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Design of an enhanced dual-band microstrip patch antenna with defected

ground structures for WLAN and WiMax

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DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v35.i1.pp165-174

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Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 35, No. 1, July 2024, pp. 165~174
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v35.i1.pp165-174  165

Design of an enhanced dual-band microstrip patch antenna with

defected ground structures for WLAN and WiMax

Mohamed Lemine El Issawi1, Dominic Bernard Onyango Konditi2, Aliyu Danjuma Usman3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences and Technology and Innovation hosted at
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
2
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Technical University of Kenya,
Nairobi, Kenya
3
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This research presents an innovative dual-band microstrip patch antenna
design enhanced with defected ground structures (DGS) and barium
Received Feb 12, 2024 strontium titanate (BST) thin film, tailored for wireless local area network
Revised Mar 12, 2024 (WLAN) and WiMax applications. The first design phase involved the
Accepted Mar 20, 2024 development of an microstrip patch antenna (MPA) using an flame retardant
(FR4) substrate with a permittivity (εr1) of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.524 mm,
enhanced with DGS. This configuration achieved a single-band resonance at
Keywords: 4.1 GHz, with a bandwidth of 0.82 GHz and a return loss (S11) of -32 dB.
The second phase involved the integration of a BST thin film, with a high
Barium strontium titanate permittivity(εr2) of 250 and a thickness of 0.1 mm, into the DGS-enhanced
Defected ground structures microstrip patch antenna (MPA). This modification led to a transformation
Dual-band in the antenna's performance, enabling dual-band operation at resonance
Microstrip patch antenna frequencies of 2.8 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Further, there was a corresponding
WiMax substantial increase in bandwidth to 1.34 GHz and 1.25 GHz, respectively,
WLAN an improvement in S11 values to -16.3 dB and -21.4 dB. Moreover, and
antenna’s size of 14×10×1.524 mm3. The study underscores the critical role
of innovative material use and design optimization in advancing antenna
technology, offering significant enhancements in bandwidth, and
miniaturization, for wireless communication systems.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mohamed Lemine El Issawi
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences and Technology
and Innovation hosted at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
Nairobi, Kenya
Email: medlemineelissawi@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
The evolution of wireless communication technology over recent decades has necessitated
innovative antenna designs to meet the sophisticated demands of modern wireless systems. Amidst this rapid
advancement, the development of compact, multiband antennas has become crucial, driven by the need for
efficient data transmission and versatile application across various domains [1], [2]. At the forefront of these
developments is the microstrip patch antenna (MPA), an entity renowned for its versatility and adaptability
across a spectrum of industries including automotive, radar, medical, and communication sectors [3]. The
inception of microstrip radiators, tracing back to 1953, marked a pivotal moment in antenna technology,
subsequently instigating a plethora of research focused on exploring and enhancing their properties [4].

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MPAs, comprising a patch, substrate, feed line, and ground plane, have emerged as a paradigm of choice
owing to their lightweight, low-profile design, cost-effectiveness, and ease of fabrication [5].
Despite their many advantages, MPAs suffer from several disadvantages such as narrow bandwidth,
low efficiency, have low power [6]–[8]. Addressing this constraint has been a focal point of research over the
past two decades, with various innovative geometries and design methodologies being introduced to achieve
multiband frequency capabilities for wireless communication.
The last decade has seen remarkable advancements in dual-band microstrip patch antennas some of
which have already been proposed in [9]–[12], a compact, highly efficient MPA for WiMAX and 5G,
fabricated on Rogers RT 5880, features seven small square-shaped elements achieving significant bandwidth
and efficiency [13]. Studies have introduced various innovative designs, such as circularly polarized antennas
for wireless local area network (WLAN), Wi-Fi, and Wi-MAX applications [14], an antenna employing a
partial ground architecture has been developed, measuring 40×30×1.6 mm and constructed on an flame
retardant (FR-4) substrate, demonstrating a return loss below -10 dB across 3 to 5.64 GHz, with gains
ranging from 1.73 to 3.22 dB and a maximum radiation efficiency of 90%. This design exhibits end-fire
characteristics [15] and E-shaped dual-band antennas with defective ground structures for enhanced
performance [16]. Other research has focused on optimizing antennas for the widely used Wi-Fi frequency
bands of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, utilizing microstrip lines and low-cost materials for cost-effective
production [17]. Additionally, the integration of complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) has enabled
compact antennas to achieve dual-band operate at 5.8 GHz and 7.1 GHz, suitable for Wi-Fi and C-band
applications [18]. Moreover, compact antennas featuring modified monopoles and C-shaped strips have
demonstrated exceptional dual-band operation with significant implications for geometric parameter
optimization [19]. Finally, the utilization of HFSS software has facilitated the design of small dual-band
antennas operating at 4.9 GHz and 6.7 GHz, highlighting the potential for compact, efficient designs in
WLAN applications [20].
In recent years, the pursuit of enhancing the performance of miniaturized MPAs has gained
momentum. A notable study proposed the use of a thin film composed of a high relative permittivity
material, optimizing the dimensions of the antenna's patch via genetic algorithms. This approach yielded a
reduction in the resonance frequency from 5.8 GHz to 4.0 GHz, alongside a 60% decrease in the antenna's
area, while simultaneously improving key performance metrics such as return loss, bandwidth, and voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR) [21]. Similarly, the introduction of a heart-shaped antenna employing
countersink and partial ground plane methodologies demonstrates the ability to achieve high electromagnetic
performance and operate as a multiband device [22]. This design effectively caters to multiple modern
wireless applications, operating as both narrowband and wideband in its designated frequency bands.
This manscript introduces a novel design methodology that leverages the synergistic benefits of
DGS and barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films, aiming to surpass the current limitations of MPAs by
offering enhanced dual-band capability operate at 2.8 GHz/5.8 GHz and miniaturization suitable for WLAN
and WiMax applications. Unlike existing solutions, our approach not only broadens the bandwidth but also
significantly reduces the antenna's size, marking a notable advancement in the antenna design field. Through
a meticulous design process and empirical analysis, this paper delineates the technical nuances of our
innovative antenna design, its comparative advantages over prior art, and its potential implications for future
wireless communication systems.
The rest of the manuscript is organized as follows: section 2 delves into the design methodology and
the steps involved in the approach. Section 3 elaborates on the study's results and the analytical observations
made. The paper is wrapped up in section 4, which summarizes the key findings and concepts, leading to the
references section.

2. METHOD
In this research, we employed a two-phased methodology to design and optimize a MPA, with a
focus on achieving miniaturization and enhanced performance for wireless communication systems. CST
Microwave Studio (Computer Simulation Technology) 2022 software used for simulation and analysis. CST
is a widely acclaimed electromagnetic simulation tool, known for its robust capabilities in modeling and
simulating complex antenna structures with high accuracy. The first designed of MPA utilizing an FR4
substrate, characterized by a permittivity of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.524 mm. The design incorporated
defected ground structures (DGS) to attain a single resonant frequency, with the initial phase parameters
being guided by a previously published study in [23].
In the second phase, the design was advanced through the integration of a high-permittivity
ferroelectric thin film (B0.8S0.2TiO3), have a dielectric constant of 250 and a low loss tangent (tan δ=0.02),
similar to the material used in reference [21]. The integration aimed to facilitate dual-band functionality,

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 35, No. 1, July 2024: 165-174
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  167

enabling the antenna to operate efficiently at these frequencies. A comprehensive parametric analysis
followed, focusing on refining the antenna’s dimensions to improve essential performance metrics such as
return loss, bandwidth, and VSWR.
The flowchart presented in Figure 1 delineates the processing steps involved in integrating the thin-
film material into the antenna. This illustration is instrumental in demonstrating the sequential approach
undertaken to optimize the MPA design, culminating in the realization of a dual-band antenna that meets the
requisites of modern wireless communication standards. The incorporation of the thin-film material BST,
was a critical factor in achieving the objectives of miniaturization and dual-band functionality, marking a
significant contribution to the development of compact and efficient antenna solutions in the wireless
communications domain.

Figure 1. Flowchart of the antenna design method

2.1. Mathematical model

The equations used for designing a microstrip patch antenna are mentioned as (1) to (6). The width
and length of the patch can be calculated using the following equations where fr is the resonant frequency, εr
is the relative permittivity of the substrate, µo is the permeability of free space, and hs is the thickness of the
substrate [24].
 Width of the patch:

Design of an enhanced dual-band microstrip patch antenna … (Mohamed Lemine El Issawi)

168  ISSN: 2502-4752
𝑐
𝑊= 𝜀 +1
(1)
2𝑓0 √ 𝑟
2

 Length of the patch (L):

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2𝛥𝑙 (2)

 The effective (relative) permittivity:

−1
𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 12ℎ 2
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + (1 + ) (3)
2 2 𝑊

 Length extension ΔL:

𝑊
(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 +0.3)( +0.264)
ℎ
𝛥𝑙 = 0.412ℎ 𝑊 (4)
(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 +0.3)( +0.264)
ℎ

 The ground plane dimensions:

𝐿𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝐿 (5)

𝑊𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝑊 (6)

Where Lg represents the ground plane's length and Wg denotes the ground plane's width [25].

2.2. Antenna design

In this study, we examine two advanced antenna design methodologies to address the demands of
contemporary wireless communication systems. The first method involves a MPA with a DGS, which utilizes
strategic modifications to the ground plane to achieve desired resonant frequencies and performance
enhancements. The second approach advances this concept by integrating a high permittivity BST thin film
into the MPA design. This innovation enables dual-band operation and significantly improves the antenna's
performance, illustrating the potential of material science in enhancing wireless communication technologies.

2.2.1. MPA with DGS design

In the initial phase of the MPA design, an FR4 substrate characterized by a permittivity of 4.3 and a
thickness of 1.524 mm was employed. This phase focused on utilizing ground reduction techniques to refine
the antenna's structure for a single resonant frequency. The antenna's dimensions were meticulously designed
to be 14×12×1.524 mm3, as detailed in Table 1. Figure 2 provides a visual representation of the MPA's
geometry, where Figure 2(a) illustrates the top view of the antenna. It shows the placement and dimensions
of the patch and feedline. Conversely, Figure 2(b) depicts the bottom view, emphasizing the ground plane
reduction and its contribution to achieving the antenna's resonant frequency. These figures collectively
illustrate the strategic design choices made to achieve the desired operational characteristics.

Table 1. Dimensions of MPA with DGS

Parameter Value(mm) Description
lg 0.600 Length of ground plan
wg 12 Width of ground plan
ls 14 Length of substrate
ws 12 Width of substrate
lp 6 Length of the patch
wp 6 Width of the patch
wf 1 Width of feedline
H1 1.524 High of substrate

2.2.2. Enhanced microstrip patch antenna with thin film BST integration
The second design we enhanced the MPA by incorporating a high permittivity BST thin film. This
modification tailored the antenna's physical dimensions to 14×10×1.524 mm^3 and optimized its operational
capabilities for dual-band functionality. Integrating the BST thin film into the antenna's structure leverages its

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Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  169

high permittivity properties to enhance performance. This phase of the design, detailed in Table 2, is depicted
in Figure 3, where Figure 3(a) shows the top view of the MPA, illustrating the placement of the BST layer in
relation to the patch and feedline. Concurrently, Figure 3(b) provides the side view, demonstrating the
layering order of BST, patch, substrate, and DGS, each contributing to the antenna's enhanced capabilities.
These visual aids substantiate the strategic optimization of the MPA's parameters to fully harness the
advantages of BST, emphasizing the vital role of materials science in expanding the functionality of
conventional antenna designs to fulfill the intricate demands of current wireless communication systems.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. The structure of MPA with DGS design (a) top view and (b) bottom view

Table 2. Dimensions of the MPA with DGS and BST

Parameter Value (mm) Description
lg 0.600 Length of ground plan
wg 10 Width of ground plan
ls 14 Length of substrate
ws 10 Width of substrate
lp 6 Length of the patch
wp 3 Width of the patch
wf 1 Width of feedline
H1 1.524 High of substrate
H2 0.120 High of BST
hg 0.035 High of ground plan

(a) (b)

Figure 3. The structure of the MPA with DGS and BST design (a) top view and (b) side view

Design of an enhanced dual-band microstrip patch antenna … (Mohamed Lemine El Issawi)

170  ISSN: 2502-4752

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the results from simulating MPA designs with DGS and BST integration are
discussed. The first MPA design with DGS showed substantial bandwidth in single-band operation. The
addition of BST in the second design enhanced its capabilities, enabling dual-band functionality important
for WLAN and WiMax applications, while optimizing the antenna's size and bandwidth.

3.1. MPA with DGS design

The initial design of the MPA with DGS has demonstrated promising results. The S11 graph, as
shown in Figure 4, indicates a strong resonance at 4.1 GHz with an excellent bandwidth of 0.82 GHz and an
optimal return loss of -32 dB. Complementing this, the VSWR value of 1.04, depicted in Figure 5, suggests
minimal signal reflection and maximized power delivery to the antenna. The DGS's role in minimizing
ground plane size is crucial, as it directly correlates with the antenna's enhanced performance, affirming the
design's suitability for targeted single-band applications.
The performance of the antenna without BST integration is characterized by the return loss and
VSWR measurements as shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. Figure 4 indicates a significant return loss
with a pronounced minimum, demonstrating good impedance matching at the resonant frequency.
Correspondingly, Figure 5 shows the VSWR reaching an optimal minimum at the same frequency, further
confirming the efficient power radiation at resonance.

Figure 4. The return loss of the antenna without BST

Figure 5. Voltage standing wave ratio of the antenna without BST

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Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  171

3.2. Enhanced microstrip patch antenna with thin film BST integration design
The integration of BST into the initial MPA design with DGS represents a notable advancement in
antenna technology. It has achieved dual-band functionality vital for WLAN and WiMax applications, as
depicted in the S11 parameter graph as shown in Figure 6 this integration resulted in resonant frequencies at
2.8 GHz and 5.8 GHz with significant return losses of -16.3 dB and -21.4 dB respectively, indicating
effective signal retention. The bandwidths were considerably expanded to 1.34 GHz and 1.25 GHz for each
frequency band. Furthermore, the VSWR graph as shown in Figure 7 shows excellent impedance matching,
with VSWR of 1.35 at 2.8 GHz and 1.18 at 5.8 GHz, demonstrating the antenna's optimized performance.
The BST and DGS combination has not only facilitated dual-band capabilities but also reduced the antenna's
size, confirming the effectiveness of this approach.
The presented graphs showcase the performance of a dual-band rectangular MPA integrated with
BST and DGS. Figure 6 illustrates the return loss (S11), indicating dual resonant frequencies with deep
notches, implying efficient impedance matching at these points. Figure 7 displays the VSWR, where lower
values near unity at resonant frequencies suggest minimal signal reflection, indicative of effective power
transfer to the antenna. These results collectively validate the enhanced dual-band functionality and improved
bandwidth of the antenna design.

Figure 6. Return loss (𝑆11) of for the proposed rectangular MPA with BST and DGS

Figure 7. Voltage standing wave ratio for the proposed rectangular MPA with BST and DGS

3.3. Comparaison of the two designs

In our study, we have evaluated two distinct designs of MPA to ascertain their suitability for
WLAN and WiMax applications. The initial design, featuring DGS, was optimized to resonate at 4.1 GHz.
Upon the integration of BST, the antenna not only improved its performance but also exhibited dual-band
characteristics, resonating at both 2.8 GHz and 5.8 GHz as shown in Table 3. The incorporation of BST was
pivotal, enhancing bandwidth significantly while maintaining robust return loss metrics. This comparison,
captured in Table 3, underscores the enhancements in bandwidth and frequency range post-BST integration,
which are critical factors in the antenna's performance for the intended wireless applications.

Design of an enhanced dual-band microstrip patch antenna … (Mohamed Lemine El Issawi)

172  ISSN: 2502-4752

Table 3. Comparison of the two-antennas design

S/N Antenna design Resonate frequency (GHz) S11(dB) BW (GHz)
1 MPA with DGS 4.1 -32 0.82
2 MPA with DGS and BST 2.8 -16.3 1.34
5.8 -21.4 1.25

3.4. Comparative study

In the sphere of MPA innovation, our design distinguishes itself not only in the realms of bandwidth
and compactness but also in the diminutive physicality of the antenna structure. The comparative analysis in
Table 4 elucidates our design's supremacy, particularly highlighting its streamlined dimensions of 14×10 mm,
which reflects a significant reduction when juxtaposed with the larger sizes reported in existing literature. For
instance, Sura and Sekhar [14] present an antenna with dimensions of 40×29 mm, and Jha et al. [15] with
40×30 mm, underscoring the remarkable miniaturization our design achieves. This strategic integration of a
DGS with the BST within the antenna's ground plane manifests not only in superior bandwidth but also in the
substantial miniaturization of the antenna's footprint. The consistent and enhanced performance metrics,
accentuated by our rigorous comparative study, validate the efficacy of our design approach. It masterfully
balances the dual imperatives of miniaturization and bandwidth augmentation, thereby marking our
contribution as a pioneering stride in the research landscape of antenna design.

Table 4. An evaluative comparison of the proposed design against existing literature

Reference Size(mm) Frequency (GHz) Bandwidth (GHz) Return loss(dB)
Sura and Sekhar [14] 40×29 3.5, 5.2 3.35-3.9, 4.8-6 <-11
Jha et al. [15] 40×30 4 3-5.64 −26.5
Goyal et al. [16] 46.83×38.41 1.9, 2.89 1.9546 -2.0113, 2.5 - 3.0632 -18, -13.7
Kaplan and Gocen [17] 10×50 2.4, 5 2.19-2.75, 4.74-6 -31.17, -42
Ambika et al. [18] 12×12 5.8, 7.1 5.66-5.97, 6.45-7.50 -27
Sharma et al. [19] 12×15 2.4, 6.7 2.1-2.5, 3.4-10.1 <-10
Hussain et al. [20] 17.95×16.89 4.9, 6.7 2.98-5.34, 6.6-7.2 -27.5, -27.6
Boudjerda et al. [21] 13.76×11.32 4.0 3.9-4.07 -29.81
This work 14×10 2.8, 5.8 5.15-6.40, 1.95-3.29 -16.3, -21.4

4. CONCLUSION
In This research introduces a groundbreaking dual-band MPA, leveraging DGS and BST integration,
to surpass existing performance benchmarks in antenna design. Achieving dual-band operation at 2.8 GHz and
5.8 GHz, with substantial bandwidths of 1.34 GHz and 1.25 GHz and return losses of -16.3 dB and -21.4 dB,
the study meets the demanding requirements for WLAN and WiMax applications. The strategic integration
of BST with DGS highlights the critical role of advanced material science and innovative design techniques
in enhancing antenna performance. This contribution is significant, showcasing a notable leap towards
compact, efficient wireless communication systems. Future directions of this research include exploring
additional slot integrations in the ground plane for further performance optimization and the practical
implementation of the dual-band MPA design in real-world applications. These efforts aim to refine antenna
efficiency and utility, underscoring the potential of our design in advancing wireless communication
technologies and their applications across various sectors. This study's interdisciplinary approach emphasizes
the importance of collaborative research in addressing the evolving challenges of global connectivity and
network performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author thanks the Pan African University.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Mohamed Lemine El Issawi is presently engaged in master's-level research at

the Pan African University, Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology, and Innovation
(PAUSTI), hosted at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology located in
Kenya. This academic endeavor follows the successful acquisition of Professional B.Sc.
degree in Networks and Telecommunications, awarded by the Professional University Institute
at Nouakchott Al Asriya University, Mauritania. His research interest includes in the domains
of networking, RF and microwave component design, communication systems, and the
advancement of wireless communication. His contributions to the field are poised to enhance
the body of knowledge within these areas significantly. Correspondence regarding
collaborative research opportunities or inquiries into his work, he can be contact at email:
lemine.mohamed@students.jkuat.ac.ke or medlemineelissawi@gmail.com.

Design of an enhanced dual-band microstrip patch antenna … (Mohamed Lemine El Issawi)

 174  ISSN: 2502-4752

Dominic Bernard Onyango Konditi is a professor of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering at Technical University of Kenya (TU-K). He received his Ph.D. in Electronics
and Computer Engineering from IIT Roorkee, India, M.Sc. Engineering in Electrical and
Communication Engineering from Tottori University, Japan, and Postdoc Res. from Dresden
University of Technology (DUT), Germany. Professor’s research interests are in design and
modelling smart antennas, analysis and modelling radio wave propagation problems,
modelling electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference problems. He has
taught and supervised at postgraduate level. He has also published extensively in reputable
journals and refereed conference proceedings. He can be contacted at email:
dominic.konditi@tukenya.ac.ke.

Aliyu Danjuma Usman is a Professor of Telecommunications Engineering from

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. He obtained his Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, from Universiti Putra, Malaysia (UPM) in 2011. Master of Electrical
Engineering from Bayero University Kano (BUK) in 2006. B.Sc. in Computer Engineering
from MAAUN in 2018. He is a recipient of numerous merit and recognition awards. His work
experience span from industries to academia. He worked with the Polytechnic sector and rose
to the rank of Chief lecturer before joining the University. He published over 130 peer-
reviewed national and international journals/conferences and has authored many books and
book chapters. Currently, he has over 310 citations and 10 h-index. He is a recipient of many
research grants locally and internationally. He has so far graduated over 30 M.Sc., 10 Ph.D.
students and many under his supervision. He served as Technical Committee Chair and
member of numerous local and international conferences. He is a member of many national
and international professional bodies which include; IEEE, COREN, MNSE, and MSESN. His
research interest includes telegraphic engineering, antenna radiation, wireless
communications, microwave engineering. Terahertz frequencies and RF EMF effect. He can
be contacted at email: adusman@abu.edu.ng or aliyuusman1@gmail.com.

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 35, No. 1, July 2024: 165-174

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