 546R provides recommendations for the selection
505 and application of materials and methods for repairing concrete substrates.
506 5.2—Bond critical externally bonded FRP systems
507 5.2.1 For bond critical externally bonded FRP systems, the concrete substrate and substrate preparation
508 shall conform to requirements of 5.2.1.1 through 5.2.1.4.
509 5.2.1.1 Methods of surface preparation shall be in accordance with ASTM D4259. The minimum surface
510 profile, determined in accordance with ASTM D7682 Method A or by direct visual comparison, shall be
511 CSP 3.
512 R5.2.1.1 ASTM D7682 uses putty impressions to capture the surface profile of prepared concrete. Method
513 A describes a direct visual comparison of the impression with the surface profile chips accompanying ICRI
514 310.2R.
515 5.2.1.2 The substrate shall be cleaned in accordance with ASTM D4258.
516 5.2.1.3 Localized out-of-plane variations, including form lines, shall not exceed 1/32 in.
517 5.2.1.4 Where FRP systems wrap around corners, the corners shall be rounded to a radius not less than
518 0.5 in.
519 5.3—Contact critical externally bonded FRP systems
520 5.3.1 For externally bonded contact-critical FRP systems, the concrete substrate and substrate preparation
521 shall conform to 5.2.1.2 through 5.2.1.4.
522 5.4—NSM FRP systems
523 5.4.1 The interior surfaces of NSM grooves shall be prepared in accordance with the system
524 manufacturer’s requirements.
525 R5.4.1 The interior surface of the groove should typically be cleaned in accordance with ASTM D4258.
526 5.4.2 The geometry and spacing of NSM grooves shall comply with 7.7.2.
527 CHAPTER 6—GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

528 6.1—General
529 6.1.1 This chapter shall apply to the design requirements for strengthening existing concrete structures
530 using FRP systems.
531 6.2—Basis of design
532 6.2.1 Design shall be based on the dimensions, amount, distribution, and locations of internal steel
533 reinforcement, material properties, and condition of the existing concrete member to be strengthened.
534 R6.2.1 ACI CODE-562provides requirements for evaluation and design of members to be strengthened.
535 6.2.2 Structural elements strengthened with FRP systems shall have design strengths at all sections at
536 least equal to the required strengths calculated using the applied factored loads and internal forces in such
537 combinations as required by the design basis code.
538 R6.2.2 Applications involving increasing the design loads on a structure will require structural analysis
539 to determine adequate strength at various critical sections of existing elements. For example, members
540 strengthened for flexure need to also have adequate shear capacity to resist the imposed loads.
541 6.2.3 Structural elements supporting FRP-strengthened members or connections shall have design
542 strengths at all sections at least equal to the required strengths calculated using the applied factored loads
543 and internal forces in such combinations as required by the design basis code.
544 R6.2.3 Members supporting strengthened members also need to possess adequate strength. For example,
545 columns and foundations need to be capable of sustaining the loads from strengthened beam elements.
546 6.2.4 Bond critical FRP strengthening systems shall be designed to resist tensile forces while maintaining
547 strain compatibility between the FRP and concrete substrate.
548 R6.2.4 Bond critical FRP strengthening systems contribute to the load carrying capacity of a concrete
549 member as additional tensile reinforcement. Tensile strains induced in the FRP induce stress in the FRP,
550 which result in a resistive force. Strain compatibility and force equilibrium for various applications are
551 addressed in Chapters 7 through 9 of the Code.
552 6.2.5 Design strains in the FRP system shall consider the state of strain of the substrate concrete when
553 the FRP system is installed.
554 R6.2.5 FRP systems are only affected by loads imposed after the FRP system is installed and cured. For
555 example, the FRP system does not resist the effects of structure self-weight present while the FRP system
556 is installed.
557 6.2.6 FRP strengthening systems shall not be designed to resist compressive forces.
558 R6.2.6 It is acceptable for FRP strengthening systems to experience compressive forces. However, any
559 resistance to compressive force that the FRP may provide is neglected in the provisions of the Code.
560 6.3—Load factors and combinations
16
561 6.3.1 Load factors and combinations for FRP strengthening systems shall be in accordance with ACI
562 CODE-562-21 Chapter 5 requirements including those for structures rehabilitated with external reinforcing
563 systems.
564 6.3.2 The strength of the concrete element without FRP strengthening shall satisfy ACI CODE-562-21
565 Clause 5.5.2.
566 R6.3.2 This requirement is intended to minimize the risk of failure of the strengthened structural member
567 in the case where, during normal operating conditions, the external reinforcement is damaged. If such
568 damage is not detected immediately, the ability of the structure (or component) to resist full design loads
569 may be compromised until the damage is identified and addressed. Appendix A describes additional load
570 combinations in ACI CODE-562 that apply to externally bonded FRP strengthening systems.
571 6.3.3 If a fire-resistance rating is required by the design basis code, FRP-strengthened concrete members
572 shall satisfy ACI CODE-562-21 Clause 5.5.3.
573 R6.3.3 This requirement is intended to ensure that the repaired element will maintain sufficient strength,
574 accounting for its probable reduced material properties due to elevated temperatures, during a fire event.
575 Appendix A describes additional load combinations in ACI CODE-562 that apply to externally bonded FRP
576 strengthening systems.
577 6.4—Design material properties
578 6.4.1 Design tensile properties of FRP strengthening systems shall be determined from Eq. (6.4.1a)
579 through (6.4.1c) using the mechanical properties defined in Chapter 4 and the environmental reduction
580 factor, CE, defined in 6.4.2.
581 ffu = CEffu* (6.4.1a)
582 εfu = CEεfu* (6.4.1b)
583 Ef = ffu/εfu (6.4.1c)
584 R6.4.1 Tensile properties reported by manufacturers do not consider long-term exposure to
585 environmental conditions. Because long-term exposure to various environments can degrade the tensile
586 strength, rupture strain, and the creep and fatigue performance of FRP strengthening systems, the material
587 properties used in design equations need to be reduced by an environmental reduction factor, CE (ACI PRC-
588 440.2). Environmental conditions affect both strength and strain but have been shown to have a limited
589 effect on the tensile modulus of FRP strengthening systems (Cromwell et al. 2011;).
590 6.4.1.1 The requirements of 6.4.1 shall be applied regardless of the use of protective coatings on the FRP
591 system.
592 6.4.2 Environmental reduction factors shall be determined according to Table 6.4.2.
593 Table 6.4.2—Environmental reduction factors for various exposure conditions and fiber
594 types
Exposure condition Fiber type Environmental reduction factor CE
Carbon 0.95
Interior exposure
Glass 0.75
Carbon 0.85
Exterior exposure
Glass 0.65
Carbon 0.85
Aggressive environment
Glass 0.50
595 R6.4.2 Interior exposure applies to applications in temperature and humidity-controlled spaces free of
596 aggressive environments. Interior exposure is typically an indoor application of the FRP strengthening
597 system that will be protected from the elements such as interior occupied spaces.
598 Exterior exposure applies to applications in outdoor environments free of aggressive environments.
599 Exterior exposure is typically outdoor exposure associated with applications such as bridges, piers/wharfs
600 above the high-water line, and parking garages.
601 Aggressive environment applies to applications involving exposure to any one or more of the following
602 conditions:
603 (a) Temperatures exceeding 120°F for a duration exceeding 24 consecutive hours
604 (b) Temperatures below –20°F for a duration exceeding 24 consecutive hours
605 (c) Temperatures exceeding 100°F combined with humidity levels exceeding 95% relative humidity for a
606 duration exceeding 24 consecutive hours
607 (d) Continuous immersion in water
608 (e) Continuous contact with soil
609 Aggressive environments are those associated with conditions known to cause greater long-term
610 degradation of material properties or bond properties. Exposure to chemical environments requires
611 additional consideration beyond the scope of the Code, including the specification of additional protective
612 coatings.
613 6.5—Maximum sustained loads
614 6.5.1 The sum of sustained stress plus cyclic stress in the FRP strengthening system shall not exceed
615 0.55ffu for carbon FRP and 0.20ffu for glass FRP.
616 R6.5.1 Carbon fiber FRP strengthening systems are generally used in applications where resistance to
617 fatigue and sustained load is required.
618 6.6—Maximum service temperature
619 6.6.1 FRP strengthening systems shall not be used when in-service substrate temperatures are expected
620 to exceed the glass transition temperature of the FRP strengthening system minus 27°F (Tg – 27°F).
621 R6.6.1 This requirement is intended for elevated service temperatures such as those found in hot climatic
622 regions or certain industrial environments. The physical and mechanical properties of the resin components
623 of the FRP strengthening system are influenced by temperature and moisture and degrade at temperatures
18
624 close to or above their glass transition temperature Tg (ACI PRC-440.2). The reported Tg is taken as the
625 lowest value of Tg of the components of the system.
626 6.7—Durability requirements
627 6.7.1 Means to allow moisture to escape from the existing structure shall be provided when the FRP
628 strengthening system creates an impermeable layer and moisture vapor transmission is expected.
629 R6.7.1 FRP strengthening systems may create a moisture barrier. Moisture and moisture vapor escaping
630 the existing structure that is trapped by the FRP can cause debonding of the FRP strengthening system;
631 thus, adequate means of moisture escape is needed. This is often achieved by leaving gaps of exposed
632 concrete substrate between strips of the FRP strengthening system. Weep channels or weep holes in the
633 installed system can also be employed to allow moisture egress.
634 6.7.2 Carbon FRP strengthening systems shall be designed to be electrically isolated from any metallic
635 components of the structure, including reinforcing steel.
636 R6.7.2 Galvanic corrosion can initiate when carbon fiber is in electrical contact with metals such as
637 steel. In most strengthening applications, the saturant or epoxy adhesive used to apply the FRP material to
638 the concrete substrate is adequate to isolate the metal. Special care should be taken to ensure electrical
639 isolation of carbon FRP and metallic inserts in the substrate surface. In such cases, an additional layer of
640 glass FRP is typically adequate.
641 6.7.3 The need for protective coatings shall be based on the anticipated environmental exposure
642 conditions and their compatibility with the FRP strengthening system.
643 R6.7.3 Protective coatings can be used for aesthetic reasons or to protect the FRP system from UV
644 degradation, abrasion, accidental damage, vandalism, reactions to chemical exposure, and other
645 conditions.
646 CHAPTER 7—DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR FLEXURAL

647 STRENGTHENING
648 7.1—General
649 7.1.1 This chapter shall apply to the design and detailing of flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete
650 and prestressed concrete members when permitted by the provisions of this Code.
651 R7.1.1 This chapter is applicable to concrete members such as beams, slabs, and walls. Additional
652 strength provided by FRP systems is a function of many factors, including member geometry, strengthening
653 scheme, and existing concrete strength.
654 7.1.2 Flexural strengthening applications shall be limited to externally bonded and near-surface-mounted
655 (NSM) FRP systems having primary fibers oriented longitudinally in the direction normal to the moment.
656 7.1.3 Unless anchorage of the flexural strengthening FRP system is provided, FRP reinforcement shall
657 not be used to strengthen concave soffits where the extent of the curved portion exceeds a length of 40 in.
658 with a rise of 0.2 in.
659 R7.1.3 FRP anchors or U-wrap anchorage can be used to delay debonding on concave soffits (Eshwar
660 et al. 2005). The licensed design professional should determine the required anchorage for concave soffits
661 considering the design strain of FRP and anchorage performance data provided by the FRP manufacturer.
662 7.2—Design strength
663 7.2.1 The design strength at all sections shall satisfy Eq. (7.2.1).
664 ϕMn ≥ Mu (7.2.1)
665 R7.2.1 When varying amounts of tension reinforcement exist along the member span or when draped or
666 harped prestressing steel is present, strength requirements need to be verified at multiple sections along
667 the span.
668 7.2.2 The strength reduction factor ϕ shall be determined in accordance with 7.2.2.1 or 7.2.2.2.
669 7.2.2.1 For concrete members with nonprestressed steel reinforcement, the strength reduction factor ϕ
670 shall be calculated by Eq. (7.2.2.1).
 0.90 for ε t ≥ ε sy + 0.003

 0.25(ε t − ε sy )

671 =φ 0.65
 + for ε sy < ε t < ε sy + 0.003 (7.2.2.1)
 0.003
 0.65 for ε t ≤ ε sy
672 7.2.2.2 For prestressed concrete members having bonded prestressed steel reinforcement with an ultimate
673 strength, fpu, of 250 or 270 ksi, the strength reduction factor ϕ shall be calculated by Eq. (7.2.2.2).
 0.90 for ε ps ≥ 0.013

 0.25(ε
 ps − 0.010)
674 =φ 0.65
 + for 0.010 < ε ps < 0.013 (7.2.2.2)
 0.013 − 0.010
 0.65 for ε ps ≤ 0.010
675 7.2.2.3 For prestressed concrete members having unbonded prestressed steel reinforcement, the strength
676 reduction factor ϕ shall be calculated by Eq. (7.2.2.3).
 0.90 for ε ct ≥ 0.005

 0.25(ε ct − 0.002)

677 =φ 0.65
 + for 0.002 < ε ct < 0.005 (7.2.2.3)
 0.003

 0.65 for ε ct ≤ 0.002
20
678 7.2.3 The member to be strengthened for flexure shall be capable of resisting the lesser of Vu and the
679 shear forces associated with the increased flexural strength.
680 R7.2.3 The potential for shear failure should be considered by comparing the design shear strength of
681 the section to the required shear strength. If additional shear strength is required, FRP reinforcement
682 designed in accordance with Chapter 8 can be provided.
683 7.3—Design requirements
684 7.3.1 FRP strengthening for flexure shall be designated as being bond critical.
685 7.3.2 The design of FRP strengthening for flexure shall consider failure modes (a) through (f):
686 (a) Crushing of the concrete in compression prior to yielding of reinforcing steel
687 (b) Yielding of steel in tension followed by FRP rupture
688 (c) Yielding of steel in tension followed by concrete crushing
689 (d) Rupture of prestressing steel
690 (e) Delamination of the concrete cover
691 (f) Debonding of FRP from concrete substrate
692 R7.3.2 The flexural strength of a section depends on the controlling failure mode. Cover delamination or
693 FRP debonding can occur if the force in the FRP cannot be transferred through bond to the substrate. Such
694 behavior is generally referred to as debonding, regardless of where the failure plane propagates within the
695 FRP-adhesive-substrate region.
696 7.3.3 Strains in the concrete, nonprestressed steel reinforcement, bonded prestressed steel reinforcement,
697 and FRP reinforcement shall be assumed to be proportional to their distance from the neutral axis of the
698 member.
699 7.3.3.1 Relative slip between FRP reinforcement and concrete shall be neglected.
700 R7.3.3.1 FRP systems that are anticipated to experience post-installation temperature fluctuations
701 greater than ±68°F may need to be evaluated for additional bond stresses induced by the difference in the
702 coefficients of thermal expansion of the FRP and concrete substrate (Lopez et al. 2003; Grace and Singh
703 2005; Cromwell et al. 2011).
704 7.3.3.2 Shear deformation within the adhesive layer shall be neglected.
705 R7.3.3.2 With substrate surface preparation provided in accordance with 5.1 and installation in
706 accordance with ACI SPEC-440.12, the saturant or adhesive layer will be very thin, thus the effects of shear
707 deformations are negligible in the context of the design methodology used.
708 7.3.4 The relationship between concrete compressive stress and strain shall be represented by a
709 rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or other shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial
710 agreement with results of comprehensive tests.
711 R7.3.4 For the concrete crushing mode of failure, the equivalent rectangular compressive stress
712 distribution as described in ACI CODE-318-19 Sections 22.2.2.4.1 through 22.2.2.4.3 may be used. If FRP
713 rupture, cover delamination, or FRP debonding occur; nonlinear stress distribution in the concrete or a
714 more accurate stress block appropriate for the strain level reached in the concrete at the ultimate-limit
715 state may be used.
716 When using an equivalent rectangular stress block, internal force equilibrium is calculated by Eq.
717 (R7.3.4).
718 α1fc′β1bc = Asfs + Apfps + Af ffe (R7.3.4)
719 The terms α1 and β1 in Eq. (R7.3.4) are parameters defining a rectangular stress block (ACI PRC-440.2).
720 7.3.4.1 Maximum usable compressive strain in the concrete is 0.003.
721 7.3.4.2 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural strength calculations.
722 7.3.5 Nonprestressed steel reinforcement shall be assumed to have an elastic-perfectly-plastic stress-
723 strain relationship.
724 R7.3.5 The stress in the nonprestressed steel is calculated by Eq. (R7.3.5).
725 fs = Esεs ≤ fy (R7.3.5)
726 7.3.6 The stress in prestressed steel reinforcement shall be calculated using the material properties of the
727 steel.
728 R7.3.6 For a typical seven-wire low relaxation prestressing strand, the stress-strain curve can be
729 approximated by Eq. (R7.3.6a) or (R7.3.6b) (PCI MNL-120).
 28,500ε ps for ε ps ≤ 0.0076


730 For Grade 250 ksi steel: f ps = 0.04 (R7.3.6a)
250 − for ε ps > 0.0076
 ε ps − 0.0064

 28,500ε ps for ε ps ≤ 0.0086


731 For Grade 270 steel: f ps = 0.04 (R7.3.6b)
270 − for ε ps > 0.0086
 ε ps − 0.007

732 7.3.7 The stress in unbonded prestressed steel reinforcement shall be calculated from the effective strain
733 by Eq. (7.3.7).
734 fps = Esεps ≤ 0.9fpy (7.3.7)
22
735 R7.3.7 In unbonded prestressed members, the stress in the prestressing steel seldom exceeds yield;
736 limiting the permitted design stress to 0.9fpy allows the use of a linear stress-strain relationship for the
737 unbonded prestressing steel.
738 7.3.8 The effective stress in the FRP shall be calculated from the effective strain by Eq. (7.3.8).
739 ffe = Efεfe (7.3.8)
740
741 7.3.8.1 For externally bonded FRP reinforcement, the effective strain εfe shall not exceed the strain at
742 which debonding occurs, calculated by Eq. (7.3.8.2).
f c′
743 =ε fd 0.083 ≤ 0.9ε fu (7.3.8.2)
NE f t f
744 R7.3.8.1 A description of the calibration of Eq. (7.3.8.2) is provided in ACI PRC-440.2.
745 7.3.8.2 For NSM FRP reinforcement, the effective strain εfe shall not exceed the strain at which debonding
746 occurs calculated by Eq. (7.3.8.3).
747 εfd = 0.7εfu (7.3.8.3)
748 R7.3.8.2 A description of the calibration of Eq. (7.3.8.3) is provided in ACI PRC-440.2.
749 7.4—Nominal flexural strength
750 7.4.1 This section shall apply to reinforced concrete members, prestressed concrete members having
751 bonded prestressing reinforcement, and prestressed concrete members having unbonded prestressing
752 reinforcement strengthened in flexure by externally bonded or NSM FRP reinforcement applied at the
753 tension face of the member.
754 7.4.2 The stress in nonprestressed steel reinforcement under service load fs,s shall not exceed 0.80fy.
755 7.4.3 The compressive stress in concrete under service load fc,s shall not exceed 0.60fc′.
756 7.4.4 The stress in prestressed steel reinforcement under service load fps,s shall not exceed 0.94fpy or
757 0.80fpu.
758 R7.4.4 To avoid inelastic deformations of the strengthened member, the prestressing steel should be
759 prevented from yielding under service load levels. The stress in the prestressing steel can be calculated
760 based on the actual condition (cracked or uncracked section) of the strengthened reinforced concrete
761 section. The strain in prestressing steel at service, εps,s, can be calculated from Eq. (R7.4.4a).
Pe  e2 
762 ε ps , s =ε pe + 1 + r 2  + ε pnet , s (R7.4.4a)
Ac Ec
763 The net tensile strain in the prestressing steel beyond decompression at service εpnet,s depends on the
764 effective section properties at service, and can be calculated using Eq. (R7.4.4b) or (R7.4.4c).
M se
765 For uncracked section at service: ε pnet , s = (R7.4.4b)
Ec I g
M snet e
766 For cracked section at service: ε pnet , s = (R7.4.4c)
Ec I cr
767 7.4.5 The effective strains in the internal nonprestressed steel reinforcement, prestressed steel
768 reinforcement, and FRP reinforcement shall be determined using strain compatibility in accordance with
769 7.3.4.
770 R7.4.5 Figure R7.4.5 illustrates the internal strain and stress distribution for a singly reinforced
771 nonpresstressed rectangular section under flexure at the ultimate limit state.
b b
α1fc
’
εc
c Cc β1 c Cc
df d df d
As As εs T s or Ty Ts or Ty
Af Af εfe εbi Tfe Tfe
externally bonded NSM strain force equilibrium force equilibrium
FRP strengthened reinforced distribution (nonlinear concrete (equivalent concrete
concrete sections stress distribution) stress block
772 distribution)
773
774 Fig. R7.4.5—Internal strain and stress distribution for a rectangular section under flexure at ultimate limit
775 state.
776 The calculation procedure used to arrive at the ultimate strength should satisfy strain compatibility and
777 force equilibrium, and should consider the governing mode of failure. For any assumed depth to the neutral
778 axis, c, the strain in the FRP reinforcement can be calculated from Eq. (R7.4.5a).
 df −c 
779 =ε fe ε cu   − ε bi ≤ ε fd (R7.4.5a)
 c 
780 Equation (R7.4.5a) considers the governing mode of failure for the assumed neutral axis depth. If the left
781 term of the inequality controls, concrete crushing controls flexural failure of the section. If the right term
782 of the inequality controls, FRP failure (rupture or debonding) controls.
24
783 The initial strain εbi is the strain in the substrate at the time of application of the FRP. This will typically
784 include the effects of member dead load and additional loads not relieved during the strengthening
785 application. The calculation procedure for the initial strain εbi will depend on the state of the concrete
786 section at the time of FRP installation and at service condition. Nonpresstressed sections will be cracked.
787 Prestressed sections can be uncracked at installation/uncracked at service, uncracked at
788 installation/cracked at service, or cracked at installation/cracked at service.
789 The initial strain on the bonded substrate, εbi, can be determined from an elastic analysis of the existing
790 member, considering all loads that will be present during the installation of the FRP system. The elastic
791 analysis of the existing member should be based on cracked or uncracked section properties, depending on
792 existing conditions.
793 The strain in the nonprestressed steel reinforcement can be calculated from Eq. (R7.4.5b).
 d −c 
794 ε s = (ε fe + ε bi )   (R7.4.5b)
 d f − c
795 Similarly, for a prestressed member, the strain in the FRP reinforcement can be calculated from Eq.
796 (R7.4.5c)
 d f − c
797 ε fe = (ε pu − ε pi )   − ε bi ≤ ε fd (R7.4.5c)
 dp − c
798 Where the initial strain in prestressed steel reinforcement can be calculated from Eq. (R7.4.5d).
P P  e2 
799 ε pi = e + e 1 + 2  (R5.4.5d)
Ap Es Ac Ec  r 
800 The strain in the prestressed steel reinforcement can be calculated from Eq. (R7.4.5e).
Pe  e2 
801 ε ps =ε pe + 1 + 2  + ε pnet ≤ 0.035 (R5.4.5e)
Ac Ec  r 
802 where εpnet is the net tensile strain in the prestressing steel beyond decompression at the nominal strength.
803 The value of εpnet will depend on the mode of failure and can be calculated using Eq. (R7.4.5f) or (R7.4.5g).
 dp − c 
804 For concrete crushing failure: ε pnet = 0.003   (R7.4.5f)
 c 
 dp − c
805 For FRP rupture or debonding failure modes: ε pnet
= (ε fe + ε bi )   (R7.4.5g)
 d f − c
806 7.4.6 The effective stresses in nonprestressed internal steel reinforcement, prestressed steel reinforcement
807 and FRP reinforcement shall be determined in accordance with 7.3.5, 7.3.6, and 7.3.8, respectively.
808 7.4.7 The effective stresses in unbonded prestressed steel reinforcement shall be determined in
809 accordance with 7.3.7 in which the effective strain shall be calculated by Eq. (7.4.7).
 dp − c 
810 ε=
ps ε pe + ηε c   (7.4.7)
 La 
811 R7.4.7 In sections having unbonded prestressed reinforcement, the unbonded steel slips relative to the
812 surrounding concrete resulting in the calculation of steel strain or stress becoming a function of overall
813 member deformation rather than only section curvature. The same equilibrium approach applied to a
814 flexural section with bonded prestressing may be used to determine the nominal strength of the FRP-
815 strengthened member, provided an appropriate method is used to calculate the strains or stresses in the
816 unbonded tendons at the ultimate flexural strength (El Meski and Harajli 2014; ACI PRC-440.2). In Eq.
817 (7.4.7), εpe is the effective strain in the unbonded prestressing steel after losses, and La is the total length of
818 tendon between anchorages.
819 7.4.7.1 The factor η shall be determined in accordance with Table 7.4.7.
820 Table 7.4.7—Values of factor η
Positive moment Negative moment
Two span Three or
Simply All other
Exterior Interior members, more spans, Cantilever
supported interior
spans spans first interior first interior spans
spans supports
support support
14.0 19.0 24.5 38.5 43.5 49.0 5.3
821 R7.4.7.1 The parameter η combines the effects of member continuity and applied load pattern for
822 producing maximum factored moment at the critical section under consideration (Haralji 2012) ACI PRC-
823 440.2).
824 7.4.8 The stress in the FRP under service loads ff,s shall be limited to the values given in 6.5.1.
825 R7.4.8 For nonprestressed members, the stress in the FRP reinforcement can be calculated from Eq.
826 (R7.4.8a).
 E f  d f − kd
827 =f f ,s fs,s   − ε bi E f (R7.4.8a)
 Es  d − kd
26
828 The stress in the FRP reinforcement under an applied moment within the elastic response range of a
829 prestressed member can be calculated from Eq. (R7.4.8b).
 E f  M s yb
830 =f f ,s   − ε bi E f (R7.4.8b)
 Ec  I g
831 7.4.9 The nominal flexural strength of the section with FRP reinforcement determined from equilibrium
832 at a section shall include an additional strength reduction factor ψf = 0.85, applied to the FRP reinforcement
833 contribution to flexural strength.
834 R7.4.9 The nominal flexural strength of a singly reinforced rectangular section with FRP reinforcement
835 can be calculated from Eq. (R7.4.9).
 β c  β c  β c
836 M=
n As f s  d s − 1  + Aps f ps  d ps − 1  + ψ f Af f fe  d f − 1  (R7.4.9)
 2   2   2 
837 The reduction factor ψf = 0.85 is based on a reliability analysis based on the experimentally calibrated
838 statistical properties of the flexural strength (ACI PRC-440.2).
839 7.5—Moment redistribution for continuous reinforced concrete beams
840 7.5.1 Moment redistribution shall be permitted when the strain in the tension steel reinforcement, εt,
841 exceeds 0.0075 at the section where moment is reduced.
842 7.5.2 Moment redistribution shall not be permitted where the moments have been calculated using the
843 approximate method described in ACI CODE-318-19 Section 6.5.
844 7.5.3 The reduction of maximum negative or maximum positive moment for any assumed loading
845 arrangement shall not exceed the lesser of 1000εt percent and 20%.
846 R7.5.3 El-Refaie et al. (2003) demonstrated that continuous reinforced concrete beams strengthened with
847 carbon FRP sheets can redistribute moment in the order of 6 to 31%.
848 7.5.4 Static equilibrium shall be maintained after redistribution of moments for each loading arrangement.
849 7.6—Anchorage and development of externally bonded FRP
850 7.6.1 Concrete substrate surface preparation shall be in accordance with 5.2.
851 7.6.2 Anchorage and detailing at the termination of externally bonded FRP for flexural strengthening
852 shall conform to 7.6.2.1, 7.6.2.2, or 7.6.2.3.
853 R7.6.2 The requirements of this clause are intended to mitigate the “end peel debonding” mode of failure
854 (ACI PRC-440.2) and are illustrated in Fig. R7.6.2.
M=0
M =Mu
M = Mcr
M = Mu
single ply single ply

≥l df ≥{ldf , d/2,12 in.}
multiple multiple
plies plies
≥l df ≥{ldf , d/2,12 in.}
≥6 in. (typ.) ≥6 in. (typ.)
855 simply supported beam continuous beam

856 Fig. R7.6.2—Termination requirements for externally bonded FRP flexural strengthening.
857 7.6.2.1 For simply supported beams, all FRP laminates shall be terminated a distance greater than ℓdf,
858 determined in accordance with 7.6.3, past the point along the span at which the resisted moment falls below
859 the cracking moment Mcr of the beam.
860 R7.6.2.1 Additional robustness can be provided by extending flexural FRP as close as possible to the
861 point of zero moment in a simply supported span (ACI PRC-440.2).
862 7.6.2.2 For continuous beams, all FRP laminates shall be terminated a distance greater than ℓdf and d/2
863 and 12 in. beyond the inflection point.
864 7.6.2.3 When the requirements of 7.6.2.1 or 7.6.2.2 cannot be met or the factored shear force in the
865 member exceeds two-thirds of the concrete shear strength (Vu > 0.67Vc) at the termination of flexural FRP,
866 the flexural FRP shall be anchored with transverse U-wrap anchorage having an area given by Eq. (7.6.2.3).
( Af f fe ) flexural FRP
867 Afanchor = (7.6.2.3)
( E f κ v ε fu ) anchor
868 7.6.2.3.1 The bond-reduction coefficient κv shall be determined from Eq. (8.6.5.3).
869 7.6.2.3.2 The U-wrap anchorage shall extend vertically up the sides of the web a distance equal to the
870 lesser of the depth of the web and 12 in.
871 7.6.2.3.3 The U-wrap anchorage shall extend a distance greater than ℓdf and d/2 and 12 in. from the
872 termination of the flexural FRP.
873 7.6.3 The development length ℓdf of externally bonded FRP for flexural strengthening shall be determined
874 from Eq. (7.6.3).
875  df = 0.057 NE f t f / f c′ (7.6.3)
28
876 7.6.4 For multiple-ply FRP systems, the terminations of the plies shall conform to the requirements of
877 7.6.4.1 and 7.6.4.2.
878 R7.6.4 Providing a stepwise termination of successive FRP plies reduces the stress concentrations
879 responsible for end-peel debonding. The requirements of 7.6.4 are illustrated in Fig. R7.6.2.
880 7.6.4.1 The outermost ply shall be terminated in accordance with 7.6.2.
881 7.6.4.2 Successive plies beneath the outermost ply shall be longer and terminated no less than 6 in. from
882 the end of the previous ply.
883 7.6.5 Lap splices in the longitudinal direction of wet layup FRP shall have a splice length greater than ℓdf
884 determined in accordance with 7.6.3 and 6 in.
885 R7.6.5 For unidirectional wet layup FRP laminates, lap splices are required only in the direction of the
886 fibers. Lap splices are not required in the direction transverse to the fibers. Lap splices should be located
887 outside of regions of high expected FRP stress and should be staggered to the extent possible.
888 7.6.5.1 Splicing of precured laminates shall not be permitted.
889 7.7—Development of near-surface-mounted FRP flexural strengthening
890 7.7.1 Concrete substrate surface preparation and groove preparation shall be in accordance with 5.4.
891 7.7.2 Grooves into which near-surface-mounted (NSM) FRP is placed shall conform to 7.7.2.1 or 7.7.2.2.
892 R7.7.2 Minimum groove dimensions are shown in Fig. R7.7.1. Care should be taken that groove depth
893 does not impinge upon existing internal reinforcing steel. Grooves should be cleaned in accordance with
894 manufacturers requirements.
ab
≥ 1.5db db bb ≥ 1.5bb
≥ 1.5db ≥ 3ab
≥ 4 times groove depth ≥ 2 x groove depth ≥ 2 x groove depth ≥ 4 times groove depth
circular NSM FRP rectangular NSM FRP
895 (7.7.2.1) (7.7.2.2)
896 Fig. R7.7.2—Minimum dimensions of NSM grooves.

897 7.7.2.1 For circular NSM FRP having diameter db, both the groove depth and width shall equal or exceed
898 1.5db.
899 7.7.2.2 For rectangular NSM FRP having dimensions ab x bb in which ab is the smaller dimension, groove
900 depth shall equal or exceed 1.5bb and groove width shall equal or exceed 3ab.
901 7.7.3 Clear spacing between adjacent NSM grooves shall exceed twice the groove depth.
902 7.7.4 Clear spacing between NSM grooves and the edge of a member shall exceed four times the groove
903 depth.
904 7.7.5 Termination of NSM FRP shall conform to 7.6.2.1 or 7.6.2.2, where ℓdf is determined in accordance
905 with 7.7.6.
906 7.7.6 The development length ℓdf of NSM FRP for flexural strengthening shall be determined from Eq.
907 (7.7.6).
f fd db
908 For circular NSM FRP having diameter db:  df = (7.7.6a)
4τb
f fd ab bb
909 For rectangular NSM FRP having dimensions aa x bb:  df = (7.7.6b)
4τb (ab + bb )
910 7.7.6.1 The bond strength τb shall be taken as 1000 psi.
911 CHAPTER 8—DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR SHEAR

912 STRENGTHENING
913 8.1—General
914 8.1.1 This chapter shall apply to the design and detailing of shear strengthening of reinforced concrete
915 and prestressed concrete members using externally bonded FRP systems when permitted by the provisions
916 of this Code.
917 R8.1.1 Additional strength provided by FRP systems is a function of many factors, including beam
918 geometry, wrapping scheme, and existing concrete strength.
919 8.2—Sectional requirements
920 8.2.1 Columns strengthened for shear shall be rectangular or circular in section except as permitted by
921 8.2.1.1.
922 8.2.1.1 Shear strengthening of polygonal columns having more than four sides and elliptical columns is
923 permitted using the provisions for a circular section and an effective diameter equal to the diameter of the
924 circle completely inscribing the actual cross section.
925 8.3—FRP System wrapping schemes
926 8.3.1 FRP strengthening for shear shall be designated as being bond critical.
927 8.3.2 The FRP system wrapping scheme for beams shall be designated as being completely wrapped, U-
928 wrapped, or two-sided in accordance with Fig. 8.3.2.
929 R8.3.2 Complete wrapping of the beam section is the most efficient means of shear strengthening followed
930 by U-wraps. FRP bonded to only two opposing sides of the section is the least efficient scheme.
30
FRP flexural
reinforcement,
if present (typ.)
completely U-wrapped two-sided completely wrapped columns

wrapped beam wrapped
931 beam beam
932 Fig. 8.3.2—Permitted FRP wrapping schemes for shear strengthening beams and columns.
933 8.3.3 For columns, the FRP system shall be completely wrapped around the section and shall be oriented
934 such that the fibers are oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member.
935 8.3.4 At sections of a member where FRP flexural reinforcement is also present, FRP shear reinforcement
936 shall be placed after the flexural FRP.
937 R8.3.4 Shear reinforcement placed on top of flexural reinforcement, as shown in Fig. 8.3.2, is known to
938 provide some anchorage to the flexural reinforcement (ACI PRC-440.2).
939 8.3.5 For completely wrapped sections, each discrete sheet of FRP shall have an overlapped closure splice
940 greater than ℓdf determined in accordance with 7.6.3 calculated with N = 1 and 6 in. long.
941 R8.3.5 Multiple plies of FRP can be provided using a single continuous sheet in accordance with 8.3.5.
942 Manufacturer recommendations may require a longer overlap splice.
943 8.3.6 For rectangular sections, the overlapped closure splice shall be located such that no part of splice
944 rounds an exterior corner.
945 8.3.7 It is permitted to install the FRP shear reinforcement continuously or in discrete strips along the
946 length of the member over which it is required.
947 R8.3.7 When FRP systems are installed continuously along a member, the potential adverse effects of
948 entrapping moisture in the members may need to be considered as required by 6.7.1.
949 8.3.7.1 For discrete FRP strips, the clear spacing between adjacent strips shall not exceed the lesser of
950 d/4 and 12 in.
951 8.4—Design strength
953 ϕVn ≥ Vu (8.4.1)
954 8.4.2 The strength reduction factor ϕ shall be determined in accordance with ACI CODE-562.
955 8.5—Nominal shear strength
956 8.5.1 The nominal shear strength of an FRP-strengthened member shall be determined in accordance with
957 Eq. (8.5.1).
958 Vn = Vc + Vs + ψfVf (8.5.1)
959 8.5.2 The concrete and internal steel contributions to nominal shear strength, Vc and Vs, respectively, shall
960 be computed in accordance with the design basis code.
961 8.5.3 The strength reduction factor ψf shall be taken as:
962 (a) 0.95 for completely wrapped members
963 (b) 0.85 for U-wraps and two-sided FRP applications
964 R8.5.3 The additional strength reduction factor ψf for U-wraps and two-sided FRP applications is based
965 on reliability analysis described in ACI PRC-440.2. U-wraps and two-sided applications are more
966 susceptible to debonding at their terminations whereas complete wrapping provides greater reliability
967 warranting a higher value of ψf (ACI PRC-440.2).
968 8.5.4 Total shear strength provided by the sum of the internal steel and FRP shear reinforcement
969 components shall not exceed the limit given by Eq. (8.5.4).
970 For rectangular sections: Vs + V f ≤ 8 f c′bw d (in.-lb) (8.5.4)
971 R8.5.4 This limit is intended to minimize the likelihood of diagonal compression failure in the concrete
972 and to limit the extent of cracking.
973 8.5.4.1 For circular sections, bw = Dc and d = 0.8Dc shall be substituted in Eq. (8.5.4).
974 8.6—FRP Contribution to shear strength
975 8.6.1 The FRP contribution to shear strength shall be calculated by Eq. (8.6.1).
Afv f fe d fv (sin α + cos α)

976 Vf = (8.6.1)
sf
977 8.6.2 The effective depth of FRP strengthening dfv shall be in accordance with Fig. 8.6.2 for rectangular
978 sections and shall be 0.8 times the diameter of the section for circular sections.
wf
h d
dfv
α
bw sf wf sf
979
980 Fig. 8.6.2—Dimension definitions of FRP shear strengthening.
981 8.6.3 The angle of inclination of FRP strips relative to the longitudinal axis of the member α shall be
982 between 45 degrees and 90 degrees, inclusive.
983 8.6.4 The area of FRP shear reinforcement shall be determined in accordance with Eq. (8.6.4).
32
984 For rectangular sections: Afv = 2Ntfwf (8.6.4a)
985 For circular sections: Afv = (π/2)Ntfwf (8.6.4b)
986 8.6.5 The effective strain in the FRP, εfe, shall be determined in accordance with 8.6.5.1 or 8.6.5.2.
987 R8.6.5 The effective strain is the maximum strain that can be achieved in the FRP at the nominal strength
988 of the member and is a function of the existing concrete compressive strength and failure mode of the FRP.
989 8.6.5.1 For completely wrapped members and for U-wraps anchored in accordance with 8.7, the effective
990 strain εfe shall be determined from Eq. (8.6.5.1).
991 εfe = 0.004 ≤ 0.75εfu (8.6.5.1)
992 R8.6.5.1 The strain limit of 0.004 for completely wrapped members is intended to ensure the continued
993 concrete contribution, Vc, to the nominal shear strength through the maintenance of aggregate interlock.
994 The value 0.004 is based on testing and experience (ACI PRC-440.2).
995 8.6.5.2 For U-wraps and two-sided FRP applications, the effective strain εfe shall be determined from Eq.
996 (8.6.5.2).
997 εfe = κvεfu ≤ 0.004 (8.6.5.2)
998 R8.6.5.2 For U-wraps and two-sided FRP applications, the FRP has been observed to delaminate from
999 the concrete prior to the degradation of the concrete contribution, Vc, to the nominal shear strength. The
1000 bond-reduction coefficient κv is a function of concrete strength, wrapping scheme, and stiffness of the FRP
1001 system. The design procedure adopted herein was developed by a combination of analytical and empirical
1002 results (ACI PRC-440.2).
1003 8.6.5.3 The bond-reduction coefficient κv shall be determined from Eq. (8.6.5.3).
k1k2 Le
1004 =κv ≤ 0.75 (8.6.5.3)
468ε fu
1005 8.6.5.3.1 The active bond length Le shall be calculated from Eq. (8.6.5.3.1).
2500
1006 Le = (8.6.5.3.1)
( Nt f E f )0.58
1007 8.6.5.3.2 The modification factor k1 shall be calculated from Eq. (8.6.5.3.2).
2/3
 f′ 
1008 k1 =  c  (8.6.5.3.2)
 4000 
1009 8.6.5.3.3 The modification factor k2 shall be calculated from Eq. (8.6.5.3.3a) or Eq. (8.6.5.3.3b), as
1010 applicable.
1011 For U-wraps: k2 = (dfv – Le)/dfv (8.6.5.3.3a)
1012 For two-sided FRP: k2 = (dfv – 2Le)/dfv (8.6.5.3.3b)
1013 8.7—Anchorage for U-wraps

1014 8.7.1 Fiber anchors used to anchor U-wrap shear reinforcement such that effective strain in accordance
1015 with 8.6.5.1 can be achieved shall conform to all requirements of 8.7.
1016 R8.7.1 U-wraps anchored with fiber anchors have been shown to increase the shear strength of full-scale
1017 concrete bridge girders by 20 to 60% and to demonstrate favorable fatigue and long-term creep
1018 performance (Jirsa et al. 2017). The limitations of the anchorage approach described in 8.7 are based on
1019 available testing. Additional information on fiber anchors for U-wraps can be found in ACI PRC-440.2.
1020 8.7.2 U-wraps anchored by fiber anchors shall have laminate stiffness, NtfEf, no greater than 1150 kip/in..
1021 8.7.3 For continuous U-wraps, fiber anchors shall be spaced (sanc) along the longitudinal axis of the
1022 member at a distance no greater than 10 in.
1023 8.7.4 For discrete U-wraps, each U-wrap shall be anchored and the anchor spacing on a single discrete
1024 U-wrap, sanc, shall not exceed 10 in.
1025 R8.7.4 Discrete U-wraps having a width wf up to 10 in. can be anchored with a single fiber anchor. Wider
1026 discrete U-wraps require multiple anchors having a spacing not exceeding 10 in.
1027 8.7.5 Tensile strength and elastic modulus of the FRP material from which fiber anchor is fabricated shall
1028 be equal to or greater than those of the U-wraps being anchored.
1029 8.7.6 The gross laminate area of the fiber anchor securing each leg of the U-wrap shall be determined by
1030 Eq. (8.7.6).
1031 Aanc ≥ RA(Ntfsanc) (8.7.6)
1032 R8.7.6 The required area of fibers in a fiber anchor is a function of force to be developed in the U-wrap,
1033 the splay angle αanc, and the embedment angle βanc (del Rey Castillo et al. 2019; ACI PRC-440.2). Aanc is
1034 the minimum area of a saturated fiber anchor with an amount of fiber equal to or greater than the fiber in
1035 a width of the laminate represented by RANsanc. The effectiveness of a fiber anchor diminishes with an
34
1036 increase in anchor cross-sectional area and increase in width of U-wrap anchored (Pudleiner et al. 2019;
1037 ACI PRC-440.2).
1038 8.7.6.1 The factor RA shall be determined in accordance with Table 8.7.6.1
1039 8.7.6.2 For discrete U-wraps having a single anchor, sanc in Eq. (8.7.6) shall be taken as the width of the
1040 discrete strip, wf.
1041 8.7.7 Fiber anchors shall be detailed in accordance with 8.7.7.2 or 8.7.7.3.
1042 R8.7.7 The detailing requirements of 8.7.7 and 8.7.8 are essential to achieving the desired anchor
1043 performance and required effective strain in the anchored U-wraps. Figure R8.7.7 illustrates the
1044 requirements of 8.7.7 and 8.7.8 including the determination of dfv described in 8.7.7.1.
1045 8.7.7.1 For anchored U-wraps, dfv shall be measured from the location of the anchor.
1046 8.7.7.2 Individual fiber anchors having a single splay shall be installed on both legs of the U-wrap being
1047 anchored at a location either immediately above the end of the U-wrap or on the U-wrap no further than 2
1048 in. from the end of the U-wrap. Individual fiber anchors shall be detailed in accordance with (a) through
1049 (f).
1050 (a) Fiber shall be distributed uniformly across the splay and need not extend beyond the edge of the U-
1051 wrap.
1052 (b) Splay angle αanc shall not exceed 60 degrees.
1053 (c) Splay length ranc shall be determined in accordance with Table 8.7.6.1.
1054 (d) If the anchor is not finished in accordance with 8.7.8, the anchor splay length ranc provided shall be
1055 1.5 times that determined in accordance with Table 8.7.6.1.
1056 (e) Embedment angle βanc shall not be less than 90 degrees or greater than 180 degrees.
1057 (f) Embedment depth hanc shall be determined in accordance with Table 8.7.6.1 and shall extend at least
1058 2 in. beyond concrete cover.
1059 8.7.7.3 Fiber anchors extending through the width of the cross section having a splay at both ends shall
1060 be installed such that both legs of the U-wrap are anchored at locations either immediately above the end
1061 of the U-wrap or on the U-wrap no further than 2 in. from the end of the U-wrap. Double-ended fiber
1062 anchors shall be detailed in accordance with (a) through (f).
1063 (a) Fiber shall be distributed uniformly across the splay and need not extend beyond the edge of the U-
1064 wrap.
1065 (b) Splay angle αanc shall not exceed 60 degrees.
1066 (c) Splay length ranc shall be determined in accordance with Table 8.7.6.1 if the anchor is finished in
1067 accordance with 8.7.8.
1068 (d) If the anchor is not finished in accordance with 8.7.8, the anchor splay length, ranc, provided shall be
1069 1.5 times that determined in accordance with Table 8.7.6.1.
1070 (e) The embedment angle βanc for double ended fiber anchors shall be taken as 90 degrees.
1071 (f) The anchor shall be placed through a single hole drilled through the member being strengthened.
1072 R8.7.7.3 Double ended through-width fiber anchors may be used in place of individual fiber anchors on
1073 each side of the U-wrap. Such anchors may be used for members having relatively thin webs such as cast-
1074 in-place pan joints and precast concrete tees.
FRP fiber anchor (typ.)
hanc danc ≤ 2 in. FRP patch
fiber r anc
anchor βanc r anc αanc
dfv dfv sanc dfv
FRP U-wrap
wf wf wf
anchor anchor multiple FRP patch FRP anchor

discrete U-wraps installed installed anchors over anchor installed
(one anchor each side) on U-wrap at end of (required for beneath top
U-wrap wf > 10 in.) layer of
multilayer
U-wrap
hanc danc
fiber ranc
βanc r anc FRP anchor
anchor αanc installed
beneath top
sanc layer of
FRP U-wrap
multilayer
U-wrap
continuous
continuous U-wraps FRP patch
(one anchor each side) over anchor
> hanc + 0.25 in.
> 2 in.
hanc
danc
fiber details along span
anchor βanc r anc
identical to those ranc 0.5 in. danc
shown above for minimum
discrete or
FRP U-wrap
continuous U-wraps danc + 0.125 in. to danc + 0.375 in.
1075 double-ended fiber anchors drilled holes for fiber anchors

1076 Fig. R8.7.7—Fiber anchors for anchoring U-wraps.
1077 8.7.8 The fiber anchor shall be finished in accordance with 8.7.8.1 or 8.7.8.2.
1078 8.7.8.1 For U-wraps composed of multiple FRP plies, the fiber anchor shall be installed under the topmost
1079 U-wrap layer.
36
1080 8.7.8.2 A single layer patch of the same FRP system as the U-wrap shall be installed over the anchor
1081 splay with the FRP oriented perpendicular to the anchored U-wrap.
1082 8.7.9 The drilled holes into which the fiber anchors are installed shall be detailed in accordance with (a)
1083 through (d):
1084 (a) Hole drilling and cleaning shall be in accordance with the fiber anchor manufacturer’s installation
1085 requirements.
1086 (b) The drilled hole diameter shall be between 0.125 in. and 0.375 in. larger than the anchor diameter,
1087 danc, corresponding to Aanc.
1088 (c) The drilled hole depth shall be no less than 0.25 in. deeper than hanc.
1089 (d) The edge of the drilled hole shall be chamfered or rounded to a distance no less than 0.5 in. over the
1090 extent of the splay angle αanc.
1091 R8.7.9 The rounding of the hole edge (d) is intended to reduce stress concentrations at the anchor bend.
1092 Table 8.7.6.1—Fiber anchor design parameters and detailing requirements, in-lb
RA ranc,
hanc, in.
in.
U-wrap 90 degrees 90 110 125
sanc, in. 125 degrees
NEftf, kip/in. ≤ βanc ≤ degrees ≤ degrees < degrees <
< βanc ≤ 180
125 βanc ≤ 110 βanc ≤ 125 βanc ≤ 180
degrees
degrees degrees degrees degrees
NEftf ≤ 288
288 < NEftf ≤
1.25 1.00 sanc 6.0
575
1.25 1.00 sanc 6.0
≤4 575 < NEftf ≤
1.25 1.00 8.0 6.0
863
1.25 1.00 10.0 8.0
863 < NEftf ≤
1150
NEftf ≤ 288
288 < NEftf ≤
1.25 1.00 sanc 6.0
575
1.25 1.00 sanc 6.0
4 < sanc ≤ 6 575 < NEftf ≤
1.50 1.25 8.0 8.0
863
1.50 1.25 10.0 10.0
863 < NEftf ≤
Larger Larger
1150
of 4.0 and of 6.0 and
NEftf ≤ 288
7(Aanc)0.5 7(Aanc)0.5
288 < NEftf ≤
1.25 1.00 sanc 6.0
575
1.50 1.25 sanc 8.0
6 < sanc ≤ 8 575 < NEftf ≤
1.50 1.25 sanc 10.0
863
1.75 1.50 10.0 12.0
863 < NEftf ≤
1150
NEftf ≤ 288
288 < NEftf ≤
1.25 1.00 sanc 6.0
575
1.50 1.25 sanc 8.0
8 < sanc ≤ 10 575 < NEftf ≤
1.75 1.50 sanc 10.0
863
2.00 2.00 sanc 12.0
863 < NEftf ≤
1150
1093 8.8—Details for FRP shear strengthening
1094 8.8.1 Concrete substrate surface preparation shall be in accordance with 5.2.
1095 8.8.2 FRP shall not turn inside corners without the provision of anchors, designed in accordance with 8.7,
1096 provided on both sides of the inside corner.
1097 R8.8.2 Examples of inside corners are the intersections of beams and joists and the intersection of sides
1098 of beams and the underside of slabs.
1099 CHAPTER 9—DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR AXIAL FORCE AND

1100 COMBINED AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT STRENGTHENING
1101 9.1—General
1102 9.1.1 This chapter shall apply to the design and detailing of axial and combined axial and flexural
1103 strengthening of reinforced concrete members when permitted by the provisions of this Code.
1104 R9.1.1 Confinement of reinforced concrete compression members by means of FRP jackets can be used
1105 to enhance their strength and ductility, typically for extreme load conditions. An increase in axial-load-
1106 bearing capacity is calculated in terms of improved peak load resistance. Ductility enhancement requires
1107 more complex calculation to determine the ability of a member to sustain rotation and drift without a
1108 substantial loss in strength. This chapter applies only to reinforced concrete members confined with FRP
1109 systems.
1110 9.1.2 The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to columns with unconfined concrete strength, fc′,
1111 greater than 10,000 psi.
1112 R9.1.2 Strength enhancement for compression members with fc′ greater than 10,000 psi has not been
1113 experimentally verified. Effects of FRP confinement are known to become less efficient as unconfined
1114 concrete strength increases (ACI PRC-440.2).
1115 9.1.3 The provisions of this chapter shall apply only to FRP systems in full contact with flat or convex
1116 surfaces.
1117 R9.1.3 FRP confinement cannot be engaged when applied to a concave surface or over a large void or
1118 gap.
1119 9.1.4 The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to rectangular columns with any side dimension
1120 greater than 36 in.
1121 R9.1.4 The effectiveness of FRP confinement on rectangular columns having sides longer than 36 in. has
1122 not been experimentally verified. Confinement of long flat sides produces little enhancement of concrete
1123 behavior (Lam and Teng 2003; ACI PRC-440.2).
1124 9.1.5 The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to rectangular columns having a ratio of side
1125 dimensions less than 0.5 or greater than 2.0.
38
1126 R9.1.5 Confinement of rectangular columns with a large cross section aspect ratio produces only
1127 marginal increase in axial capacity (Lam and Teng 2003; ACI PRC-440.2).
1128 9.1.6 The provisions of this chapter shall apply to circular columns of any diameter.
1129 9.2—Axial compression
1130 R9.2 FRP systems can be used to increase the axial compressive strength of a concrete member by
1131 providing confinement to the concrete in a manner similar to conventional spiral or tie reinforcing steel.
1132 Any contribution of longitudinally aligned fibers to the axial compression strength of a concrete member is
1133 beyond the scope of the Code. Strengthening for axial force alone is rare; strengthening for combined
1134 forces is addressed in 9.3.
1135 9.2.1 The confinement of reinforced concrete columns shall be with completely wrapped FRP jackets.
1136 9.2.1.1 FRP jackets are permitted to be designated as contact critical.
1137 R9.2.1.1 FRP jackets provide passive confinement to the compression member concrete, remaining
1138 unstressed until dilation and cracking of the wrapped compression member occur. For this reason, intimate
1139 contact between the FRP jacket and the concrete member is critical, although bond is not necessary and
1140 surface preparation may be in accordance with 5.3. If confinement reinforcement is also used for shear
1141 strengthening, the application is bond critical in accordance with 8.3.1 and surface preparation according
1142 to 5.2 is required.
1143 9.2.1.2 FRP jackets shall be completely wrapped around the section and shall be oriented such that the
1144 fibers are oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member.
1145 9.2.1.3 FRP jackets designed only to enhance strength shall be continuous over the length of the member
1146 being confined.
1147 R9.2.1.3 FRP jackets intended to enhance ductility of a column may, in some instances, only be required
1148 over the length of the plastic hinges of the member (ACI PRC-440.2).
1149 9.2.1.4 FRP jackets shall have an overlapped closure splice greater than 6 in. long located entirely on a
1150 flat side of a rectangular section.
1151 R9.2.1.4 A closure splice may be located anywhere around the circumference of a circular section.
1153 ϕPn ≥ Pu (9.2.2)
1154 9.2.2.1 The strength reduction factor ϕ shall be determined in accordance with ACI CODE-562.
1155 9.2.3 The nominal axial compressive strength of a nonslender, nonprestressed, normalweight concrete
1156 member confined with an FRP jacket shall be determined in accordance with Eq. (9.2.3a) or (9.2.3b), As
1157 applicable.
1158 For members with internal steel spiral reinforcement:
1159 Pn = 0.85[0.85fcc′(Ag – Ast) + fyAst] (9.2.3a)
1160 For members with internal steel-tie reinforcement:
1161 Pn = 0.85[0.80fcc′(Ag – Ast) + fyAst] (9.2.3b)
1162 9.2.4 The confined concrete compressive strength shall be determined in accordance with Eq. (9.2.4).
1163 fcc′ = fc′ + ψf 3.3κafℓ (9.2.4)
1164 9.2.4.1 The maximum confining pressure shall be determined in accordance with Eq. (9.2.4.1a) or Eq.
1165 (9.2.4.1b), as applicable.
1166 For a circular cross section having diameter Dc:
2 E f Nt f ε fe
1167 f = (9.2.4.1a)
Dc
1168 For a rectangular cross section having dimensions bc × hc:
2 E f Nt f ε fe
1169 f = (9.2.4.1b)
bc2 + hc2
1170 9.2.4.1.1 The maximum effective strain εfe shall be 0.55εfu.

1171 R9.2.4.1.1 The FRP strain efficiency factor 0.55 accounts for the potential for premature FRP failure
1172 due to stress concentration caused by cracking of the confined concrete as it dilates (ACI PRC-440.2).
1173 Consideration should also be given to effects of sustained stress in the FRP as addressed in 6.5.
1174 9.2.4.1.2 The reduction factor ψf shall be taken as 0.95.
1175 9.2.4.1.3 The ratio of fℓ to the unconfined concrete strength, fc′ shall be equal to or greater than 0.08.
1176 R9.2.4.1.3 Confinement corresponding to fℓ/fc′ = 0.08 is the minimum level of confinement required to
1177 assure a nondescending post-peak branch in the stress-strain behavior of the confined concrete (Lam and
1178 Teng 2003a,b; ACI PRC-440.2). This is shown schematically in Fig. R9.2.4.1.3.
40
1179
1180 Fig. R9.2.4.1.3—Schematic stress-strain behavior of unconfined and confined reinforced concrete columns
1181 (after Rocca et al. [2006]).
1182 9.2.4.2 For circular cross sections, the shape factor κa in Eq. (9.2.4) shall be taken as 1.0.
1183 R9.2.4.2 FRP jackets are most effective at confining members with circular cross sections. The FRP
1184 system provides a circumferentially uniform confining pressure to the radial expansion of the compression
1185 member when the fibers are aligned transverse to the longitudinal axis of the member.
1186 9.2.4.3 For rectangular cross sections having dimension bc × hc, in which hc ≤ bc, the shape factor κa in
1187 Eq. (9.2.4) shall be determined in accordance with Eq. (9.2.4.3).
2
A  bc 
1188 κa = e  h  (9.2.4.3)
Ag c
1189 9.2.4.3.1 The ratio of effective confined area of concrete to gross concrete area, Ae/Ag shall be determined
1190 in accordance with Eq. (9.2.4.3.1).
 bc  2  hc  2

  (hc − 2rc ) +   (bc − 2rc ) 
 hc   bc 
1−   −ρ
g
Ae 3 Ag
1191 = (9.2.4.3.1)
Ag 1 − ρg
1192 R9.2.4.3.1 The shape factor described by Eq. (9.2.4.3.1) depends on the aspect ratio of the cross section
1193 and the proportion of the section that is effectively confined. The accepted theoretical approach for
1194 determining Ae involves inscribing parabolic regions along each side of the section, as shown in Fig.
1195 R9.2.4.3.1. The effective confined core area of the cross section is defined by these parabolas and is
1196 bounded by the corner radii, rc. ρg is the longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio.
effectively
confined bc
area, Ae
rc
1197 hc
1198 Fig. 9.2.4.3.1—Effective confined area of concrete for a rectangular section.
1199 9.2.5 The maximum compressive strain of FRP-confined concrete shall be determined in accordance with
1200 Eq. (9.2.5).
 f   ε fe  
0.45
1201 ε ccu ε c′ 1.5 + 12κ b    ≤ 0.01

= (9.2.5)
 f c′  ε c′  
1202 R9.2.5 The maximum concrete strain is limited to 0.01 to prevent excessive cracking and the resulting
1203 loss of concrete integrity. When this limit is applicable, the corresponding maximum value of fcc′ should be
1204 recalculated from the complete stress-strain curve given in 9.2.6
1205 9.2.5.1 It shall be permitted to take the value of εc′ as 0.002.
1206 9.2.5.2 For circular cross sections, the shape factor κb in Eq. (9.2.5) shall be taken as 1.0.
1207 9.2.5.3 For rectangular cross sections having dimension bc × hc, in which hc ≤ bc, the shape factor κb in
1208 Eq. (9.2.5) shall be determined in accordance with Eq. (9.2.5.2).
0.5
A b 
1209 κb = e  c  (9.2.5.2)
Ag  hc 
1210 9.2.5.3.1 The ratio of effective confined area of concrete to gross concrete Ae/Ag shall be determined in
1211 accordance with 9.2.4.3.1.
1212 9.2.6 The complete stress-strain relationship for FRP-confined concrete shall be determined in
1213 accordance with Eq. (9.2.6a) through (9.2.6c).
 ( Ec − E2 ) 2 2
 Ec ε c − ε c 0 ≤ ε c ≤ ε′t
1214 fc =  4 f c′ (9.2.6a)
 f ′ + E ε ε ′ ≤ ε ≤ ε
 c 2 c t c ccu
f cc′ − f c′
1215 E2 = (9.2.6b)
ε ccu
42
2 f c′
1216 ε t′ = (9.2.6c)
Ec − E2
1217 R9.2.6 The stress-strain relationship for FRP-confined concrete is based on the model by Lam and Teng
1218 (2003a,b), as illustrated in Fig. R9.2.6. This relationship is required when establishing axial load-moment
1219 interaction relationships, for instance.
σ
f’cc
confined concrete
Ec
1
f’c unconfined concrete
Ec
1 ε
ε’c 0.003 εccu
1220 ε’t
1221 Fig. R9.2.6—Stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete (after Lam and Teng 2003a).
1222 9.2.7 The compressive stress in concrete under service load shall not exceed 0.60fc′.
1223 R9.2.7 To ensure that radial cracking will not occur under service loads, the transverse strain in the
1224 concrete should remain below its cracking strain at service load levels. This corresponds to limiting the
1225 compressive stress in the concrete to 0.60fc′. By limiting the concrete stress at service load, the service load
1226 stress in the FRP jacket will be relatively low. The FRP jacket is only stressed to significant levels when
1227 the concrete is transversely strained above the cracking strain and the transverse expansion becomes large.
1228 9.2.8 The stress in steel reinforcement under service load shall not exceed 0.60fy.
1229 R9.2.8 To avoid plastic deformation under sustained or cyclic loads, the service-load-induced stress in
1230 the longitudinal reinforcing steel should remain below 0.60fy.
1231 9.3—Combined axial compression and bending
1232 9.3.1 The nominal flexural strength shall be calculated in accordance with ACI CODE-562 or Section 7.4
1233 of this Code, as applicable.
1234 R9.3.1 ACI CODE-562 provisions are used when no longitudinally oriented flexural strengthening is
1235 present. In structures in which longitudinally oriented FRP is present, the nominal capacity can be
1236 determined using the provisions of 7.4.
1237 For compression-controlled sections, the confined concrete strength from Eq. (9.2.3a) or Eq. (9.2.3b), as
1238 applicable, may be used in place of the nominal compressive strength in ACI CODE-318-19 Section 22, or
1239 Section 7.4 of this Code in calculating the nominal flexural strength.
1240 9.3.2 The nominal axial strength shall be calculated in accordance with 9.2.2.
1241 9.3.3 The effective strain in the transversely oriented confining FRP shall not exceed 0.004 and 0.55εfu.
1242 R9.3.3 For predicting the effect of FRP confinement on strength enhancement, Eq. (9.2.2a) and (9.2.2b)
1243 are applicable when the load eccentricity is less than or equal to 0.1h, where h is the dimension of the
1244 member section perpendicular to the axis of bending. When eccentricity is greater than 0.1h, the
1245 methodology and equations presented in 9.2 can be used to determine the concrete material properties of
1246 the member cross section under compressive stress. Based on this, the axial load-moment (P-M) interaction
1247 diagram for the FRP-confined member can be constructed using established procedures (Bank 2006; ACI
1248 PRC-440.2).
1249 Strength enhancement associated with FRP confinement is more pronounced when the applied ultimate
1250 axial force, Pu, and bending moment, Mu, fall above the line connecting the origin and the balance point of
1251 the P-M diagram (Fig. R9.3.3). P-M diagrams may be developed by satisfying strain compatibility and
1252 force equilibrium using the model for the stress-strain behavior for FRP-confined concrete presented in
1253 9.2.5. For simplicity, the portion of the unconfined and confined P-M diagrams corresponding to
1254 compression-controlled failure can typically be reduced to two bilinear curves passing through three
1255 points, as presented in Fig. R9.3.3:
1256 Point A (pure compression) is determined from 9.2.
1257 Point B corresponds to a sectional strain distribution corresponding to zero strain at the layer of
1258 longitudinal steel reinforcement nearest to the tensile face, and a compressive strain εccu at the compression
1259 face of the member.
1260 Point C corresponds to a sectional strain distribution corresponding balanced failure with a maximum
1261 compressive strain εccu and a yielding tensile strain εsy at the layer of longitudinal steel reinforcement
1262 nearest to the tensile face.
44
A confined P n, Mn
A B
* P,M
Pn/Agf’c
u u
B
unconfined P n, Mn *
C C
this plot does not include φ-factors
c e line or reduction factors for transverse
n
b ala steel reinforcement (0.80/0.85)
1263 Mn/Aghf’c
1264 Fig. R9.3.3—Representative P-M interaction diagram.
1265 CHAPTER 10—FIRE RESISTANCE

1266 10.1—General
1267 10.1.1 This chapter provides requirements for determining the fire resistance of concrete members
1268 strengthened with externally bonded FRP systems.
1269 R10.1.1 The requirements in this chapter are limited to determining structural fire resistance during a
1270 fire event. Following exposure to a fire, the condition of the FRP, concrete, and internal steel reinforcement
1271 should be evaluated to determine the residual strength of affected members. ACI CODE-562 provides
1272 guidance on the assessment of concrete structures following a fire event. This chapter does not cover all
1273 requirements relating to fire that may be mandated by the design basis code, such as flame spread and
1274 smoke generation characteristics as evaluated by ASTM E84.
1275 10.1.2 FRP-strengthened concrete elements shall be able to resist the effects of gravity loads during a fire
1276 event in accordance with 6.3.3.
1277 R10.1.2 Code requirements for determining fire resistance of strengthened concrete members are given
1278 in ACI CODE-562. Guidance specific to FRP-strengthened members is available in ACI PRC-440.10. A
1279 fire event is considered an extreme event and should not be combined with other extreme events such as an
1280 earthquake or a hurricane.
1281 The degree of strengthening that can be achieved using externally bonded FRP can be indirectly limited
1282 by the code-required fire-resistance rating of a structure. The physical and mechanical properties of the
1283 resin components of FRP systems are influenced by temperature and degrade at temperatures close to or
1284 above their glass transition temperature Tg. Additional discussion is found in ACI PRC-440.2. Although
1285 the FRP system itself is affected by exposure to elevated temperature, an existing concrete structure can
1286 still have an adequate fire resistance.
1287 10.2—Fire resistance of FRP-strengthened members
1288 10.2.1 Fire resistance of FRP-strengthened concrete structures shall be determined following the
1289 requirements of the design basis code in accordance with ACI CODE-562.
1290 10.2.2 The contribution of the FRP strengthening system shall be neglected for purposes of calculating
1291 strength during a fire event, regardless of the use of fire protection.
1292 R10.2.2 The strength contribution of adhesively bonded external FRP reinforcing systems, including
1293 near-surface-mounted (NSM) FRP systems, during a fire event is not well established. To address this, the
1294 strength contribution of FRP reinforcement is neglected for strength calculations during a fire event.
1295 Nevertheless, fire protection systems can be used with FRP-strengthened members to improve the fire
1296 resistance of the existing concrete member.
1297 10.2.3 Fire resistance shall be determined by analysis in accordance with 10.2.3.1 or by qualification
1298 testing in accordance with 10.2.3.2.
1299 R10.2.3 Determining the fire resistance of FRP-strengthened concrete members follows the same
1300 approach used to for new members; however, the strength contribution of the FRP system is neglected. The
1301 strength of a reinforced concrete element is reduced during fire exposure due to increase in temperature of
1302 both the reinforcing steel and the concrete. ACI CODE-216.1 provides methods for determining the fire
1303 resistance of concrete structural elements based on member geometry, materials, and reinforcement
1304 details; the effect of the presence of FRP on temperature profiles within the member is not likely to be
1305 significant.
1306 The performance of concrete elements due to fire exposure depends on the temperature distribution
1307 within the elements, the maximum temperature reached during fire, and the resulting reduction of
1308 mechanical properties of steel and concrete due to fire exposure. If fire protection systems (that is, thermal
1309 insulation) are present, their effects on material strengths during fire exposure should be considered. The
1310 strength contribution of the FRP system during a fire event should be neglected, regardless of the use of
1311 fire protection.
1312 10.2.3.1 Analytical methods to determine the fire resistance of FRP-strengthened concrete members
1313 based on temperature profile within the concrete section shall be in accordance with ACI CODE-216.1.
1314 Alternative methods of determining temperature profiles shall be permitted if based on principles of heat
1315 transfer.
1316 R10.2.3.1 An alternative method of determining temperature profiles is finite-element-based thermal
1317 modeling of the concrete element for a specific time-temperature curve. The strength of members at any
1318 time during a fire event is based on reduced material properties at the elevated temperatures.
1319 10.2.3.2 Qualification of the fire resistance of FRP-strengthened assemblies using results of furnace tests
1320 shall be in accordance with the procedures of ASTM E119 or ANSI/UL 263.
46
1321 R10.2.3.2 Qualification testing provides prescriptive details of the assembly and restraint conditions
1322 tested. Results of ASTM E119 furnace tests to demonstrate adequate fire resistance are most applicable to
1323 FRP applications that have identical characteristics to the tested assembly. Deviations from the tested
1324 assembly that affect thermal performance, such as member geometry, concrete cover, and strengthening
1325 ratio, should be evaluated by an experienced design professional to evaluate the applicability of a qualified
1326 design to project-specific applications. The fire rating achieved by furnace tests applies only to the entire
1327 test assembly. Fire ratings are not assigned to fire protection systems (that is, thermal insulation), if
1328 present, or other individual components of the test assembly.
1329 10.2.4 Improving the fire resistance of FRP-strengthened concrete members using externally applied fire
1330 protection shall be permitted.
1331 R10.2.4 Externally applied fire protection systems include spray applied materials, intumescent coatings,
1332 an additional layer of concrete or cementitious materials, gypsum boards, and other materials providing
1333 thermal insulation. Externally applied fire protection can improve the fire resistance by reducing the
1334 temperature of the member during fire and, consequently, the adverse effects on existing concrete and
1335 internal steel reinforcement. Few fire protection systems are able to maintain the FRP temperature below
1336 its glass transition temperature (Bisby et al 2005b; Palmieri et al. 2011; ACI PRC-440.2). Fire protection
1337 systems are typically tested as part of a test assembly based on ASTM E119 or ANSI/UL 263, or as required
1338 by the authority having jurisdiction. Analytical evaluation of FRP-strengthened concrete members with fire
1339 protection requires knowledge of the thermal properties of the insulation material, including thermal
1340 conductivity, specific heat, and density at elevated temperatures, which can be determined in accordance
1341 with ASTM C1113/C1113M or ISO 22007-2. In addition, the ability of the insulation material to remain
1342 thermally effective and adequately bonded to the substrate during the fire event should be understood and
1343 substantiated by tests.
1344 CHAPTER 11—FIELD INSPECTION, TESTING, AND EVALUATION

1345 11.1—General
1346 11.1.1 Field inspection and evaluation of installed FRP systems shall be performed as required by the
1347 governing building code and as specified in the construction documents.
1348 R11.1.1 This chapter covers only quality-assurance activities conducted during installation. Quality-
1349 control activities performed prior to installation generally consist of requiring the manufacturer and
1350 contractor to submit product information and evidence of qualifications to the licensed design professional
1351 responsible for the construction documents for review.
1352 In jurisdictions where the International Building Code (IBC-2021) is the governing code, Section 1705.1
1353 should apply for FRP systems because such systems are considered as an alternate to IBC-prescribed
1354 materials and systems. In addition, IBC-2021 Section 1704.3 requires a statement of special inspections
1355 prepared by the design professional in responsible charge. ACI 562 also contains requirements for
1356 inspection and related quality assurance measures that may be applicable.
1357 11.2—Field inspection
1358 11.2.1 The construction documents shall contain job-specific and building code-compliant descriptions
1359 of required inspections, tests, evaluations, and acceptance criteria.
1360 R11.2.1 Procedures for installing FRP systems have been developed by the system manufacturers and
1361 often differ between systems. In addition, surface preparation and installation procedures can vary within
1362 a system, depending on the type and condition of the structure. Deviations from the procedures developed
1363 by the FRP system manufacturer should not be permitted without consulting with the licensed design
1364 professional and the FRP system manufacturer. Because FRP installations vary significantly with respect
1365 to scope, type, structural demands, application criteria, regional practice, and other factors, this Code can
1366 only provide general guidance regarding common inspection requirements. The licensed design
1367 professional should review IBC-2021, ACI PRC-440.2, ACI CODE-562, ICRI 330.2, and ICC-ES AC178
1368 for additional guidance.
1369 The following is a nonexhaustive list of items commonly included in a field inspection program:
1370 (a) Materials: Verification that the specified FRP system is being installed
1371 (b) Concrete substrate: Inspection of general condition, including moisture condition, treatment of
1372 corners, protrusions, cracks, deteriorated concrete, corrosion of internal steel reinforcement, interfering
1373 embedments, and surface contaminants
1374 (c) Surface preparation: Inspection of preparation method and resulting profile; or NSM systems,
1375 inspection of preparation, dimensions, and cleaning of groove
1376 (d) Recording of environment at the time of installation of the FRP system including air and surface
1377 temperature, humidity, concrete moisture, and dew point
1378 (e) Inspection of resin: For wet lay-up systems, resin mixing and application to fiber; for precured
1379 laminates, adhesive mixing and application to substrate or laminate.
1380 (f) Verification of relative resin cure.
1381 (g) Inspection of fiber placement: Fiber layout, dimensions, spacing, number of layers, splices, and fiber
1382 direction and alignment
1383 (h) For NSM systems, sample cores may be extracted to visually assess the degree of consolidation of the
1384 resin adhesive around the FRP bar
1385 (i) Verification of fiber anchors used to anchor U-wrap shear reinforcement, including anchor weight
1386 per unit length, fiber and epoxy resin properties, number and spacing of FRP anchors, fiber splay length
48
1387 and width, embedment depth, drilled hole diameter and hole drilling and cleaning procedures, as
1388 applicable; pull-out testing may be used to verify as-installed anchor capacity.
1389 (j) Verification of pull-off strength in accordance with ASTM D7522/D7522M for externally bonded
1390 systems and in accordance with ACI SPEC-440.12 for wet-layup systems.
1391 (k) Inspection of witness panels for wet-layup systems.
1392 (l) Inspection of delaminations: Acoustic sounding, infrared thermography, or other diagnostic measures
1393 capable of detecting delaminations 2 in.2 or smaller in cured FRP system.
1394 (m) Inspection of remedial measures: Inspection of epoxy injection of delaminations, reinstallation of
1395 unacceptably installed fibers, or other remedial measures deemed necessary by the licensed design
1396 professional.
1397 11.2.2 The extent and frequency of inspections shall be determined by the licensed design professional
1398 based on job-specific parameters.
1399 11.2.3 Written reports documenting field observations and pull-off strength test results shall be prepared
1400 by the inspector and submitted to appropriate parties. The reports shall document the date and time of the
1401 inspection, installation location on structure, batch numbers, resin/adhesive mixture ratios and mixing
1402 times, and other general information.
1403 R11.2.3 Inclusion of annotated plans showing the location of inspected work and photographs to
1404 illustrate special conditions will clarify the report narrative. All deviations from the drawings,
1405 specifications, or manufacturer’s instruction should be clearly identified and promptly communicated to
1406 appropriate parties.
1407 11.3—Material testing
1408 11.3.1 FRP materials shall be evaluated for compliance with properties reported by the manufacturer in
1409 accordance with 11.3.1.1, 11.3.1.2, 11.3.1.3, or 11.3.1.4.
1410 11.3.1.1 Evaluation of a wet layup system shall be performed by fabricating and testing witness panels
1411 in accordance with ACI SPEC-440.12. Values shall be reported as required by 4.2.
1412 11.3.1.2 For precured carbon FRP plate systems, the licensed design professional shall require the
1413 manufacturer to submit test results obtained in accordance with ASTM D7565/D7565M or ASTM
1414 D3039/D3039M. Values shall be reported as required by 4.3.
1415 11.3.1.4 For glass NSM FRP, the licensed design professional shall require the manufacturer to submit
1416 test results obtained in accordance with ASTM D7957/D7957M. Values shall be reported as required by
1417 4.4.1.
1418 11.3.1.4 For carbon NSM FRP, the licensed design professional shall require the manufacturer to submit
1419 test results obtained in accordance with ACI SPEC-440.6. Values shall be reported as required by 4.4.2.
1420 11.3.2 Evaluation of adhesives used for precured externally applied FRP systems and NSM systems shall
1421 be performed and reported in accordance with 4.3.5.
1422 11.4—Evaluation and acceptance criteria
1423 11.4.1 The construction documents shall set forth evaluation and acceptance criteria so that material
1424 properties, quality, and workmanship expectations are clearly communicated to the contractor.
1425 11.4.1.1 For wet layup FRP systems, evaluation, installation tolerance and acceptance criteria shall be in
1426 accordance with ACI SPEC-440.12.
1427 11.4.2 The effect of deviations from installation tolerances on the structural performance of the FRP
1428 system shall be reviewed by the licensed design professional.
1429 11.4.3 The effect of delaminations on the structural performance and durability of the FRP system shall
1430 be reviewed by the licensed design professional based on the size, location, quantity, and other factors.
1431 11.5—Inspection of coatings
1432 11.5.1 Protective coatings in accordance with 11.2.4 shall be inspected as required by the construction
1433 documents, governing building code requirements for special inspection, and product specific evaluation
1434 service report.
1435 Appendix A—Additional load combinations for FRP strengthening

1436 A.1—Appendix notation
1437 D = dead load effects
1438 L = live load effects
1439 Rex = nominal strength of a member subject to fire or elevated temperature calculated using
1440 reduced material properties
1441 Rn = nominal strength of a member without the contribution of the FRP strengthening system
1442 S = snow load effects
1443 ϕ = strength reduction factor
1444 ϕex = strength reduction factor used to check strength of member subject to fire or elevated
1445 temperature calculated using reduced material properties
1446
1447 A.2—Scope
1448 A.2.1 This Appendix supplements the requirements of Section 6.3
1449 RA.2.1 The information provided in this appendix is consistent with the load combinations given in ACI
1450 CODE-562-21 Clauses 5.5.2 and 5.5.3, pertaining to members strengthened with FRP, and is provided as
1451 a convenience to the user.
1452 A.3—Additional load combinations for FRP strengthening
1453 A.3.1 The strength of the concrete element without FRP strengthening should satisfy Eq. (A.3.1a) and
1454 (A.3.1b).
1455 ϕRn ≥ 1.1D + 0.50L + 0.2S (A.3.1a)
50
1456 ϕRn ≥ 1.1D + 0.75L (A.3.1b)
1457 where D, L, and S are the effects due to the dead, live, and roof snow loads, respectively, calculated for the
1458 strengthened structure; ϕ is the strength reduction factor used for design; and Rn is the nominal strength of
1459 the structural member without the contribution of the FRP strengthening system.
1460 RA.3.1 This load combination is intended to minimize the risk of failure of the strengthened structural
1461 member in the case where, during normal operating conditions, the external reinforcement is damaged. If
1462 such damage is not detected immediately, the ability of the structure (or component) to resist full design
1463 loads may be compromised until the damage is identified and addressed. The live load factor of 0.75 is
1464 used in Eq. (A.3.1b) to exceed the statistical mean of the yearly maximum live load factor of 0.5, given in
1465 ASCE/SEI 7. Effects of: a) internal load effects due to reactions induced by prestressing; b) fluid loads;
1466 and c) lateral earth pressure should be included in Eq. (A.3.1a) and (A.3.1b) with a factor of 1.0 when the
1467 effect of these loads acts alone or adds to the primary load effect.
1468 If the live load has a high likelihood of being a sustained load (for example, library stack areas, heavy
1469 storage areas, warehouses, and other storage occupancies with a live load exceeding 100 lb/ft2), the live
1470 load factor in Eq. (A.3.1a) and (A.3.1b) should be increased to 1.0.
1471 A.3.2 If a fire-resistance rating is required by the design basis code, FRP-strengthened concrete members
1472 should satisfy Eq. (A.3.2).
1473 ϕexRex ≥ (0.9 or 1.2)D + 0.5L + 0.2S (A.3.2)
1474 where ϕex = 1.0; Rex is the nominal strength of the structural member at elevated temperature without the
1475 contribution of the FRP strengthening system and considering reduced concrete and steel material strengths
1476 due to fire exposure. The dead load factor of 0.9 is applied only when the dead load effect counteracts the
1477 total load effect.
1478 RA.3.2 Equation (A.3.2) is intended to ensure that the repaired element will maintain sufficient strength,
1479 accounting for its probable reduced material properties due to elevated temperatures, during a fire event.
1480 This load combination is representative of a typical loading condition during a fire event (Ellingwood
1481 2005). The strength of the member, Rex, should be based on reduced material properties due to exposure to
1482 elevated temperatures during a fire event as described in Chapter 10 of the Code. If fire protection is
1483 applied to the existing or strengthened member, its effect on the existing concrete elements and existing
1484 reinforcement should be considered in determining the nominal resistance of the member. The strength
1485 contribution of the FRP system during a fire event should be neglected, regardless of the use of fire
1486 protection.
1487 If the live load has a high likelihood of being a sustained load (for example, library stack areas, heavy
1488 storage areas, warehouses, and other storage occupancies with a live load exceeding 100 lb/ft2), the live
1489 load factor in Eq. (A.3.2) should be increased to 1.0.
1490
1491 COMMENTARY REFERENCES

1492 American Concrete Institute (ACI)
1493 ACI CODE-369.1-22—Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Concrete Buildings—Code and
1494 Commentary
1495 ACI CODE-216.1-14—Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry
1496 Construction Assemblies
1497 ACI CODE-318-19(22)—Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
1498 ACI PRC-440.2-23—Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for
1499 Strengthening Concrete Structures
1500 ACI SPEC-440.6-08(22)—Specification for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bar Material for Concrete
1501 Reinforcement
1502 ACI PRC-440.7-22—Externally Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Systems Design and Construction
1503 for Strengthening Masonry Structures—Guide
1504 ACI SPEC-440.8-13(23)—Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Materials
1505 Made by Wet Layup for External Strengthening
1506 ACI PRC-440.10-21—Fire Resistance of FRP-Strengthened Concrete Members—TechNote
1507 ACI SPEC-440.12-22—Specification for Strengthening of Concrete Structures with Externally Bonded
1508 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Materials using the Wet Layup Method
1509 ACI PRC-546-14—Guide to Concrete Repair
1510 ACI CODE-562-21—Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures—Code and
1511 Commentary
1512
1513 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
1514 ASCE/SEI 7-22—Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
1515 ASCE/SEI 41-17—Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings
1516 ASTM International
1517 ASTM C1113/C1113M-09(2019)—Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories by
1518 Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance Thermometer Technique).
52
1519 ASTM D3039/3039M—Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Ma-
1520 terials
1521 ASTM D4258-05(2017)—Standard Practice for Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating
1522 ASTM D7522/D7522M-15—Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength for FRP Bonded to Concrete
1523 Substrate
1524 ASTM D7565/D7565M-10(2017)—Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Fiber
1525 Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites Used for Strengthening of Civil Structures
1526 ASTM D7682-17—Standard Test Method for Replication and Measurement of Concrete Surface Profiles
1527 Using Replica Putty
1528 ASTM D7957/D7957M-22—Standard Specification for Solid Round Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
1529 Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
1530 ASTM E84-23—Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
1531
1532 ICC Evaluation Services
1533 ICC-ES AC178:2020—Inspection and Verification of Concrete and Reinforced and Unreinforced Ma-
1534 sonry Strengthening Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) and Steel-Reinforced Polymer (SRP) Compo-
1535 site Systems
1536
1537 International Code Council
1538 IBC-2021—International Building Code
1539
1540 International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI)
1541 ICRI 310.2R-2013—Selecting and Specifying Concrete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, Poly-
1542 mer Overlays, and Concrete Repair
1543 ICRI 330.2-2016—Guide Specifications for Externally Bonded FRP Fabric Systems for Strengthening
1544 Concrete Structures
1545
1546 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
1547 ISO 22007-2:2017—Plastics – Determination of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity - Tran-
1548 sient Plane Heat Source (Hot Disc) Method
1549
1550 Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
1551 PCI MNL-120-17—PCI Design Handbook
1552
1553 Underwriters Laboratories
1554 ANSI/UL 263-11—Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
1555
1556 Authored documents
1557 Bank, L. C., 2006, Composites for Construction: Structural Design with FRP Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Hobo-
1558 ken, NJ, 560 pp.
1559 Bisby, L. A.; Green, M. F.; and Kodur, V. K. R., 2005a, “Response to Fire of Concrete Structures that Incorporate
1560 FRP,” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, V. 7, No. 3, pp. 136-1647 149. doi: 10.1002/pse.198
1561 Bisby, L. A.; Green, M. F.; and Kodur, V. K. R., 2005b, “Fire Endurance of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Confined
1562 Concrete Columns,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 102, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 883-891.
1563 Cromwell, J. R., Harries, K. A and Shahrooz, B. M., 2011, “Environmental Durability of Externally Bonded FRP
1564 Materials Intended for Repair of Concrete Structures,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 25, pp. 2528-2539.
1565 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.096.
1566 del Rey Castillo, E.; Ingham, J. M.; Smith, S. T.; Kanitkar, R. V.; and Griffith, M.C., 2019, “Design Approach for
1567 FRP Spike Anchors in FRP-strengthened RC Structures,” Composite Structures V. 214, pp. 23-33. doi:
1568 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.01.100
1569 Ellingwood B., 2005, “Load Combination Requirements for Fire-Resistant Structural Design,” Journal of Fire Pro-
1570 tection Engineering, V. 15, pp. 43-61. doi: 10.1177/1042391505045
1571 El Meski, F., and Harajli, M., 2014, “Flexural Capacity of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Strengthened Unbonded Post-
1572 Tensioned Members.” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 2, pp 407-418. doi: 10.14359/51686565
1573 El-Refaie, S. A., Ashour, A. F. and Garrity, S. W., 2003, “Sagging and Hogging Strengthening of Continuous Rein-
1574 forced Concrete Beams using CFRP sheets,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 100, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 446-453. doi:
1575 10.14359/12653
1576 Eshwar, N.; Nanni, A.; and Ibell, T. J., 2005, “Effectiveness of CFRP Strengthening on Curved Soffit RC Beams,”
1577 Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 8, No. 1, pp. 55-68. doi: 10.1260/1369433053749607
1578 Grace, N. F. and Singh, S. B., 2005, “Durability Evaluation of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Strengthened Con-
1579 crete Beams: Experimental Study and Design,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 102, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 40-53. doi:
1580 10.14359/13529
1581 Harajli, M., 2012, “Tendon Stress at Ultimate in Continuous Unbonded Post-Tensioned Members: Proposed Modifi-
1582 cation to ACI Eq. (18-4) and (18-5).” ACI Structural Journal, V. 109, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp 183-192.
1583 Jirsa, J. O.; Ghannoum, W. M.; Kim, C.; Sun, W.; Shekarchi, W.; Alotaibi, N.; Pudleiner, D. K.; Zhu, J.; Liu, S.; and
1584 Wang, H., 2017, “Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) with CFRP Anchors for Shear-Strengthening and
1585 Design Recommendations/Quality Control Procedures for CFRP Anchors,” FHWA/TX-16/0-6783-1, Center for
1586 Transportation Research (CTR), Mar. 278 pp.
1587 Lam, L. and Teng, J., 2003a, “Design-Oriented Stress-Strain Model for FRP-Confined Concrete,” Construction and
1588 Building Materials, V. 17, No. 6-7, pp. 471-489. doi: 10.1016/S0950-0618(03)00045-X
54
1589 Lam, L. and Teng, J., 2003b, “Design-Oriented Stress-Strain Model for FRP-Confined Concrete in Rectangular Col-
1590 umns,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, V. 22, No. 13, pp. 1149-1186. doi:
1591 10.1177/0731684403035429
1592 Lopez, M. M., Naaman, A. E., Pinkerton, L. and Till, R. D., 2003, “Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with FRP
1593 Laminates and Tested under Cyclic Loading at Low Temperatures,” International Journal of Materials and Products
1594 Technology, V. 19, No. 1, pp. 108-117. doi: 10.1504/IJMPT.2003.003549
1595 Palmieri, A.; Matthys, S.; and Taerwe, L., 2011, “Fire Testing of RC Beams Strengthened with NSM Reinforcement,”
1596 10th International Symposium on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS- 10),
1597 SP-275, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. (CD-ROM).
1598 Pudleiner, D. K.; Jirsa, J. O.; and Ghannoum, W. M., 2019, “Influence of Anchor Size on Anchored CFRP Systems,”
1599 Journal of Composites for Construction, V. 23, No. 5, 04019033. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000954
1600 Rocca, S., Galati, N. and Nanni, A., 2006, “Experimental Evaluation of FRP Strengthening of Large-Size Reinforced
1601 Concrete Columns,” Report No. UTC-142, University of Missouri-Rolla, MO

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CODE-440S

2 Strengthening Structural Concrete with Fiber-Reinforced

3 Polymer (FRP) Systems—Code Requirements and

166 CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

377 CHAPTER 3—REFERENCED STANDARDS

417 CHAPTER 4—FRP SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

450 than 170 ksi.

454 εfu* = ffu*/Ef* (4.3.4)

483 CHAPTER 5—CONCRETE SUBSTRATE REQUIREMENTS

527 CHAPTER 6—GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

581 ffu = CEffu* (6.4.1a)

582 εfu = CEεfu* (6.4.1b)

583 Ef = ffu/εfu (6.4.1c)

646 CHAPTER 7—DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR FLEXURAL

664 ϕMn ≥ Mu (7.2.1)

 0.90 for ε t ≥ ε sy + 0.003

 0.90 for ε ps ≥ 0.013

 0.90 for ε ct ≥ 0.005

718 α1fc′β1bc = Asfs + Apfps + Af ffe (R7.3.4)

725 fs = Esεs ≤ fy (R7.3.5)

 28,500ε ps for ε ps ≤ 0.0076

 28,500ε ps for ε ps ≤ 0.0086

734 fps = Esεps ≤ 0.9fpy (7.3.7)

739 ffe = Efεfe (7.3.8)

747 εfd = 0.7εfu (7.3.8.3)

single ply single ply

855 simply supported beam continuous beam

875  df = 0.057 NE f t f / f c′ (7.6.3)

896 Fig. R7.7.2—Minimum dimensions of NSM grooves.

910 7.7.6.1 The bond strength τb shall be taken as 1000 psi.

911 CHAPTER 8—DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR SHEAR

completely U-wrapped two-sided completely wrapped columns

953 ϕVn ≥ Vu (8.4.1)

970 For rectangular sections: Vs + V f ≤ 8 f c′bw d (in.-lb) (8.5.4)

Afv f fe d fv (sin α + cos α)

985 For circular sections: Afv = (π/2)Ntfwf (8.6.4b)

991 εfe = 0.004 ≤ 0.75εfu (8.6.5.1)

997 εfe = κvεfu ≤ 0.004 (8.6.5.2)

1011 For U-wraps: k2 = (dfv – Le)/dfv (8.6.5.3.3a)

1012 For two-sided FRP: k2 = (dfv – 2Le)/dfv (8.6.5.3.3b)

1013 8.7—Anchorage for U-wraps

1031 Aanc ≥ RA(Ntfsanc) (8.7.6)

anchor anchor multiple FRP patch FRP anchor

1075 double-ended fiber anchors drilled holes for fiber anchors

1099 CHAPTER 9—DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR AXIAL FORCE AND

1153 ϕPn ≥ Pu (9.2.2)

1160 For members with internal steel-tie reinforcement:

1161 Pn = 0.85[0.80fcc′(Ag – Ast) + fyAst] (9.2.3b)

1163 fcc′ = fc′ + ψf 3.3κafℓ (9.2.4)

1168 For a rectangular cross section having dimensions bc × hc:

1170 9.2.4.1.1 The maximum effective strain εfe shall be 0.55εfu.

1201 ε ccu ε c′ 1.5 + 12κ b    ≤ 0.01

1265 CHAPTER 10—FIRE RESISTANCE

1344 CHAPTER 11—FIELD INSPECTION, TESTING, AND EVALUATION

1435 Appendix A—Additional load combinations for FRP strengthening

1455 ϕRn ≥ 1.1D + 0.50L + 0.2S (A.3.1a)

1473 ϕexRex ≥ (0.9 or 1.2)D + 0.5L + 0.2S (A.3.2)

454 εfu* = ffu/Ef (4.3.4)