REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD), NSCP 2015
FLEXURE

Load Combination: U = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

Reduction Factor: ∅
FAILURE CONDITION Ø
COMPRESSION CONTROLLED 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑡𝑦 0.65 (beams, tied column)
0.75 (spiral columns)

∅ = 0.65 + 0.25
TRANSITION 𝜀𝑡𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 0.005 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦

TENSION CONTROLLED 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 0.9

Note: For deformed reinforcement, 𝜀𝑡𝑦 shall be fy/Es. For grade 280 deformed reinforcement, it
shall be permitted to take 𝜀𝑡𝑦 equal to 0.002.

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam (SRRB)

Depth of compression block, 𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐

f’c (MPa) 𝛽1
17 ≤ f’c ≤ 28 0.85
𝑓′𝑐 − 28
28 < f’c < 55 0.85 − 0.05 ( )
7
f’c ≥ 55 0.65

Steel Strain, 𝜀𝑡 = 0.003𝑐(𝑑−𝑐)

Steel Stress, 𝑓𝑠 = 600(𝑐𝑑−𝑐)

Steel Reinforcement Ratio 2
𝐴𝑠 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 600 Design Moment Capacity, Mu
𝜌= =(𝑐) = ( ) 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛
𝑏𝑑 𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑠
Reinforcement, As = ρbd
Equilibrium, [𝐶 = 𝑇]; 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 Minimum steel
Nominal Moment Capacity, Mn ratio
0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
′
𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎) 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑎) 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑2 (1 − )
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑓′𝑐
√𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1𝑓𝑦.4 𝑜𝑟 0.25𝑓𝑦 whichever is larger

if ρ < ρmin , then use ρmin

Maximum steel ratio
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( ) 𝑓𝑦
7
if ρ > ρmax , then redesign to DRRB

SIT A. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of 450 mm. It is
reinforced with a total steel area of 2000 mm 2 placed at an effective depth of 380 mm. Specified
compressive strength of concrete is 28 MPa and yield strength of steel reinforcement is 415
MPa. Determine the factored moment capacity of the beam.
SIT B. A reinforced concrete beam having a cantilevered span of 4 m carries uniform service
superimposed dead load of 20 kN/m and uniform service live load of 36 kN/m. the beam has a
width of 450 mm, total depth of 800 mm, and effective depth of 730 mm. Specified compressive
strength of concrete is 21 MPa and yield strength of steel reinforcement is 415 MPa. Determine
the required amount of steel reinforcement for singly reinforced section. Unit weight of concrete
= 24 kN/m.
SIT C. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of 450 mm. It
carries an ultimate moment of 203 kN·m and has an effective depth of 375 mm. Specified
compressive strength of concrete is 28 MPa and yield strength of steel reinforcement is 415
MPa. Determine the required steel area.
SIT D. A monolithic floor framing plan is shown in the figure. The columns are 400 mm x 400
mm, girders are 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep and slabs are 100 mm thick. The floor supports
a superimposed service dead load of 9.384 kPa and service live load of 6 kPa. ACI Moment
Coefficients are given below.
a. Calculate the factored negative moment in kN·m for beam EF at column F.
b. Calculate the factored shear in kN for beam FG at column F.
c. Calculate the factored positive moment in kN·m for slab MIJN.
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam (DRRB) when ρ > ρmax

Compression Steel Stress

600(𝑐 − 𝑑′)
𝑓′𝑠 =
𝑐
Equilibrium, [Cc + Cs’ = T]
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠
Moment of Capacity
 𝑎

𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑑′)

2
SIT E. A simply supported beam has a clear span of 6.5 m and is subject to an external uniform
service dead load wD = 15 kN/m (including beam weight) and live load wL = 36 kN/m.
Preliminary design requires a rectangular section of width b = 275 mm and effective depth, d =
425 mm with f’ c = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Use d’ = 65. Calculate the required amount of
steel reinforcement. SIT F. A rectangular concrete beam 350 mm wide, reinforced for tension
by 5-32 mm bars and for compression by 3-28 mm bars, has the following properties:
Eff. depth of tension bars, d = 550 mm
Concrete cover of compression bars, d’ = 70 mm Concrete strength, f’c = 21 MPa
Reinforcing steel strength, fy = 415 MPa
Determine the ultimate bending moment of the beam to ensure ductile failure.

T-BEAM SECTION

Effective overhanging flange

Flange width, beyond face
location of web
8h
Each side of
Least of: sw/2
web
ℓ𝑛/8
6h
One side of
Least of: sw/2
web
ℓ𝑛/12
SIT G. A reinforced concrete T-beam results from a monolithic floor system with beams 6 m
long and spaced 1.2 m on centers supporting slabs 100 mm thick. The width of the web is 300
mm; effective depth, d = 610 mm; bottom As = 2950 mm2; concrete compressive strength, f’ c=
21 MPa; and steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa. Calculate the design moment capacity of the
section in kN-m for positive bending.

SIT H. A reinforced concrete T-beam has the following properties: effective flange width, bf =
1370 mm; flange thickness, tf = 150 mm; stem width, bw = 300 mm; effective depth, d = 610
mm; bottom As = 11,000 mm2; concrete compressive strength, f’c= 28 MPa; and steel yield
strength, fy = 414 MPa. Calculate the design moment capacity of the section in kN-m for
positive bending.

SIT I. A monolithic floor system consists of 100 mm thick slabs and simply supported beams
with a 6 m span, 1.2 m on centers. The floor carries a superimposed dead load of 1.15 kPa and
live load of 1.9 kPa. Beam dimensions, as determined by negative moment requirements at
supports, are bw = 275 mm and h = 500 mm. Concrete weights 24 kN/m^3. Determine the
required amount of steel reinforcement at mid-span of the interior beam. Use concrete
compressive strength f’c = 21 MPa and steel strength fy = 275 MPa. Assume 20 mm bar
diameter for flexure and 10 mm for stirrups.
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS

DESIGN CRITERIA: Vu ≤ ØVn

where Vu - factored shear force at critical section, located distance “d” from the face of support
ØVn - design shear capacity of beam, Vn = Vc + Vs Ø - Reduction factor, 0.75

Concrete Provisions for Design and Analysis for Shear.

Simplified Calculation
1. For members subjected to shear and flexure only

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑
2. For members subjected to axial compression

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 (1 + 𝑁𝑢 ) 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑

14 𝐴𝑔

Detailed Calculation
1. For members subjected to shear and flexure only
Vc is the least of:
𝑉
′
(0.16𝜆√𝑓𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑢
𝑑) 𝑏𝑤𝑑
𝑀𝑢

𝑏𝑤 𝑑

0.

2. For members subjected to axial compression

Vc is the least of:
𝑉
(0.16𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑢
𝑑4ℎ − 𝑑 ) 𝑏𝑤𝑑

𝑀𝑢 − 𝑁𝑢 ( 8 )
Equation not applicable if
 4ℎ − 𝑑
𝑀𝑢

0.29𝑁
′ 𝑢
0.29𝜆√𝑓 𝑏𝑤𝑑√1 +
𝑐

𝐴𝑔
𝑠

A minimum area of shear reinforcement Av,min shall be provided in all regions where 𝑉𝑢 > 0.5∅𝑉𝑐
but less than ∅𝑉𝑐.
Av,min/s is the greater of:
𝑏
0.062√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑤

𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑏𝑤
0.35
𝑓𝑦𝑡

Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement

Vs Non-prestressed Beam
d/2
≤ 0.33𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑 Lesser of:
600
d/4
> 0.33𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑 Lesser of:
300

SIT J. A rectangular beam having b = 300 mm, h = 620 mm and d = 550 mm spans 6-m face-
toface of simple supports. It is to carry service dead load DL = 14 kN/m (including self-weight)
and service live load LL = 25 kN/m, both uniformly distributed along the span. Material
strengths are f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
a. Determine the spacing of 10 mm stirrups required at a section of minimum shear
force.
b. Determine the spacing of 10 mm stirrups required at the critical section for shear.
c. At what distance from the left support are stirrups no longer required?

SIT K. Calculate the nominal shear strength of the beam given above if the beam is also subject
to a factored axial load of 30 kN due to effects of creep and shrinkage and that the beam is
reinforced with 12 mm stirrups Grade 275 spaced 200 mm center to center. Use f’c = 28 MPa.

SIT L. A column section b = 400 mm, h = 600 mm is reinforced with longitudinal bars Ast =
825 mm diameter equally distributed along all faces. Lateral ties are composed of 12 mm
rectangular hoops with clear cover equal to 40 mm and 12 mm cross ties in both directions.
Concrete yield strength f’c = 27 MPa with allowable concrete shear stress, fv = 0.866 MPa, and
steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa.
a. Determine the spacing of 3-legged-12-mm transverse reinforcement for an
ultimate shear of 400 kN parallel to “h” dimension
b. Determine the design shear capacity of the column along “h” dimension if the
ties and cross ties are spaced at 200 mm.

SIT M. For the beam given in the figure, f’ c = 21 MPa and fy = 280 MPa. The dead load shown
includes the beam weight.
a. Calculate the factored shear force (kN) at the critical section for shear.
b. Determine the required center to center spacing (mm) of 10-mm-diameter two-legged
stirrups at the critical section.

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN

Axially Loaded Short Columns
Design Axial Strength
For spiral columns, 𝑃𝑢 = 0.85∅[0.85𝑓𝑐′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
For tied columns, 𝑃𝑢 = 0.80∅[0.85𝑓𝑐′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
Plastic Centroid

Eccentrically Loaded Short Columns

SIT N. A square tied column carries an axial dead load of 560 kN and an axial live load of 750
kN. Assume fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Use 20 mm diameter bars. Using a reinforcement
ratio of 2%, determine the minimum required dimension of the column. Determine the required
number of 20-mm diameter bars.

SIT O. A short square column 500 mm on each side is reinforced with 8-28-mm-diameter
longitudinal bars equally distributed to all sides of the column. The centroid of the bars are 76
mm from the concrete surface. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
a. Determine the location of the neutral axis from the extreme concrete compression fiber when
the concrete strain is 0.003 and the extreme tensile steel strain is 0.005.
b. Determine the nominal axial load kN the column can sustain at this given condition.

SIT P. A short circular column 600 mm in diameter is reinforced with 6-ϕ28 mm bars equally
spaced confined with 12 mym spiral bar. Concrete cover of outermost reinforcement is 50 mm.
Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
a. Calculate the ultimate axial load the column can carry.
 b. Calculate the required pitch or spacing (mm) of the spiral reinforcement.

F O U N DAT I O N D E S I G N
DESIGN CRITERIA
SIZE – adequate size must produce net soil bearing stress not to exceed net effective
capacity of soil.
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≤ 𝑞𝑎 − 𝛾𝑠ℎ𝑠 − 𝛾𝑐𝑡 − 𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑟
THICKNESS – adequate thickness for concrete to sustain one-way shear and two-way
shear stresses at critical sections.

Beam shear: 𝑓𝑣1 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′

Punching shear:
FLEXURE BARS – adequate amount of bars to sustain tension to prevent failure in
bending at critical sections.
0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑏𝑑2 (1 − )
𝑓′𝑐
Minimum reinforcement, Asmin = kbt
Where k = 0.002 for fy = 280 MPa; 0.0018 for fy = 420 MPa.

Spacing, 𝑠 = 𝑏(𝐴𝑏) where smax is the lesser of 3t or 450 mm.

𝐴𝑠
SIT A. Design a reinforced concrete wall footing to support a 300-mm-wide reinforced concrete
wall with a dead load D = 300 kN/m and a live load L = 200 kN/m. The bottom of the footing is
to be 1 m below the final grade, the soil weight is 16 kN/m 3, the concrete weight is 24 kN/m3,
the gross allowable soil pressure, qa, is 190 kPa, fy =415 MPa, and f’c = 28 MPa. If thickness is
450 mm, check the adequacy of this given thickness.

SIT B. A square footing is designed to support a 300-mm x 300-mm concrete column that
sustains an axial dead load of 130 kN and an axial live load of 200-kN. The base of the footing
is 1.50 m below the final grade line, the soil weight is 16 kN/m 3, the concrete weight is 24
kN/m3, the gross allowable soil pressure, qa, is 210 kPa, fy =415 MPa, and f’c = 28 MPa.
Determine (a) the minimum size of the footing, (b) the shear stresses at critical sections if B =
1.5 m, t = 500 mm and flexure bars are 16 mm in diameter, (c) determine the spacing of main
reinforcements.
 STEEL DESIGN
TENSION MEMBERS
Modes of Failure
1. Gross Section Yielding

2. Net Section Fracture

NSCP 2015

LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design)

𝜙𝑡𝑃𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢

ASD (Allowable Strength Design)

𝑃𝑛
≥𝑃
 𝑎
𝑡

Ω Effective
Net Area: 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈 𝐴𝑛
where An – net area
U – shear lag factor

Shear Lag Factor:

Bolted Flat Plates: U = 1 NSCP Table
504.3.1 CASE 2: U = 1− 𝑥̅
ℓ

3. Block Shear Failure

SIT A. The connection shown in the figure uses 20 mm diameter A325 bolts. Both the tension
member and the gusset plate are A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa). Determine the
strength of the connection considering the following modes of failure.

Determine the allowable and ultimate load.

a. based on gross section yielding.
b. based on net section fracture.
c. based on block shear.

SIT B. In the connection shown below, A572 (Fu = 448 MPa) steel is used for the tension
member, A36 (Fu = 400 MPa) steel is used for the gusset plate, and the holes are 22 mm in
diameter.

a. Determine the allowable and ultimate load based on net section fracture.
b. Determine the allowable and ultimate load based on block shear of the tension
member and of gusset plate.

SIT C. An angle bar 100x100x11 mm tension member is connected with 20-mm-diameter bolts
with hole diameter 22 mm as shown in the figure. Both legs of the angles are connected. Use Ag
= 2,079 mm^2, Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa.

a. Determine the allowable and ultimate strength based on gross section yielding.
b. Determine the effective net area of member.
c. Determine the allowable strength based on net section fracture.

COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SIT D. A W12x79 of A573 Grade 60 (Fy = 415 MPa) steel is used as a compression member. It
is 7 m long, fixed at the top and bottom, and has additional support in the weak direction 3 m
from the top. Properties of the section are: A = 14,500 mm2 , Ix = 258.6 x 106 mm4, Iy = 84.375
x 106 mm4.
a. Calculate the effective slenderness ratio with respect to strong axis buckling.
b. Calculate the effective slenderness ratio with respect to weak axis buckling.
c. Calculate the allowable and ultimate axial load capacity of the column.

SIT E. Four angle bars 100 mm x 90 mm x 10 mm are welded at the tip of the legs to form a box
section. Column height is 4 m and effective length factor K
= 1.0 for both axes. The properties of each angle is
given:
A = 1,800 mm2
Ix = 1.22 x 106 mm4 Iy = 0.767 x 106 mm4 x = 19.8 mm
y = 32.33 mm

a. Calculate the effective slenderness ratio with respect to strong axis buckling.
b. Calculate the effective slenderness ratio with respect to weak axis buckling.
c. Calculate the allowable and ultimate axial load capacity of the column

FLEXURE

General Provision
LRFD: 𝜙𝑏𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 where 𝜙𝑏 = 0.9
𝑀 𝑛
ASD: Ω 𝑏≥ 𝑀𝑎 where Ω𝑏 = 1.67
DESIGN OF PURLINS
General Provision

LRFD: 𝜙𝑏𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 where 𝜙𝑏 = 0.9

ASD: Ω 𝑏≥
𝑀 𝑛
𝑀𝑎 where Ω𝑏 = 1.67

BEAM BEARING PLATES

Web Yielding – Compressive crushing of a beam web caused by a compressive force to the
flange directly above or below the web.
Concrete Bearing

General Provision

LRFD:
𝜙𝑏𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 where 𝜙𝑏 = 0.9

ASD:
𝑀𝑛
Ω𝑏 ≥ 𝑀𝑎 where Ω𝑏 = 1.67

SIT F. A A992 W350x90 is used for a beam of a floor system as shown in the figure. Beams are
spaced “S” on centers. In addition to the weight of the beam, the dead load consists of a 125 mm
thick concrete slab (γc = 24 kN/m3). The live load is 3.8 kPa and there is a partition load of 1000
Pa.

A = 11,500 mm2
Ix = 266 x 106 mm4
Iy = 45 x 106 mm4 W =
90 kg/m d = 350 mm bf
= 250 mm tf = 16 mm tw
= 10 mm Fy= 345 MPa

a. If beam AB is simply supported with

continuous lateral support and will carry
additional equal concentrated dead load 75 kN at every third points. (a) Calculate the
allowable and design flexural strength in kN-m. (b) Calculate the maximum value of “S”
so that the allowable and design bending stress will not be exceeded.

b. If the beam is laterally unsupported with unbraced length of 9 m, calculate its

nominal flexural strength.

SIT G. Light-grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss. The top chord of the truss is
inclined 1V:3H and distance between trusses is equal to 3 m. The purlin has a weight of 71 N/m
and spaced at 1.2 m, on centers. The dead load including the roof materials is 1200 Pa, live load
of 1000 Pa and wind load of 1440 Pa. Coefficient of pressure at leeward and windward are 0.2
and 0.6 respectively. Sag rods are placed at the midpoint and Fbx = Fby = 138 MPa. Sx = 4.48 x
104 mm3; Sy = 1.18 x 104 mm3.

a. Calculate the maximum interaction value for LRFD and ASD at the windward
side assuming loads are acting at the center of gravity of the purlin.

b. Calculate the maximum interaction value for LRFD and ASD at the windward
side assuming loads are acting at the top flange of the purlin.

SIT H. A W 600 x 110 beam is supported by a bearing plate on a wall with a thickness of 300
mm. The beam reactions are 250 kN dead load and 150 kN live load. Properties of W 600 x 110
beam; d = 600 mm, bf = 225 mm, tf = 18 mm, tw = 12 mm, k = 26 mm, f’c = 24 MPa, fy = 248
MPa.

a. Determine the required length of the bearing plate.

b. Determine the required width of the bearing plate.

c. Determine the required thickness of the bearing plate.

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