INDIAN INSTITUT E OF TECHNOL OGY

Departmen t of Civil Engineering

CEN - 306: Foundation Engineering
End Term Examination
Spring Semester Session: 2022-23
Time: 3:00 hrs Max.Mark s: 100

NOTE: i) Attempt any 5 questions. Q. 1 is COMPULS ORY.

I ii) Attempt all parts of a question at one place ONLY. There are
ADDITIONAL FIVE (05) marks assigned for this.
Unit weight of water may be taken as 10 kN/m3 •
iii)
iv) Assume any missing data suitably, but mention it clearly.

1. Attempt all the following parts: (35)

The soil at a depth of 4.5 m below ground surface has been classified as non-plastic silt
V and observed value of penetration resistance has been found to be 18. Water table is present
at a depth of 2 m below the ground surface. Unit weights of soil above and below the water
table are 16 kN/m 3 and 18 kN/m3 respectively. What will be the corrected value of
penetration resistance? (02)
With the help of neat sketches, explain three modes of bearing capacity failure in soil.
(03)
iii)/ With the help of neat sketches, show the deformation profile and contact pressure
distribution for rigid and flexible shallow footings resting on cohesive and granular soils.
(02)
iv) / For similar types of backfill, with the help of neat sketches, define at-rest, active and
J passive earth pressure. (03)
vt_/ What is the difference between driven piles and bored cast-in-situ piles? (02)
v v What is the difference between ordinary method of slices and Bishop's method of slices?

(02)
@/Explain the load transfer mechanism for pile foundation. (02)
@JWha t are the forces acting on a well foundation and what are the load combinations
considered for the analysis of well foundations? (02)
ix)/ Explain the difference between i) free and forced vibration; ii) natural and resonant
'-./ frequency and€)}periodic and aperiodic vibration. (03)
An infinite slope as shown in Fig. 1 is on the verge of sliding failure. The ground water
table is at the ground surface. Unit weight of water = 10 kN/m3 . What is the value of
effective angle of internal friction (in degrees) of sand? (02)

J
 4m

Figure 1
How can y9u determine damping ratio by forced and free vibration test? (04)
\ ..,Explain, how will you determine the load carrying capacity of an under-reamed pile with
V two bulbs in clayey soil? (02)
xiii) A 6 m deep cut is to be made in clay with c = 20 kPa and y = 18 kN/m3• Fig. 2 shows the
J lateral pressure diagram for the cut. What will be the value of lateral pressure pa? (02)

Pa

Figure 2
xiv) /A footing 3 m x 2.5 m in plan, transmits a load intensity of 220 kN/m2 on a soil having
J modulus of elasticity as 6x 104 kN/m2 and Poisson's ratio as 0.3. Determine the immediate
settlement of the footing at the centre if influence factor is 1.52. (02)
xv)/ Explain the modifications to Terzaghi's bearing capacity equations due to variation in-
location of the water table? . (02)

A square foundation (L xL) has to be constructed on cohesionless soil having ; = 32° at a

depth 2 m below the ground surface. The water table has been observed at a depth of 1 m .
below the ground surface. Given: unit weights of soil above and below the water table as '
16 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3 respectively. The gross allowable load with factor of safety =3 is
750 kN. Determine the size of footing assuming general shear failure. (05)
A long natural slope in a c-¢ soil is inclined at 15° to the horizontal. The water table is at
2 m below surface and seepage is roughly parallel to the slope. A slip has developed on a
plane parallel to the surface at a depth of 5 m. The bulk and saturated unit weight of the
clay are 18 kN/m3 and 20 kN/m3 respectively. The effective peak strength parameters are
c' = 10 kN/m2 and ¢max'= 26°; the residual strength parameters are c,' = 0 and;,'= 18°.

2
 Determine the factor of safety along the slip plane (a) in tenns of peak strength parameters,
(b) in terms of the residual strength parameters. . (06)
Derive the equation of motion for yawing vibrations of a block foundation and obtain
V expression for natural frequency. (04)

3 a) A rectangular rigid footing of size 5 m x 3 m is to be placed on sandy soil at a depth of 3

m below the ground surface. A plate load test (PL was conducted at 3 m depth on 30 cm
x 30 cm steel plate. Result of PLT has been given in Table 1.
n
•
i) Plot load intensity vs. settlement curve and find ultimate load carrying capacity of the
plate.
ii) Obtain the allowable pressure for the footing. Take settlement of the footing from Table
2. Assume that water table is far away from base of footing. (05)

Table 1 Result of PLT

Load intensit 0 2.8 5.6 8.3 11.1 16.7 22.2 27.8 33.3
Settlement 0 1.9 2.7 3.7 4.8 7.9 12.2 20.7 25.3

Table 2 Values of settlement

. -.. ··-. -...... ,
J-,Uftl> Pc)uNDA,TIQNS Ln :r10NI
SI TJIMJ of ~ w e Saad and Rud Cl&y Plattic- Clay S.Dd and llar4 Clar Pluclc Clay
No. r • • •

u H·11 H11 II uu11 Hii 11..

:i i!I
!§
,, Qi

mm mm· mm mm mm· mm mm mm mm mm mm
(I) (2) (3) (4) (S) (~)
so
(7) ( 8) (t) ( 10) ( 11) ( 12) (13) <••a
.
I) a&ocl a&roClul"• 50 -003 lL 1/'JOO (OJ JL l/'300 75 -003 JL 1/X)O 109. '4>0ll'L 1/)00
it) For relllfoft,ed con- ,0 ~J 'L J/6«t 1, -001,1. 1/666 15 "00211. 1/J}OO IW ·-ocw. 1/,00
I c:nte.encturcl
t
Ill) Pormal~
balldlnp .

...
a)R.Corltieel ~ -oolL 1/,00 1, -OUL 1/500 -'75 G-00251. 1/~ 115 O-GOJSL 1/!00
bal'1dh.. wkli
plllllwalls ..
•>Porloaclblldlll
J) L/11 - .2,• 60 -0002L 1/$000 <iO ·0001L 1{5 000 }

,,'°
Not Ubly to betDOOliilUl'a4
Z) UH - 7• .
i•) Pof water towa'I '°,0 -ol04L J/2100
-OOlSL 1/666
•000-4L 1/2500
·001 SL 1/666 100 ®SL J/G 125 -OOZSL J/'400
aod.UO.

3 b) A prestressed concrete pile is 25 m long and having a diameter of 450 mm. The pile is fully
embedded in sand. Given: for the sand: r= 18 kN/m3 and¢= 30°, Given: K= 1.5, = 0.6¢,
• .,. , _ l

and critical length = _15 x diameter of pile. Estimate the load carrying capacity of the pile
ifFOS = 3. Assume that the water table lies much below the tip of the pile.
F~rther, if the pile is fully embedded into a saturated clay deposit with Ysat = 19 kN/m3 and
cu= 40 kN/m2, what will be its load carrying capacity? Assume that the water table lies •
much below the tip of the pile, adhesion factor= 1, and FOS = 3. (06)
3 c) With the help of neat sketches, explain the empirical procedure to obtain location of most·
critical slip circle for stability of slope comprising of a homogeneous c ~-¢' soil. (04)

4 a)/ The cross section and plan of a column footing are shown in Fig. 3. Find the increase in
v vertical stress produced by the column at point 'A' using Newmark's chart (given).
(05)
4 b)/ A 3 x 4 group of piles are installed in layered saturated clay deposit. Each pile has 500 mm
diameter and 20 m length. These have been provided with spacing= 2.5 times diameter of
the pile. The upper clay layer is 5 m thick (c., = 60 kPa) which is followed by another clay
layer of 15 m thickness with Cu= 85 kPa, e0 = 0.85, and Cc= 0.32. Determine the allowable
load carrying capacity of the pile group and also the settlement of the pile group. Take Ne
= 9 and maximum thickness of each sublayer of clay as 4 m for settlement calculations.
Use factor of safety= 3. Take adhesion factor from table given below (Atmospheric press.,
pa = 100 kPa). _ (10)

c,,/ Pa <0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
a 1.00 0.92 0.82 0.74 0.62 0.54 0.48 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34

500kN

Footing si1t
, \ 3mK3m

,,· 3m

. I
Figure 3

Derive expression for factor of safety against bottom heaving of a cut in clay.
4

' ;-
I
 Explain how the results of cyclic pile load test are used
skin friction resistance of a pile. for obtaining the point bearing and
(04).
A machine and its foundation weigh 14Q kN. The sprin
g constant of the soil supporting the
foundation may be taken as 12x 104 kN/m. Forced vibra
tion of the foundation is caused by
a force Q (kN) = Qosinrot with Qo =46 kN and ro =
157 rad/s. Determine
i) the natural frequency of the foundation.
ii) the amplitude of motion.
(04)
Derive the expression for factor of safety (FOS) for
Bishop simplifie~ method of slices and
explain how FOS is calculated using this expressio
n. (04)
6 a) /In a two-layered cohesive soil, bored piles of
v has a thickness of 5 m and the bottom one is 400 mm diameter are installed. The top layer·
of considerable depth. The shear strength of
the top clay layer is 45 kPa and that of the bottom
is I00 kPa. Determine the length of the
bored piles required to carry a safe load of 400 kN,
allowing a factor of safety of 2.5. Take
adhesion factor from table given below (Atmospheric
press., pa= I00 kPa). (04)
c,,/ Pa <0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
a 1.00 0.92 0.82 0.74 0.62 0.54 0.48 0.42 0.40 0.38
0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34
6 b) / With the help of ~eat sketch_es, expl~in the
procedure for de~ermination o~ coefficient _of
J uniform compression (Cu) using cyclic plate load test. Also write the expression for Cu with
respect to actual base contact area of _foundation.
(03) •
6 c) / An anchored sheet pile bulkhead is sho~n
in Fig
.. 4. Given: L1 = 3 m, L2 = 6 m, 11 = 1.5 m,
J r= 16 k.N/m3, rsa,= 19.5 kN/m3, and rp= 30°. Calc
ulate the theoretical values of depth of
embedment, m
(05)

11 Sand
. Anchor
Groun r, c=O, tp
water ta

L2 Sand
'fsat, C .0, tp
Dredge line

D Sand i
•
Ysat, C =O, tp

Figure 4

s
6Jd ) A foundation 1.5 m x 2.5 min plan is show
n in Fig. S. Estimate the consolidation settlement
of the foundation.

'
- (03)

Net stress increase = 1SO kN/m2

l.5 m x 2.5 m Sand

l.5m r= t 6.S kN/m3
Water table
.._,.
-=- 0.5 m Sand, rsa, = 17 .S kN/m3

Normally consolidated clay

2.5m Ysat = 16 kN/m3
eo = 0.8
Cc= 0.32

Figure S

6
•• N. N, N•
1 46'
0 5.70 1.00 o.oo N, N•,.
I 6.00 1.10 27.09
,, 0.01 27 14.21 9.84
-
J
6.JO
6.62
1.22
1.3.S
0.04
0.06
28
29.24
31.61
15.9()
11.60
l 7.81
4 6.97 1.49 0.10 '
29 .34.24 19.98
13.70 ,,,
30 16.18
5 7..3-i 1.64 37.16 22.46
31 -40.4 I 19.13
6 7:73 1.81 0.20 25.28
7 8.15 lJlO 0.27
Ln :l4,(H "8 52
22.6.5
33 26.87
8 8.60 2.~, 48.09 32.23
0.35 34 52.64 31.94
9 9.09 2.~ 0.4-4 36.SO 38.04
35 57.75
10 9.61 :?.69 o..~6 {36 63.53
41.-W 45.41
-n.16
II 10.16 2.98 0,69 :n 70.01 53]o
S4~16
12 10.76 J.29 0.85 .,s 77.50 61.55
65.:!7
13 I J.-4 I J.6.1 1.04 39 78.61
85.97 70.61 95.03
14 I:?. I I 4.02 1.16 40 95.66 81.27 115.JI
I.S. 12.86 4.-15 l.~2 41 106.81 93.85 14<>.51
16 IJ.68 4.92 1.82 42 119.67 108.75
17 , ....60 ~.4.5 :us ·B 134.58 126.50
171.99
211.56
18 IS.12 6,04 2.59 44 1.51.95 147.74 261.60
19 16.56 6.70 ~.07 45 172.2K 173.28 325.34
20 17.69 7.-W 3.6"' 46 196.22 204.19 407.11
21 18.9:? 8.16 -131 47 224.55 241.HO 512.84
21 20.27 9.19 5.09 48 258.28 287.8~ 650.67
2J 21.75 I 0. 1 6.00 49 198.71 J-M.63 SJ 1.99
~4 :?J.3t> 11.40 7.08 50 347.50 41 ~.14 !072.80
.?.~ 2..~.13 12.12 8.J4
Bearing capacity factors
)

1000
800
600
400

~00

100
80
fJ()

20

10
8
6
4

0 10 20 30 40 45
Soil friction angle, ct,'(~)

Factor for determination of capacity of a single pile

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