ANSWERS

FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 01

CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (15 Marks)

1.
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
A D B E B C A D D A
1@10=10 Marks
2.
LIST A (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
LIST B D E B C A

1@5=5 Marks
3.(a)(i) Laboratory – Is a special room designed for keeping laboratory apparatus and
where scientific experiment are done (01mark)
(ii) Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO3)(0.5@=01mark)
(iii) Because hydrogen is less denser than air (01mark)
(b) (i) NaOH(ag)+HCl ag NaCl(ag) +H2O(l)

(ii) NH4Cl(ag)+NaOH(ag) NaCl +NH3(g) +H2O(l)

(iii)Ca(OH)2(ag)+H2 SO4(ag) CaSO4 +2H2O

(iv)Mg(s)+HNO3(ag) Mg(NO3)2(ag)+H2(g)(01@=04mark)

4. a) – CaCl2(0½Mark)

- Electrovalent (ionic) bond (0½Mark)

b) Any three (3) properties of ionic bond

-Soluble in water
-Conduct electricity when in solution or molten form
-Crystalline solids at room temperature
-Have high melting boiling point
-Generally insoluble in non-polar solvents (2@=6Marks)
5. (a) Soln:-
Data given
Volume of chlorine gas at s.t.p=20cm3
G.M.V=22.4dm3
Avogadro’s constant=6.02x1023
Required Number of chlorine molecules (N) =?(0.5 Mark)
but

1dm3=1000cm
? = 20cm3
Volume of cl2=1dm3x20cm3 = 0.02dm3
1000cm3
n=Given volume = 0.02dm3(0.5 Mark)
G.M.V 22.4dm3
n = 0.00089 mol(01 Mark)
N = nLA(0.5 Mark)
N = 0.00089x6.02x1023
N = 0.0053578x1023
N=5.4x10- 3 + 23
∴Number of chlorine molecules (N) = 5.4x1020 molecules(01 Mark)
(b) Soln:-
Data given.
Mass of CU(NO3) = 5g
Molar Mass of CU (NO3)2= 188g/mol(0.5 Mark)

n = Mass = 5g/188g/mol = 0.026(0.5 Mark)

Molar mass

n = 0.026 Mole(01 Mark)

but
N = nLA
23
N = 0.026x6.02x10
N= 0.1565x1023
N = 1.57X1022
∴ Number of ions of Cu(NO3)2 = 1.57X1022ions(1.5 Mark)

6. (a) Le– Chartellier’s principle state that “ If the chemical system is in equilibrium and one
of the factor in the equilibrium is altered, the equilibrium will shift so as to tend to reduce the
effect of
change” (02 Mark)

(b) (i) – The forward process is Exothermic reaction. This suggest that low temperature will
yield high proportion of Sulphur trioxide (SO3). (Reaction will proceed to the forward
direction)(01 Mark)
– According to Le-chartelliers principle high pressure will reproduce a greater yield
of
sulphur trioxide. (The reaction will shift to the right hand side (forward direction)(01 Mark)
(ii) Unfavorable to work at very high pressure and very low temperature, since the
Equilibrium willnot attained/Balanced. So that the reaction will favor more to the
Forward direction (product sides). However there will be less concentration of Sulphurdioxide
and oxygen gas(02 Marks)
(iii) - Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)(01 Mark)
 - Platinum/Nickel (Pt/Ni)

7.a) Molecular formula: Is the formula that show the actual number of each
different atom in a molecule (01Mark)

b) 1st find …………… formula

Zn S O

By mass 22.2 11.6 22.3

R.A.M 65 32 16

% by mass 22.2 11.6 22.3

÷ 65 32 16
R.A.M = 0.341 = 0.363 = 1.394

Divide by its smallest value 0.341 0.363 1.394

0.341 0.341 0.341
=1 1.064  1 4.088  4

Zn S1 S04

………formula ZnS04(03Marks)

Molecule formula = ZnSO4 • XH2O

283 = 161 + 18X
122 18 X
=
18 18
X = 6.77  7
 The molecule formula is ZnSO4 • 7H2O (03Marks)
8.a) Na2CO3 (ag ) + 2HCl(ag) 2Nacl(ag) + H2(1) = CO2 (ag ) (02Mark)
na=2 ;nb = 1(01mark)

Data given
Vb = 25cm3
Va = 20cm3
Ma = 0.25M
Mb =?

Mass of sodium carbonate = 7.15g (0½ Mark)

b) From
MaVa MbVb
= (0½Mark)
n nb
MaVanb
Mb =
Vbna
 0.25M  20cm3  1
=
25cm3  2
= 0.1M
The ……………. of unhydroted sodium carbonates 0.1M (01Mark)

c) The value of X
From: ………….. of hydro = ……………. of unhydrom
Conc
= 01
Molarmass

28.6
Conc = + XH 2O = 0.1
Na 2 Co3

28.6
= 0.1
106 + 18 X
(106 + 18X) 0.1 = 28.6
1.6.1 + 1.8X = 28.6
1.8 X 18
=
1.8 1.8
X = 10
 The value of X = 10 (02Marks)

9. a .i).CaCl2 - To lower the melting points of sodium chloride

ii. Graphite anode - to facilitate maximum oxidation of chloride ions to chlorine gas

iii. Steel gauze - to separate sodium and chlorine produced so that cannot
react.(01@=03mark)

b).Sodium has low density, which make it to float over the mixture, that’s why is collected
by upwards(01mark)

c). at anode 2Cl-(aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e-

At cathode Na+ (aq) + e- Na(s) (1.5@=03marks)

10. (a) ⇛Faraday’s first law of Electrolysis state that “The mass of a substance deposited or
Liberated during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity
passed though the electrolyte” (1.5 Mark)
⇛Faraday’s second law of electrolysis state that “When the same quantity of electricity
is passed though solutions of different electrolytes, the mass of the substance
liberated or deposited at the electrodes are directly proportional to the chemical
equivalents of the substances”(1.5 Mark)
M&E
M = KE
Where M = Mass of substance deposited
K = constant
E = Chemical equivalent
 (b) Soln.
Data given.
Quantity of electricity (Q) = 9650 Coulombs
Molar Mass of Ag = 108
G.M.V = 224dm3(0.5 Mark)
but
Ag(ag) + + e-Ag(s)Liberated at Cathode (0.5 Mark)
1e = 1F
1F = 1mol of Ag = 108g
but
IF = 96500C
96500C = 108g of Ag
9650C = ?

9650C X 108g(0.5 Mark)

96500C
Mass of Ag(Silver) = 10.8g
40H (ag)2H2O +O2(g) + 4 e- (Liberated at Anode)(0.5 Mark)
-

4e- = 4F
4F = 1mol of O2 at s.t.p
1mol of any gas at s.t.p = 22.4dm3(0.5 Mark)
4F = 22.4dm3
4(96500C) = 22.4dm3 of O2(0.5 Mark)
9650C= ?
9650 coulombs x 22.4dm3 = 0.56dm3
4(96500) coulombs
∴Volume of Oxygen Liberated at s.t.p = 0.56dm3OR 560cm3(01 Mark)
11.a)i)X-ray rooms

ii)Electrical posts

iii) Pesticides containers

iv) road works 4marks@1

b) The volume differ because the measuring cylinder takes inaccurate volume while burette
takes the accurate volume. 1mark

c)i) Washing helps to prevent contamination of the measured liquid with other substances
while wiping helps to remove water contents in the apparatus that may affect the volume of
liquids.

ii) Washing helps to avoid contaminations with other substances while wiping helps to
remove water content on the apparatus that may affect the mass of substance . 2marks@1
12.a)

Property of water Usefulness of each property

It is colourless Makes possible animals living under water to

see their surroundings

It is neutral to litmus -Does not affect PH of biological systems

-Makes it a universal solvent and does not

react with solutes dissolved in it.

It boil at 100oC and has a high heat capacity Makes it good coolant in most of heating
systems.

3marks@1

b)-purification of metals

-production of gases such as Cl2

-electroplating

-used in manufacture of elements 4marks@1

13.a)i)when water has colour 1mark

ii)when water it smells 1mark

b)Introduction 1.5 marks

points(warning to the likely effects)

-it accelerate to deforestation

-global warming

-eruption of diseases caused by the product of coal combustion 10marks@2

-disappearance of valuable plant species

-it can lead to creation of pits in the ground

Conclusion 1.5marks

14.a)i. Functional group is an atom or group of an atoms or bond which determines the
chemical properties of the organic compound.

ii. homologous series is an arrangement of the members of a family of organic compounds in

order of increasing molecular masses

iii. isomerism is the existence of the organic compounds having the same molecular formula
but have different structure formula.(01@=03mark)
b).

CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane and CH3CHCH3 2-methylpropane

CH3(02@=04mark)

c)i)ethene to ethane

CH2=CH2+H2room temp CH3CH3 2marks

ii)ethene to chloroethane

CH2=CH2+HCl room temp CH3CH2Cl 2marks

iii)ethene to 1,2-dibromorthane

CH2=CH2+Br2room temp CH2BrCH2Br2marks

iv)ethene to ethanol

CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH 2marks

 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 02
CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (15 Marks)

1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)

C D B A A A E D A B&D

O1Marks @ Total =10 Marks

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

2. (a)
A D G E B

O1 Marks @ Total =05 Marks

SECTION B ( 70 Marks)

(a)

O.5 Marks @
 O2 Marks @
(a)

➢
➢
➢
➢

➢
➢
➢
➢

➢
➢
➢
➢

O.5 Marks @
➢ (b)

✓
✓
✓
✓

✓
O1 Marks @ (Any four correct points)

5. (a)

(b)
O1 Marks @
 O1 Marks @

O4Marks

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
O.5 Marks @

✓
✓
✓ O1 Marks @
✓
✓
(TOTAL=15 Marks)
 ✓
✓

✓
✓

➢
➢
➢
➢

✓
✓
 (TOTAL=15 Marks)

Note: Adjustment/Moderation of the Marking scheme is allowed!!

 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 03
CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (15 MARKS)

1. (i) C (ii) C (iii) C (iv) A (v) A (vi) B (vii) C (viii) D (ix) C (x) C
(10 marks) 1@
2. (i) B (ii) E (iii) F (iv) C (v) A (5 marks) 1@
SECTION B (70 MARKS)
3. (a) Uses of matter in daily life
(i) Matter has atoms and molecules, so the food that we eat everyday consists of atoms
as well as molecules. Therefore, the food are also a kind of matter without which
we can not survive
(ii) The clothes that we wear, all the necessary things like pencil, brush, utensils all are
made of matter
(iii) Everything present in the universe is made of matter. Even we, human beings are
made of matter
(iv) Matter helps us in making business ie making of ice-cream
OTHER USES OF MATTER
-Drying clothes
-Making ice-cream
-Mothballs
-Melt snow on the road
-Formation of dew (Any four points) (4 marks) 1@
(b) Reasons for using chemical symbols
-Chemical symbol represent name of the element
-Chemical symbol represent one atom of the element
-Chemical symbol also represents one mole of atoms of the element
-Chemical symbol distinguishes the element from rest of the elements
-Chemical symbol helps to write a chemical equation
(Any 3 points) (03 marks) 1@
4. (a) (i) Temporary hardness is caused by calcium hydrogen carbonate WHILE Permanent
hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium compounds
(ii) Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling the water WHILE Permanent hardness
cannot be removed by boiling (4 marks) 2@
(b) Methods of removing temporary hardness
- By boiling
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Methods of removing permanent hardness
- Addition of sodium carbonate
Na2CO3(aq) + CaSO4(aq) CaCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
(3 marks) 1 ½ @
5. (a) (i) Acid- Is a substance which when dissolved in water produce hydrogen ion (H+) as
the only positive charge
 (ii) Base- Is a substance which when dissolved in water produce hydroxyl ion (OH-) as
the only negative charge.
(iii) Salt-Is a substance formed when some or all of the hydrogen atoms of an acid are
replaced by a metal or ammonium ion OR is a compound in which the replaceable
hydrogen of an acid has been wholly or partially replaced by a metal
(3 marks) 1@
(b) Importance/ applications of neutralization
- Indigestion and pain relief
- Descaling kettles
-Prevention of tooth decay
-Soil treatment
- Insect stings treatment
- Factory wastes treatment
- Manufacture of fertilizer
(Any 4 points) (4 marks) 1@
6. (a) Importance of chemical equation
-It make easy to understand the chemical reaction
- It becomes easy to determine the effects of temperature, pressure etc on the state of
reaction
- It maintain the equality of number of moles, atom and mass on both sides of the equation
for the reaction
-It tell us the formula and symbols of the reactants and products
-Gives information about the changes occurred in a chemical reaction
(Any 3 points) (4 ½ marks 1 ½ @
(b) A balanced chemical equation
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (1 ½ marks)
7. (a) Given data
Volume of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = 25.0 cm3
Molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = 0.1 M (0 ½ marks)
3
Volume of vinegar (CH3COOH) = 12.5 cm
Require
Concentration of vinegar (CH3COOH) in g/dm3
SOLUTION
From
Molarity = number of moles (mole) (0 ½ marks)
3
Volume (dm )
Then, number of moles = Molarity X volume (0 ½ marks)
Number of moles of NaOH = 0.1 mol/dm3 X 25 /1000 dm3 (o ½ marks)
Hence, number of moles of NaOH is 0.0025 mole (0 ½ marks)
Consider a balanced chemical equation below
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) (01 marks)
From a balanced chemical equation
1 mol of NaOH = 1 mol of CH3COOH
0.0025 mol of NaOH = ? mol of CH3COOH
Then 0.0025 mol of NaOH X 1 mol of CH3COOH (0 ½ marks)
1 mol of NaOH
Mole of CH3COOH is 0.0025 mole
Also, Molarity = number of moles (0 ½ marks)
Volume
 Then Molarity of CH3COOH = 0.0025 mole
0.0125 dm3
Hence, molarity of vinegar (CH3COOH) is 0.2 mol/dm3 (0 ½ marks)
From
Molarity = concentration (g/dm)
Molar mass (g/mol)
Then, concentration = molarity X molar mass
But molar mass of vinegar (CH3COOH) is 60 g/mol (0 ½ marks)
3
Then, concentration = 0.2 mol/dm X 60 g/mol
= 12 g/dm3
Therefore, concentration of vinegar is 12 g/dm3 (0 ½ marks)
ALTERNATIVE METHOD
Molarity of base (NaOH),Mb = 0.1M (0 ½ marks)
3
Volume of base (NaOH), Vb = 25 cm
Volume of acid (CH3COOH), Va = 12.5 cm3
Molarity of acid (CH3COOH), Ma = ?
Consider a balanced chemical equation below
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) (01 marks)
Number of moles of acid, na = 1
Number of moles of base, nb =1 (0 ½ marks)
From
MaVa/MbVb = na/nb
Where by Ma = molarity of acid
Va = volume of acid
Mb = molarity of base (0 ½ marks)
Vb = volume of base
Na = number of moles of acid
nb= number of moles of base
Then MaVanb/Vanb =MbVbna/Vanb
Ma = MbVbna/Vanb (0 ½ marks)
Ma = 0.1 X 25 X 1/12.5 X 1 (0 ½ marks)
= 0.2 M (0 ½ marks)
From Molarity = concentration/molar mass (0 ½ marks)
Then concentration = molarity X molar mass (0 ½ marks)
But molar mass of vinegar (CH3COOH) is 60g/mol (0 ½ marks)
3
Then, conc.= 0.2 mol/dm X 60 g/mol
= 12 g/dm3 (0 ½ marks)
Hence concentration of vinegar is 12 g/dm3 (01 marks)
(b) Phenolphthalein
REASON
The reaction involves weak acid (vinegar) and strong base (sodium hydroxide) (01
marks)
8. (a) Molar volume of a gas – Refers to the volume occupied by one mole of a gas at
standard condition of temperature and pressure. The molar volume of a gas has the value of
22.4 dm3 at s.t.p (01 marks)
(b) Given data
Mass of hydrogen gas = 0.5g
Required (0 ½ marks)
Mass of water formed
 SOLUTION
Consider a balanced chemical equation
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) (01 marks)
From
Amount of a substance = Mass of a substance
Molar mass of a substance (0 ½ marks)
Then
Amount of hydrogen gas = mass of hydrogen
Molar mass of hydrogen (0 ½ marks)
-1
= 0.5g/2gmol (0 ½ marks)
= 0.25mol
Hence amount of hydrogen gas is 0.25 mol (0 ½ marks)
From a balanced chemical equation
2 mol of H2 produce 2 mol of H2O
0.25 mol of H2 produce ? mol of H2O (0 ½ marks)
Then
0.25 mol of H2 X 2 mol of H2O
2 mol of H2
= 0.25 mol of water (0 ½ marks)
But also
Amount of a substance = mass
Molar mass
Then, Mass = amount of a substance X molar mass (0 ½ marks)
Mass of water = 0.25mol X 18 g/mol
= 4.5g (0 ½ marks)
Therefore mass of water formed is 4.5 g (0 ½ marks)
9. (a) A balanced chemical equation for the reaction
N2(g) + 3H2(g) catalyst 2NH3(g) (02 marks)
ROLE OF CATALYST
The role of catalyst in the reaction is to speed up the rate of production of ammonia gas
(1 ½ marks)
(b) When the gases sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide mix in the presence of water,
the reaction is as shown here hydrogen sulphide is acting as a reducing agent
H2S(g) + SO2(g) 2H20(l) + 3S(s) (3 ½ marks)
10. (a)(i) Cracking- Is the conversion of large molecule organic compounds into compounds
with smaller molecules (01 marks)
(ii) Isomerism- Is the property of two or more compounds having the same molecular
formula but different structural formulae. (01 marks)
(b) (i) CH3ClCClCHCH3CH2CH3
OR

(ii) CH3CHCH3CH2CHCH2 CH3CH2 CH3CH CH3CH3 (05 marks) 2 ½ @

 11. (a) Number of proton = 20
Number of neutron = 20 (01 marks) 0 ½ @
(b) Empirical formula (well arrangement of a table = 3 marks)
Element C S
% composition 15.8 84.2
R.A.M 12 32
%composition/R.A.M 15.8/12 84.2/32
ratio 1.32 2.63
Divide by smallest ratio 1.32/1.32 = 1 2.63/1.32 = 2
Hence the empirical formula is CS2 (0 ½ marks)
Molecular formula

From (empirical formula)n = Relative molecular mass (0 ½ marks)

(CS2)n = 76
( ( 12 X 1) + (32 X 2))n = 76 (0 ½ marks)

76/76n = 76/76
n=1 (0 ½ marks)

Then
Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n

=( CS2) X 1 (0 ½ marks)
= CS2

Hence the molecular formula is CS2 (0 ½ marks)

12. (a) Order of increase in electronegativity
C, N, I, Br, Cl, F (01 marks)
Increase in eletronegativity
(b) Both reaction involve displacement reaction where by more active atom take the place
of less active atom
(i) I2 (g) + 2KCl(aq)---------------Cl is more electronegative than I.
(ii) Br2(g) + NaCl(aq) (No reaction)-----Br is less electronegative than Cl
(iii) Cl2(g) + HF (No reaction)------Cl is less electronegative than F

SECTION C (15 MARKS)

13. Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to provide nutrients in proper quantities and in a
balanced way for the growth of plants
Soil fertility can be lost by the following ways
Soil erosion: This is the carrying away of the top fertile soil by moving water and wind.
Erosion leads to loss of the fertile top soil and plant nutrients. This makes the soil infertile.
Water logging: Poor drainage leads to the accumulation of salts on or below the soil
surface. The salt cause deficiency of water in plants as water moves out of the root in the
soil under the osmotic pressure of the salt solution.
Leaching: This is common with nutrients that are highly soluble, such as nitrogen. These
nutrients are carried to lower levels far beyond the reach of many plant roots. Soils with
many leached nutrients are infertile.
 Burning: This affects the activities of micro-organisms such as nitrogen fixation and
decomposition of organic matter. Accumulation of the resulting ash also causes imbalance
of nutrients in the soil. Burning of vegetation also exposes the soil to agents of erosion such
as wind and water.
The loss of nutrients from the soil can be prevented by using various methods. These
include terracing, contour farming, crop rotation, controlled grazing and use of organic
manure.
(Good introduction 1 ½ marks)
(Good and clear explanation of the point 12 marks)
(Good conclusion 1 ½ marks)

14. WATER POLLUTION

Introduction must contain the following
- Meaning of water pollution (01 marks)
- Source of water pollution
Main body must contain the following

- Causes of water pollution ( at least 2 points)

- Effects of water pollution ( at least 2 points (03 marks)S
- Methods of preventing water pollution
(i) Reducing nutrients and pesticide pollution
(ii) Treating sewage and industrial waste
(iii) Stopping deforestation
(iv) Controlling coastal development
(v) Reducing pollution from oil spills
(vi) Reducing mercury emissions
(vii) Cleaning up existing and abandoned mines
(viii) Cleaning up chemical pollution
(Any 5 points) (10 marks) 2@
Conclusion
Any good conclusion (01 marks)
-
 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 04
CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

1.

i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x

B E C B E B A A B E
10@1mark

2.

LIST A i ii iii iv v
LIST B C F D B E
5@1mark

3. (a)(i) Esterification is a chemical process of making ester by reacting alcohols with

carboxylic acids. Eg, CH3COOH ( l) + CH3CH2OH (l) →
CH3COOCH2CH3(l) +H2O(l)

(ii) Substitution reaction is the type of chemical reaction in which one atom from a
compound replaces the other atom from another compound. Eg

CH3CH3(l) + CL2(g) → CH2CLCH2CL(l) + H2(g)

(iii) Decomposition reaction is the chemical reaction in which a single compound

breakdown into simpler substances either by heating or action of catalyst. Eg

CaCO3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) 3Marks@ 1mark

(b)(i) Mg + C + O = 100

28.6 + 14.3 +O = 100

42.9 + O =100

O = 100 – 42.9 1mark

• = 57.1

Element Mg C O
Composition by mass 28.6 14.3 57.1
R.A.M 24 12 16
Number of moles 28.6/24 = 1.2 14.3/12 = 1.2 57.1/16 = 3.6
Mole ratio 1.2/1.2= 1 1.2/1.2= 1 3.6/1.2= 3
1 Mark

The empirical formula is MgCO3 1mark

 Molecular formula mass = ( empirical formula mass)n

84 = (MgCO3)n

84 = (24 +12 + (16x3))n

84 = (36 +48)n

84/84 = 84n/84

n = 1

Molecular formula =( MgCO3)1

= MgCO3 1 mark

4 (a) A molecular equation is the one which show the chemical changes by means of symbols
and formulae while the ionic equation is the one which shows only the actual ions taking
part in a chemical reaction. 2marks

(b) Cu(s) + H2SO4(l) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2O(l) + SO2 (g) 1 mark

(c)(i)BaSO4(aq) + NaCI(aq) → BaCI2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)

Ba2+ + S∕O42- + N∕a+ → N∕a+ + C∕I- + BaCI2

Ba2+(aq) + CI- (aq) → BaCI2(S) 2marks

(ii) Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

Zn2+ + H+ + SO42- → Zn2- + SO42- + H2

H+ (aq) → H2(g) 2marks

5. (a)(i) Electrochemical series is the arrangement of ions according to the easier discharge when
electric current is passed through it.

(ii) Anode is a positively charged electrodes through which electric current enter the
electrolyte. 2@1mark

(b)(i) At cathode Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s) 1 mark

At the anode 4OH- (aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 2e- 1mark

(ii) Data given Current = 2A, Time;61min = 3660 s , Ar = 108, F = 96500C

Mass = Ar.It∕V.F

= 108 X2X3660∕ 96500 1mark

8.2g 1 mark
6.(a)(i) -it form an oxide which do not get rust when exposed to air and moisture.

-it is light hence it can easily be supported by the building

(ii) -it is a good conductor of electricity

-it is light hence it can be easily supported by electrical transport tower(poles)

(iii) -it is good conductor of heat.

- It do not get rust. 3@1mark

(b)(i) Dilution is a process of lowering the concentration of a given solution by adding a

certain volume of water. 1 mark

(ii) Data given m1=18.4, m2= 0.5, v1 = - ,v2 = 200cm3

From M1V1 = M2V2 1mark

V1 = M2V2/M1

=(O.5 X200 )/18.4 1mark

= 5.40 CM3

The volume of sulphuric acid required is 5.40 cm3. 1mark

7. (a)(i) Molarity is the amount of substance in mole per unit decimeter cubic of solution.

(ii) Concentration is the amount of substance in grams measured per unit decimeter cubic
solution 2@1mark

(b) Data given;

Volume=250cm3 , Vb=25cm3 , Va= 20cm3 , Ma=0.5m , Mb= required , na=2 , nb =1

Na2CO3(aq) + 2 HCI(aq) → 2NaCI(aq) + H2O(l)

From, Mb= Ma x Va x nb /VbX na

= 0.5 x20 x 1/25 x 2

= 0.2 M 1.5MARKS

Then, Molarity = conc (g/dm3 )/Molar mass

But conc = mass( g)/volume(dm3 )

=14.3/ 0.25

=57.2 g/dm3 0.5MARKS

Now Molarity = conc( g/dm3)/Mr

 Mr = Conc/Molarity

=57.2/0.2

=286g/mol 1 MARKS

Na2CO3,XH2O = 286g/mol

Na + C + OX3 +(2XH + O) X =286

23 + 12+ 16X3 + 2X1 +16X = 286

106 +18X =286

18X=286 -106

18X =180

X=10 1.5MARKS

8.(a)(i) X;2 :8 : 7 , Y; 2 : 8 : 8 , Z ; 2: 8 : 8:2 1.5@0.5mark

(ii) Element Y. 0.5mark

(b)(i) - Formed by transferring of electrons

-It conduct electricity when in molten state or solution form

-it has high melting and boiling point

-it is soluble in water and insoluble in non polar solvent. 4@1mark

(ii) X2Z o.5 marks

(iii) Electrovalent bond. 0.5marks

9. (a)(i) Is the types of mixture in which the components of mixture have the same composition,
appearance and properties.

(ii) Air is a compound due to the following reasons;

-it can be separated by physical means

-The properties of air are the average of those constituents in air .

- Energy is not given out or absorbed when air is formed

-The composition of air is variable from place to place. 2@0.5marks

(b)(i) Crashing of the ore

 (ii) Concentration of the ore

(iii) Roasting of the ore

(iv) Refining of the ore

(v) Purification of the ore. 2.5@0.5mark

(c)(i) Limestone is used to lower the melting point of iron ore

(ii) Hot air supplies high amount of heat in the furnace

(iii)Coke is used to reduce the iron ore into free iron. 1.5@0.5mark

10.(a)(i) Reversible reaction is the reaction that proceed in both forward and backward direction.

(ii) Dynamic equilibrium is the type reaction in which the molecules or ions proceed
forward and backward direction at the same rate.

(iii) Chemical kinetics refers to the rate at which the reactants react to give products.

3@ 1mark

(b)(i) The reaction will proceed forward hence more production of sulphur trioxide.

(ii) The reaction will proceed forward hence more production of sulphur trioxide

(iii) Since the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium position will shift forward hence more
production of sulphur trioxide

(iv) The equilibrium position will shift backward hence decrease in production of sulphur
trioxide. 4 marks @ 1 marks

11.(a)(i) Cracking is the decomposition of large an organic compound into small molecules
either by heat or catalyst.

(ii) Additional reaction is the reaction in which two or more different atoms combine to
form a single compound.

(iii) Fractional distillation is the chemical process that involves separating of homogenious
mixture by considering their difference in boiling points.

Iv/ Unsaturated hydrocarbon is an organic compound formed made of carbon and hydrogen only
that contain carbon –carbon multiple bond. 2@0.5 mark

(b) i/ CH3C(CH3)2CH3 2,2-Dimethylpropane

Ii/ CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 2-Methylpentane

 Iii/ CH3CH(C2H5)CH2CCH 4-Ethylpent-2-yne 3@1 mark

(c) i/ CH4(g) + 2CI2(g) → CCI4(g) + 4HCI(g)

ii/ C2H5OH(l) → CH2=CH2 (g) + H2O (l) 2@ 1mark

12.(a)i/ Na iii/ Na

Ii/ Hg iv/ H 2 mark @ 0.5 mark

(b) I/ Na ii/ Ca/Mg/Zn/Fe 1 mark@ 0.5 mark

(c) Hg 0.5 mark

(d) Cu/Hg 0.5 mark

(e)I/ 2 Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

II/ 2 HgO (s) → 2 Hg(l) + O2(g) 2@1mark

(f) Because it ionizes by losing electrons 1Mark

SECTION C

13 Causes of aquatic pollution

-Agricultural chemicals like synthetic fertilizers, pestsides, etc.

- Un treated and undetoxcated Waste from industries

-Oil spills from rigs tankers and pipes from the offshore

- Un treated waste from homes

- Lead and arsenic waste from Mining activities 5 marks@ 1 mark

-Accumulation of marine debris

-Pollutant gases from industries like SO2 and NO2

Effects of water pollution

-spread of water bone diseases

-Excessive growth of aquatic plants and algae causes the decrease in oxygen content hence suffocation
of aquatic animals.

-The presence of agricultural chemicals in drinking water causes cancer to people.

-Oil spills in ocean prevent oxygen supply in water hence death of marine organisms

-Lead and Arsenic compounds causes deformation of unborn babies, growth retardation and brain
damage in infants.
- Marine debris destroy aquatic habitats 5 Marks @ 1 marks

PREVETIVE MEASURES

-Discourage the use of agrochemicals and synthetic fertilizers in agricultural activities

-Oil rigs , tankers and pipes should be checked regularly and maintained

-The government should burn the use of heavy metals in mining activities

-Row sewage should be treated first before damping them in water bodies

-Waste from industries should first be disinfected and detoxicated before dumping them to the
environment

- The government should impose strict laws against people who causes water pollution

4 Marks @ 1 Marks

14. i/ Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to supply the essential plants nutrients required for plant
growth 1 mark

II/ How to maintain soil fertility Four points

- Contour farming in slopping areas

- A forestation program
- Reforestation program
- Destocking of animals
- Terracing farming method
- Crop rotation farming method
- Mulching
- Preventing soil erosion 4 marks @ 1 mark
- Intercropping

III/ Five Causes of loss of soil fertility

- Soil erosion
- Leaching
- Monoculture
- Dinitrification
- Accumulation of salts in the soil
- Burning of vegetation
- Change of soil Ph 5@1 marks

Iv/ Four Factors affecting soil productivity

- Soil depth of the soil profile

The shallow the soil the poor the production
- Soil pH concentration
- Paste and diseases
 - Water retention capacity of the soil
- Nature of the crop grown
- Soil texture and structure 4 Marks @ 1 mark
- Climate of an area
-

NOTE: The marking scheme can be adjusted

 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 05
CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

1. 1mark@=10

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

C E A E D C D A E C
2.1mark@=10

LIST A i ii iii iv v
LIST B C F E D B

3.a) (i) Mole is an amount of a substance which contain Avogadro’s number of 6.023 x1023
particles.1mark@
(ii)Molar volume is the volume of one mole of the gas expressed in decimeter cubic at STP.
Also is called gram molecular volume (GMV) of a gas.1mark @
b) (i) The factors which may affect the amount of silver deposited are :0.5mark@ any 5
points=2.5marks
• The time taken
• The magnitude of the current passed
• The charge on silver ion
• The concentration of silver ion in the solution
• The nature of the electrode used
ii) given
current (I) = 2A
time (t) = 30min = 30x60=1800 sec
To get Quantity of electricity (Q)
From Q = It
Q = 2AX1800sec = 3600 C=0.5mark
The quantity of electricity passed is 3600 C

iii) To get number of electrons

from 1F = 96500 C
 X F = 3600 C
X = 1F X 3600 C
96500 Cs
Also
1 mol of e- = 1F
0.0373 mol of e- = 0.0373 F 1 mark
From N = n x NA
N = 0.0373 X6.023 X 1023
N= 2.247 X 1023 Electrons=1mark

4. a) 1 mark@point =2
Bases Acids
Turn red litmus paper blue Turns blue litmus paper red
Have a bitter taste Have a sour taste
Have a slippery /soapy feel They are corrosive
1mark @=5 marks
b) i) Aluminum is used for making window
Because i) it has low density

ii) iron is used for making bridge

Because it has high tensile strength
Iii) copper is useful for electrical wiring
Because has good conductor of electricity
iv) lead is used for roofing
Because i) it is so malleable
ii) It has low melting point
iii) It is highly resistance to corrosion
v) zinc is used for coating iron
Because zinc is more reactive than iron so it prevent it from rust.

5. a) The formation of lime scale in pipes forms a sort of insulation which prevents water in tape
from coming into contact with the metal surface of the pipe while the formation of lime scale in
water boilers,kettles make them less efficient.2marks
b) Temporary hardness of water is removed by boiling, the hydrogen carbonate of calcium and
magnesium decomposes to form the respectively insoluble carbonate which can be filtrate out
and the water become soft.2marks
E.g. Ca(HCO3)2(S)→ CaCO3(S) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Mg(HCO3)2(S( → MgCO3(S) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 0.5 mark
➢ permanent hardness of water is remove by treating the water with sodium carbonate (washing
soda) , it react with chloride or sulphate of magnesium or calcium to form their respectively
insoluble carbonate which also can filtered out and water become soft,2marks
CaCl2(aq) +NaCO3(aq) → CaCO3(s( + NaCl(aq)
And
MgSO4(aq) + NaCO3(aq)→ MgCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq) 0.5mark
6. a) i) if the temperature of the equilibrium mixture is increased the position of the equilibrium
will shift to the left as exothermic reaction are favored by lowering temperature and not raising
the temperature. 1mark
ii) if nitrogen is added the equilibrium will shift to the right and more NH3 will be
produced. 1mark
iii) if NH3 is removed the equilibrium will shift to the right to compensate the removed
NH3 in accordance to le-chatelliers principle. 1mark

b) i) A catalyst is used to speed up the rate of chemical reaction. 1mark

ii) – 46.2 KJ/mol mean the reaction is exothermic release heat to the surrounding. 1mark
iii) factors affecting the position of equilibrium are any two points 1 mark @ =2
• Concentration
• Temperature
• Pressure

7.a) Given atomic number (Z)=15, and mass number (A)=31

Then
Z + N = A Where N is a number of neutron
15 + N = 31
N = 16
But Z = P Where p is a number of protons
The number of neutrons is 16 1mark
The number of protons is 15 1mark
Electrnic configuration=2:8:5 1mark
b) Given
Time (t) = 1 x 60 x 60 sec = 3600 sec
Volume (v) = 2.24 dm3
1 F = 96500 C
To get amount of current (I)
From
Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl- 1mark
2 F of Cl = 22.4 dm3
-

X? = 2.24 dm3
X = 0.2 F 1mark
But 1 F = 96500 C
0.2 F = X?
X = Q= 19300 C Where Q is a quantity of electricity
Q = It
I = Q/t
I = 19300 C
3600 sec
The current used is 5.36 A 2marks
8.a) Methane undergoes chlorination through the following steps.
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
CH4(g) + Cl2(g)→ CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g) 1mark
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
CH3Cl(g) + Cl2(g)→ CH2Cl2(g) + HCl(g) 1mark
 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
CH2Cl2(g) + Cl2(g)→ CHCl3 (g) + HCl(g) 1mark
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
CH3Cl(g) + Cl2(g) → CCl4(g) + HCl(g) 1mark
b) i) 1,2-dimethylchroloethane
CH2ClCH2Cl 1mark
ii) 2,2-dimethylpropane
CH3C(CH3)2CH3 1mark
iii) pent-2-yne
CH3-C≡C-CH2CH3 1mark

9 a) i. A molecular equation is the shortest and most pricise way of expressing a reaction.
ii. It tells about the quality and quantity of reactants and products. 2marks

b) i) Zinc granule + dilute hydrochloric acid → zinc chloride + hydrogen gas

Zn(s) + HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 2marks
ii) its balanced ionic equation as follows
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2(g) 1mark
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) 2marks

10. a) i) Balanced chemical equation for preparation of chlorine gas as follows

4HCl(l) + Mno2(s) → MnCl(aq) +2H2O(l) + Cl2(g) 2marks
ii) The gas is prepared in the fume chamber because it is very poisonous gas 2marks
b) i) Chlorine can be collected over water because it is only fairy soluble in water 1mark
ii) Uses of chlorine gas any two points 1 mark@=2
• Used to treat water in swimming pools, drinking water and sewage.
• Used to manufacture tetra chloromethane gas which is used as a solvent.
• Used to prepare hydrogen chloride gas which it dissolves in water to form
hydrochloric acid
• Used to manufacture plastics materials such as polychloro ethene
(polyvinylchloride (pvc))
• Used as a bleaching agents such as to bleach wood pulp in paper industry.

11.a) Chemical symbols of the following 0.5 marks =2.5marks

• Silver (Ag)
• Mercury (Hg)
• Lead (Pb)
• Beryllium (Be)
• Iron (Fe)
b) 22.2% of Zn + 11.6% of Sulphur +22.3% of oxygen + x of water = 100%
56.1 + x of water = 100%
X of water = 43.9% 0.5 mark

Consider the table

2marks
 Element (symbols) Zn S O H2O
Percentage composition 22.2 11.6 22.3 43.9
Each composition divide by 22.6 11.6 22.3 43.9
= 0.34 = 0.36 = 1.39 = 2.44
RAM 65 32 16 18

Divide by a smallest result 0.34 0.36 1.39 2.44

=1 =1 =4 =7
i.e 0.34 each term 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34

The empirical formula is ZnSO4.7H2O

To get molecular formula
From n (empirical formula) = molar mass
n (ZnSO4.7H2O) = 283
n (65+32+4(16)+7(18)) = 283
n (287) = 283
n = 0.98 ≈ 1
then, n (empirical formula) = molecular formula
1(ZnSO4.7H2O) = Molecular formula
Molecular formula is ZnSO4.7H2O 2 marks

12.a) characteristics of a good fuels 1mark@=5marks

i. Should not have harmful effect on the environment
ii. Should be affordable to most people
iii. Should be safe to transfer and easy to store
iv. Should give off very little or no smoke
v. Should have low velocity of combustion

b) This is because alternative source of energy are do not have detrimental effects to the
environment and are cheap and affordable by most people.2marks
13.a) The effect of the following to the environment .3marks@=15marks
i) acidic rain 3marks
1. Acidic rain increase soil acidity which makes the soil unfit for production to
some crops
2. Acidic soil destroys forest and vegetation
3. Acidic soil lead to death of some aquatic living organism

ii) Plastic container 3marks

1. When plastic containers are in the soil cannot be decomposed so they make
the soil unfavorable for crops.
iii) Artificial fertilizer 3marks
2. Fertilizers discourage the activities of microorganism in the soil.
3. They encourage growth of fungi and algae in water which compete oxygen
with aquatic animals
b) i) Control measure to prevent ozone layer destruction are 3marks
1. Proper handling of waste gases
2. Planting trees which will utilize carbon dioxide gas
 3. Reducing the number of industries which produce harmful gases
ii) Harmful gases that cause greenhouse effects are 3marks
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Water vapor
3. Nitrous oxide
4. methane
5. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

14.introduction =1. Mark ,each points 3 marks @ =12 conclusion 1. mark

i.Mining and extraction of metal
ii.Concentration of the ores
ii.Calcination and roasting
iv.Refining and purification
v.Gold is obtained as a free elements and it is a less reactive metal.1mark
 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 06
CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

1.

i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x

B E C A A B C A A A
(10 marks@ 01 mark)

i ii iii iv v
2.
F C E A D
(05 marks @ 01 mark)

3. (a)(i) A good fuel should burn with a moderate velocity. (01 Mark)
(ii) It should have an average ignition point. (01 Mark)
(iii) It should not give off poisonous gases during combustion. (01 Mark)
(iv) Should have light parametric effects. (01 Mark)
(v) Should be easy and safe to transport. (01 Mark)
(vi) Should be affordable to most people. (01 Mark)
(vii) Should be easy and safe to transport and store. (01 Mark)
(viii) Should not have harmful effects on the environment during its
production (01 Mark)
Any five points (05 marks)
(b) It is not advisable to sleep inside a poorly ventilated house with a burning
wooden charcoal because, in a limited supply of oxygen, the burning charcoal
produces a carbon monoxide gas which is poisonous. (01 Mark)
equation: + O2 (g)CO(g) (01 Mark)

4. (a) (i) Consider the formula of iron(iii) Chloride Fecl3 Let the Oxidation of iron be
Fe. FeCl3 = 0
Fe + (–1x3) = 0 (02 Marks)
Fe – 3 = 0
Fe = 0 + 3
Fe = +3
Oxidation number of iron is +3 (01Mark)

(ii) A reducing agent is hydrogen (01Mark)

An oxidizing agent is copper (ii) oxide (01Mark)

(b) (i) Reduction reaction (00½ Mark)

(ii) Oxidation reaction (00½ Mark)
(iii) Oxidation reaction (00½ Mark)
 (iv) Reduction reaction (00½ Mark)
5. (a)(i) In pharmacy the knowledge of chemistry is applied in making medicine
.(01Mark)
(ii) In Agriculture the knowledge of chemistry is applied in making agricultural
chemicals like insecticide, pesticides and fertilizer for improving the yield of
crops. (01mark)

(b) (i) Water is not used to extinguish fire class B, since the combustible materials
is flammable liquid which is less dense than water and hence floats over
water and fire will continue burning, but for class E the burning is electrical
appliances which has got charges that accelerate burning.
(02Marks)
(ii) Because dry wooden stick does not conduct electricity. (01.5mark)
(iii) To be easy for people to get out when accident is happened. (01.5mark)

6. (a) The modern periodic law states that, “Properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic numbers”. (01 Mark)
(b) (i) - X = 2:8:7 (00½ Mark)

- Y = 2:8:8 (00½ Mark)

- Z = 2:8:8:2 (00½ Mark)

(ii) Element Y (00½ Mark)

(iii) ZX2 (01

Mark)

(iv) Characteristics of a compound formed in (iii)

- Formed between metal and non-metal. (01 Mark)
- conduct electricity in molten or solution form. (01 Mark)
- Insoluble in organic solvents like benzene. (01Mark) 7. (a)
Element C H O (001/2 Mark)
% composition 52.2 13 34.8 (001/2 Mark)
RAM 12 1 16 (001/2 Mark)
Divide % composition
by RAM = 4.35 = 13 =2.18 (001/2
Mark)
Divide by the smallest
number = 1.99 = 5.96 = 1 (001/2 Mark)
2
The whole number 2 6 1
ratio

The empirical formula is C2H6O (001/2 Mark)

Find molecular mass
Molecular mass = vapour density 2 (001/2 Mark)
23 2 = 46
 Therefore molecular mass = 46 (001/2 Mark)
Find molecular formula
Molecular mass = (E.F)n
46 = (C2H6O)n (001/2 Mark)
46 = ((12x2) +(1x6)+(16x1))n
= (24 + 6 + 16)n
46 = 46n
46/46 =n
n= 1 (001/2 Mark)
therefore molecular formular =(E.F)n
=(C2H6O)n
=(C2H6O)1
C2H6O = C2H6O (001/2 Mark)
Therefore the molecular formula of a compound is C 2H6O
The possible isomers are CH3CH2OH and CH3OCH3 (01mark)

(b) Compound A can decolourise potassium permanganate /bromine water

but compound B can not. (001/2Mark)

8. (a) Reason for treatment and purification of water.

• To kill disease causing micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and

amoeba(01 marks)
• To remove toxic substance dissolved in water. (01 marks)
• To remove suspended earthy materials (clay matter) (01 marks)
• To remove odour and unpleasant smells caused by different contaminant
dissolved in water (01 marks)
• To remove water hardness (01 marks) any five points(05 marks)
(b) (i) Chlorine for killing of microorganisms (01 marks)

(ii) Aluminiumsulphate allow sedimentation of mud (01 Marks)

9. (a) Decrease in temperature: since the reaction is exothermic the decrease in

temperature will favor production of ammonia. (02 Marks)
(ii) Increase in pressure. Under high pressure the speed of reaction between
nitrogen and hydrogen molecules will increase hence produce more ammonia
(02 marks)

(iii) Concentration: Increase in the concentration of nitrogen and hydrogen will

favour forward reaction and hence more ammonia is produced (02
marks.)

(b) The equilibrium will be attained when the rate of forward reaction is equal to the
rate of backward reaction. ( 01
marks.)

10. (a) (i) because it absorbs water found on the atmosphere and forms hydrated
copper (II) Sulphate which is blue in colour. ( 01 marks.)
(ii) Because carbon dioxide is denser than air. ( 01 marks.)

(iii) Because concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with hydrogen sulphide gas.

H2SO4(l) + H2S(g) 2H2O(l) + SO2(g) +S(s)(01 marks.)

(iv) Paraffin floats over the sodium and hence prevent reaction between sodium and
other substance like air and water vapour(01 marks.)

(b) (i) Ar (ii) Mg (iii) Ag (iv) S (v) O (vi) P (03 marks @)00½
Mark)

11. (a) (i) Non-electrolyte is a solution or molten compound which does not allow
passage of electric current through it. (00½ mark),
Example: wax, sugar, methyl benzene, kerosene. (01 Mark @) 00½ mark)

(ii) Electrolyte is a solution or molten compound which allows passage of electric

current through it.
(00½ mark)
Example: Sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, sodium chloride, aluminium oxide.
(01 Mark @)
00½mark)
(b) (i) Because when the copper ions from the solution discharge, the copper anode
also dissolves in the electrolyte and lose electrons to replace the copper ions in
electrolytes hence the nature of the electrolyte remains the same. (01 Mark)
At anode: Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e-( 01 Mark)
At cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)( 01 Mark)
(ii) Because when beryllium is burned in air it forms a very hard protective coat
which forbids further reaction. (01 Mark)

12. (a) Data given

Mass of Fe2O3 = 80kg = 80,000g
Mrof Fe2O3 = 160g
Mrof Fe = 56g (001/2 Mark)
The equation
Fe2O3(S) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)( 01 Mark)
From the above equation
160g of Fe2O3 = 112g of
Fe
( 01 Mark)
80,000g of Fe2O3 = xg of Fe

X = 80,000g x 112g( 01 Mark)

160g

= 56,000g = 56kg
 The mass of iron produced = 56kg ( 001/2 Mark)

(b) (i)Aluminium is used for making cooking utensils because it is a good

conductor of heat.
( 01 Mark)
(ii) If aluminiumchloride react with water, a white precipitate of aluminium
hydroxide is

formed. AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq)( 01 Mark)

(iii)Because concentrated nitric acid reacts with aluminium and forms a

protective oxide layer.
This protective layer makes aluminium unreactive towards HNO3 acid.

But aluminium containers can’t be used to transport concentrated sulphuricacid

because the acid corrodes the container. (01 Mark)

13. Methods used to manage loss of plant nutrients from the soil.
(i) Prevention of soil erosion
(ii) Crop rotation
(iii) Good harvesting practices
(iv) Controlled grazing
(v) Intercropping (Mixed cropping)
(vi) Uses of manures
(vii) Minimum tillage
(viii) Agroforestry
(ix) Mulching
 A candidate should explain any 6 points @ 02 = 12 Marks
 Introduction ( 011/2 Marks)
 Conclusion ( 011/2 Marks)

14. Introduction

Water pollution: This is an addition of harmful material to the water and hence
make water unfit for human consumption. (011/2
mark)

The following are the causes of water pollution

Industrial waste: When industrial wastes like mercury, Zinc and copper compound
are deposited as wastes and dumped in ocean pollute water. (02
Marks)

Bad fishing method: This includes use of dynamite and poison in fishing which in
turn pollute water and cause death of aquatic organisms. (02
Marks)
Agricultural chemicals: When the agricultural chemical like insecticides, pesticides
are applied to plants and finally washed by rain into the water sources it will pollute
water. (02 Marks)

Domestic waste: Human activities like agricultural practices contaminate water

with chemicals that pollute water sources. (02 Marks)

Radioactive wastes: When radioactive wastes are dumped into the ocean will
affect the life of aquatic organisms. (02 Marks)

Any three points (6marks) @ 2marks)

The following are the measures to be taken

Recycling of industrial waste: In order to avoid water from being polluted the
industrial wastes should be recycled. (02 Marks)

Use of manure and reliable ways of managing land: The farmers should be
encouraged to use manure instead of artificial fertilizer and reliable ways of managing
land (02 Marks)

Educating societies: A proper education concerning ways of sewage disposal

should be provided to the societies. (02 Marks)

Laws against sewage disposal: The strict law against the disposal of the harmful
wastes from industries and domestic should be in acted. (02 Marks)

Any three points (06 marks) @ 02 marks)

Conclusion
More effort should be done by both government and society in general on the ways
of avoiding water pollution in order to safe with the effects of water pollution.
(011/2 mark)
 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 07
CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (15 MARKS)

1.
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
D D E B E B D C D A
10 marks @ 01 mark
2.
LIST A i ii iii iv v
LIST B F D G A E
05 marks @ 01 mark
SECTION B (70 Marks)
3. (a)
i. The brand of Uhai is more hard 01 mark
Because: It contains high amount of Ca2+ ion, Mg2+ ions, and SO2-4 ions (01 mark)
ii. Calcium makes teeth and bones hard 01 mark
iii. Chlorine 01 mark
(b) i/ Phosphorus is more electropositive than hydrogen (01 mark)
ii/ P3+ H-

01 marks
P1H3

PH3 00½ mark

The name of the compound is Phoshine 00½ marks

4. (a)
i. Iron 01 mark iii. Air or oxygen 01 mark
ii. Water or moisture 01 mark
(b)
i. Evaporation 1 mark ii. Sublimation 1 mark
iii. Funnel separation/layer separation 01 mark
iv. Fractional distillation 01 mark

5. (a) The eggshell or crushed egg contain calcium carbonate. So when hydrochloric acid reacts
with crushed eggs the salt, water and efferves eggs the salt, water and effervescence of bubbles
occurs due to the production of carbondioxide. (2 marks)
CaCO3(g) + HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 01 mark
 (b) (i) Water and carbon 02 marks
(ii) Ethene and water 02 marks

6. (a) The excess acid produced in the stomach cause the heart burn. Therefore Wood ash when
dissolve in water produce an alkaline solution which can be used to neutralize the acid in the
stomach. (03 marks)
(b) Given
Volume of acid, Va = 25cm3
Molarity of acid, Ma = 0.1M
Volume of base, Vb = 23cm3
Molarity of base, Mb = ?
From Equation:
HCl(aq) + NaOH → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 00½ mark
Mole ratio Na: nb = 1:1
Required concentration of base in g/dm3
From mole ration equation:
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑎
𝑛𝑎𝑉𝑏
= 𝑛𝑏
0.1𝑀 𝑥 25𝑚3 𝑥 1
1 𝑥 23 𝑐𝑚3
(½ mark)

= 0.109
≈ 0.11Mol/dm3 (½ mark)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= (1 x 23) + (1x16) + (1x1) (½ mark)
= 23 + 16 + 1
= 40g/mol (½ mark)
❖ Concentration = Molarity x Molar mass (½ mark)
= 0.11mol/dm3 x 40g/dm3
= 4.4g/dm3
The concentration of NaOH is 4.4g/dm3 (½ mark)
7. (a)
- Used for photosynthesis (01 mark)
- Used in manufacture of fizzy drinks (01 mark)
- Used as a fire extinguisher agent (01 mark)
(b)
i. CH2 = CH2 + O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O 01 mark
ii. CaC2 + 2H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 01 mark
iii. CH4 + 4Cl2 → CCL4 + 4HCL 01 mark
iv. C2H50H + 302 → 2CO2 + 3H2O 01 mark
8. (a)
i. Increase in temperature toward the optimum condition. Temperature increases the Kinetic
energy of the colliding molecules and hence more products are produced in a short period.
ii. Increase in concentration of the reacting substances. Concentration increases the number of
reacting molecules and hence more products are produced in a short period
iii. Increase in pressure on the gaseous react ants. Pressure tends to reduce the volume and therefore
increases the concentration of reacting gases and more products are produced in a short period
iv. Increase in surface area for solid reaction substances. The surface area is increased by grinding
the solid substances into fine particles. The fine particles provide large surface area because more
particles are involved in the chemical reaction and hence more products are produced in a short
period (04 marks @ 01 mark
 (b) Effect of temperature
From the equilibrium reaction, the production of ammonia gas is accompanied by removal of heat
form the system. Therefore to produce more ammonia temperature must be reduced in the
system. This is because production of ammonia is exothermic process.
1½ marks

Effect of pressure
From the equilibrium reaction, Ammonia is produced at lower volumes as compared to nitrogen
and hydrogen. This is because the reaction proceed with reduction of volume form left to right,
hence to produce more ammonia, pressure must be increased in the system.
01½ marks
9. (a)
i. The aim of fume chamber is for conduction of experiments which produces
poisonous gases (01 mark)
ii. They open outward for ease escape in case of any accident/emergence (01
marks)
(b)
i. For cleaning and drying wounds 01 mark
ii. For smoothening wounds 01 mark
iii. For reducing pain 01 mark
iv. For tying around an injured part 01 mark
v. For cutting dressing materials 01 mark

10. (a) Air is a mixture because:

- Its components can be easily separated
- The property of the air is the beverage properties of its components
- Its composition varies from place to place
- No energy change is observed when different gases collide in the atmosphere (4 points
04 marks @ 01 mark)
(b) Given:
Current, I = 0.5A
Time, t = 40 x 60 sec = 2400 sec.
Mass of Ag deposited, m = ?
Quantity of electricity passed:
=I xt
= 0.5A x 2400sec (½ mark)
= 1200 coulombs ½ mark
But, Ag(aq)+ x e- → Ag(s)
1mole = 1 mole
1 mole g Ag = 108g
IF = 96500C = 108g
❖ 96500C = 108g of Ag
❖ 1200C = ? ½ mark
1200𝑐 𝑥 108𝑔
= ½ mark
96,500𝐶
Mass of Ag deposited = 1.343g ½ mark

(b) Alternative:
Formula:
𝐴𝑟 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 𝑡
m = 𝑉𝑥𝐹 01 mark
 where,
m = mass of Ag deposited
Ar = Atomic mass of AG = 108g
I = Current
F = Faraday’s contant = 96500C
V = Valence of Ag = 1
t = time
108 𝑥 0.5 𝑥 2400
❖ m = 1 𝑥 96500 1 mark
= 1.343g
Mass of Ag deposited = 1.343g 01 mark
11. (a) i/ Sail pH is the acidity or alkalinity of the soil
ii/ Liming is the application of calcium in various forms to soil in order to increase the pH of the
soil 01 mark
(b) i/ % composition of oxygen (2%)
Total % composition of Mg, S and S = 100%
❖ %mg + %S + %0 = 100%
20% + 26.5% + Z% = 100%
2% + 100% - 46.5%
= 53.5%
The value of z is 53.5% 01 mark
ii/ Empirical formula
Element Mg S O
Percentage composition by weight 20 26.5 53.5
Relative atomic mass 24 32 16
% 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 20 26.5 53.5
= 24
= 0.83 32
= 0.83 16
= 3.34
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Divide by smallest value simplest ration 0.83 0.83 3.34
0.83
=1 0.83
=1 0.83
=4
4 marks @ ½ mark
The empirical formula of the compound is MgSO4 01 mark
12. (a) i/ Oxygen relight a glowing splint. 01 mark
Ii/ Hydrogen produce a Pop sound when a lighted splint is introduced into a jar containing it
01 mark
Iii/ Carbondioxide turns lime water 01 mark
(b) i/ Ammonia gas 01 mark
Ii/ Hydrogen chloride gas 01 mark
Equation
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)
Smoke/fume(white) 02 marks)
SECTION C (15 MARKS)
13. Introduction: (1½ marks)
Prevention of soil erosion
This can be prevented by the following ways
i. Afforestation and reforestation v. Plating wind breaks
ii. Contour farming vi. Controlled grazing and
iii. Terracing vii. Agroforestry
iv. Strip cropping
Crop rotation
- Is the practice of growing different types of crops on the same land at different seasons in
an orderly timetable
Mixed cropping/intercropping
- Is the practice of growing different crop species on the same piece of land simultaneously
 Good harvesting practices
- Plants remains are left to rot on a farm and to release nutrients into the soil. This restore
the soil fertility
Mulching
- Is the practice of covering the soil with a layer of dead organic matter such as dry leaves
Addition of manure
- Manure binds the soil particles together thus protecting it from soil erosion
Manure decomposes to release mineral nutrients to the soil. Improves the soil texture and water
holding capacity (Any 4 points 12 marks @ 03 marks)
Conclusion 1½ marks

14. Volume of hydrogen gas produced = 8400cm3

Atomic mass of lopper = 63.5
GMV = 22.4dm3
Electrode reaction for discharge of chlorine:
2H+(ag) + 2e- → H2(g) 01 mark
The equation suggest that 2 Faradays will liberate one mole of H2 gas
Therefore:
2F produces 1 mole of H2(g)
Then,
2F produces 22400cm3 of H2(g)
X? F produces 8400cm3 of H2(g) 03 marks
8400𝑐𝑚3 𝑥 2𝐹
X = 22400𝑐𝑚3 = 0.75F
Therefore 0.75 Faradays of electricity were passed through the two solutions in series
Volume g oxygen 01 mark
4OH-(ag) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e- 01 mark
Therefore, 4 faradays would be liberate one mole of oxygen gas
4F produces 1 mole of O2(g)
Then,
4F produces 22.4dm3 of O2(g)
0.2232F produces y? dm3 of O2(g) 03 marks
0.75𝐹 𝑥 22.4 3
Y= 4𝐹
= 4.2dm
The discharge equation for liberation of copper:
CU2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) 01 mark
2Faraday would liberate one mole of copper
Therefore:
2F produces 63.5g of copper (Cu(s))
0.75F produces x of copper 03 marks
0.75 𝑧 63.5𝑔
X= 2𝐷
= 7.10g
The mass of copper produced was 23.813g 1 mark
 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 08
CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

1.
i.
ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
C D D C D C D C D A
@1marks
2.
i. Ii ii iv v
E F K J A
01mark @
16 19 23 24
3. ( a ) ( i ) O10 , F10 , Na10 , Mg10 01/2 mark

(ii ) – their electronic configuration in their ions is 2:8

-Their electronic configuration in their atoms
16
8 0 = 2:6
19
9F = 2:7
20
10 Ne = 2:8 001/2 mark @
23
11 Na = 2:8:1

12 Mg24 = 2:8:2
V2O5

( b ) ( i ) 2SO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) 2SO 3 (g ) + Heat 01 mark

(ii ) H2SO4 (l ) + SO3 (g ) H 2S2O7(l) 01 mark

(iii ) Contact process 01/2 mark

( iv )- it is used in the extraction of metals eg. To remove rust. 001/2 @ any two points

- it used to in the manufacture of aluminium sulphate.

- It used in the refining of aluminium
- It used in the lead acid (car) batteries.
- It used as a dehydrating agents in its concentrated form
- It used in the manufacture of a wide range of pigments.
4. i) Unsaturated solution, because it dissolved more solute at a given temperature 2marks
ii) Saturated solution, because water lost its ability to continue dissolving the salt at room
temperature 2marks
iii) - Separating certain mixture in the laboratory 1.5 marks
- Extracting some minerals, such as common salt. 1.5 marks
 5. Three application of separation of mixtures 01/2mark @
- Purification of water

- Manufacture of alcohol
- In medical diagnosis and studies

-In extraction of common salt

- Extraction of certain edible oils from seeds

(b) Solution
Data

Volume of base Vb = 20.0cm3

Concentration of NaOH = 8.0g/dm3 001/2mark
Mass of dibasic acid (H2X) =0.18g
Chemical reaction
2NaOH + H2X → Na2X + 2H2O 01mark

But; Molarity = Concentration g/dm3

Molar mass g/mol

Molarity = 8.0g/dm3
40g/mol

= 0.2M 001/2mark
But; Molarity (M) = Number of mole (n)

Volume (dm3)
M = n/v 001/2mark

n = Molarity × Volume (dm3)

= 0.2 x 0.02
= 0.004mol 01 mark

From chemical equation;

2NaOH + H2X →Na2X + 2H2O

2mol NaOH → 1mol H2X

0.004mols NaOH → Y?

Y =0.002mol of H2X 1 mark

From; n = mass/molar mass
 Molar mass = m/n
= 0.18g/0.002mol

= 90g/ mol
Therefore; the relative molecular mass of dibasic acid is 90 01mark

6. a) –Faraday’s first law of electrolysis states that, “The mass of a substance deposited or liberated
during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the
electrolyte. (1.5 Mark)
-Faraday’s second law of electrolysis states that, “When the same quantity of electricity is
passed through solutions of different electrolytes, the mass of the substance liberated or deposited at
electrode is directly proportional to the chemical equivalent of the substance. (1.5 Mark)
b) Data given
Quantity of electricity(Q)= 9650C
Molar mass of Ag=108g/mol
G.V.M=22.4dm3
1F=1Mol of Ag=108g/mol (0.5Mark)
1F=96500C
96500C=108g/mol (0.5 Mark)
9650C= ?
108𝑋9650
= 10.8g.
96500
Mass of Silver (Ag)=10.8g (1Mark)
- -
4OH (aq)+ O2+2H2O+4e (Liberated at Anode) (0.5 Mark)

4e-=4F
4e-=1mol of O2 at STP. (for any gas)
1mol=22.4dm3 ( 0.5 Mark)
3
4(96500C)=22.4dm of O2
9650C=?
9650𝐶𝑥22.4𝑑𝑚3
=0.56dm3
4(96500𝐶)

Volume of oxygen liberated at STP= 0.56dm3 or 560cm3 (1Mark)

7.
i. As an acid
ii. Dehydrating agent
iii. As an acid
iv. As an oxidizing agent 01 mark@
v. Dehydrating
vi. Dehydrating
vii. As an acid
8. a) i. Mole concept: is the amount of substance which contains as many particulate entities (atoms,
ions, molecules) as there are carbon atoms in 12 g of carbon 12. 1mark
ii. Molar volume of gas: is the volume occupied by one mole of all gases at s.t.p which is equal to
22.4dm3. 1mark
Data:
Mass of H2SO4 = 9.8g
Avogadro’s number (LA) = 6.02 x 1023 1mark
Required:
Number of ions = ?
Equation: H2SO4 (aq) → 2H+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
Calculations:

Molar mass of H2SO4 = (2x1) + 32 + (16x4)

Molar mass = 98 g/mol 1mark
mass
Number of moles (n) = molar mass
9.8g
n =98g/mol
n = 0.1mol 1mark
From the equation
1mole of H2SO4 → 3 moles of ions of H+ AND SO42-
0.1moles of H2SO4 → ?
Number of moles of ions = 0.3 mol. 1mark
From N = nLA
N = 0.3 X 6.02X1023
IONS PRESENT = 1.81 X 1023 ions 1mark
9. a) To prevent explosion because it is too cool and petrol is a flammable liquid that need to be stored
in cool area. 1mark
b) It will burst, water in the bottle will freeze and expand this will make the bottle to burst. 1mark
c) Because iron will react and form iron oxide. 1mark
d) @ 1mark
i. To escape easily when an accident happens or fire in the laboratory
ii. To avoid sliding when working in the laboratory
iii. It removes poisonous gases during experiments
iv. To prevent decomposition of chemicals from light energy
10. (a) i. Mg(HCO3)2
ii. Na2CO3
iii. SiO2 01mark @
iv. Ca(NO3)2
(b) (i)A white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed 01mark@
BaCl2 + K2SO4 →BaSO4(s) + 2KCl
(ii) A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed
AgNO3 + KCl →AgCl(s) +KNO3
(iii) It will absorb moisture of the atmosphere and lower its original concentration.
11. a) i. X-ray rooms
ii. Electrical posts
iii. Pesticides container (1Marks @=4)
iv. Road works
 b) i. Helps to prevent contamination of the measuring liquid with other substances while wiping
helps to remove water content in the apparatus the may affect the volume of liquid. (1.5 Mark)
ii. Washing helps to avoid contamination with other substance while wiping helps to remove water
content on the apparatus that may affect the mass of the substance. (1.5 Marks)
12. (a) i. Coke act as a reducing agent (coke inform of CO reduces Fe2O3 to Fe)
ii. Calcium carbonates (CaCO3) remove impurities inform of slag (CaSO3) 1.5mark@
(b) (i) Equilibrium position will be shifted to the right, favoring production of hydrogen iodide gas

(ii) The production of hydrogen iodide decreases as the gas dissolves in water upon the
introduction of water in the reaction system. Therefore, more hydrogen gas and iodine gas react to
produce more hydrogen iodide gas. 02mark@
13. a) Sodium is extracted by the electrolytic reduction of the purified molten rock salt (sodium
chloride)1mark

The extraction process of sodium (electrolytic reduction) is mainly carried out in the Down`s cell
using steel (iron) cathode and graphite anode 1mark
the materials required are sodium chloride (electrolyte) and calcium chloride, the role of calcium
chloride is to lower the melting point of sodium chloride, from about 8010C to 6000C, CaCl2 does
not split up 1mark
Chloride ions (Cl-) move to the anode while sodium ions (Na+) move to the cathode 1mark
At the cathode, sodium ions (Na+) are discharged and sodium is formed
Na+ + e - Na (s)1 marks
At the anode, chloride ions (Cl-) are discharged and chlorine gas is formed
2Cl- CL2 + 2e- 1mark
The cylindrical metal gauze is designed to keep the sodium and chlorine apart, otherwise they would
recombine.
The large graphite anode is used to facilitate maximum oxidation of chlorine ions to chlorine gas and
to maximize the formation of sodium metal at the cathode
The diagram for the electrolysis of sodium (down cell)
Fused sodium chloride
and Calcium chloride Chlorine

Sodium

Circular steel (iron) cathode

- -
Iron gauze diaphram

+
Carbon (graphite) anode
 (drawing and labeling at least 5 parts@1=(5marks)

(b)
(i) Manufacture of sodium cyanide (NaCN) which is employed in the extraction
of gold.
(ii) Manufacture of sodamide (NaNH2) and sodium peroxide (Na2O2).
(iii)Used in reduction of titanium (iv) chloride to the metal by heat;
TiCL4(l) + 4Na(s) Ti(s) + 4NaCl(s).
(iv) Used as a coolant for nuclear reactors.
(v) An alloy of sodium and lead is used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead, and
antiknock additive used in petrol.
Pb(s) + 4Na (s) + 4C2H5 Cl(g) 4NaCl(s) + Pb (C2H5)4(l) ( 1 marks @ 04).
14. i. Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth’s land surface through human activities
01mark
Causes of Land pollution 01mark@, any two

-Solid waste e.g agricultural waste, mining waste, chemical waste from industries, waste inform
of biomass.
- Deforestation

- Poor agricultural methods.

- Illegal dumping of wastes (toxic wastes to the land

- Oil spills.
-Garbage disposal
Effects 01mark@, any two

- Create health threat to people and other living organisms

- Environment becomes ugly
- Attract household pests
- Damage terrestrial life
Precautions 01mark@, any two
- Recycling and re-use of waste materials
- Using designated dumping sites
- Formulating and enacting policies and laws about environmental conservation
- Creating awareness

ii. Eutrophication is an enrichment of water by nutrients, salts that causes structural changes to the
ecosystem such as increased production of algae and aquatic plants, depletion of fish species and
general deterioration of water quality 01mark
Causes 01mark@, any two

- Use of fertilizers contribute to the accumulation of nutrients

- Discharge of waste water into water bodies
- Reduction of self-purification capacity
Effects 01mark@, any two
- Abundance of particulate substances (phytoplankton, bacteria, fungi and debris)
- Abundance of inorganic chemicals such as ammonia, nitrates and hydrogen sulphides that induce
the formation of harmful substance.
- Abundance of organic substances that gives the water disagreeable odors or tastes
- Disappearance of quality fish
- Possible formation of toxic algae with potential damage to the population and animals drinking
the affected water
- Prohibition of touristic use of the lake due to both the foul odor
Precaution 01mark@, any two
- Improvement of the purifying performance of waste water treatment plants to reduce nutrients
concentration
- Rationalization of agricultural technique through proper planning of fertilization.
- Removal and treatment of deeper water in contact with sediments.
• Conclusion 01mark
 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 09

CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

1. 1 marks @=10 marks

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
C D A C D E C A A B

2. 1 mark @ =5 marks
i. ii. iii. iv. v.
D F C A E
3. (a) (i)Physical change
(ii) Chemical change
(iii)Physical change (1/2 marks @ = 21/2)
(iv)Chemical change
(v) Physical change
(b)Data
Mass of sulphur = 1.0g
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32g/mol
GMV = 22.4dm3
Volume of SO2 produced = ?
Equation
S(S) + O2(g) SO2(g) (1 marks)
From the equation
1 mol of sulphur≡ 1 mol of SO2
1𝑔
( ) moles of S ≡ X(1 marks)
32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.3125 × 1
𝑋=
1
= 0.03125moles of SO2 = (1/2 marks)
Then at S.T.P
V = n × 𝐺. 𝑀. 𝑉 (1 marks)
= 0.03125mol x 22.4 dm3/mol
= 0.7dm3
∴ volume of SO2 produced = 0.7dm3 (01 marks)
4. (a) any 3
Name of acid Formula
(i) Sulphuric acid H2SO4
(ii) Nitric acid HNO3
(iii) Hydrochloric acid HCL
(iv) Acetic acid CH3COOH
½ mark @ 1 ½ ½ mark @ 1 ½
(b) (i) Salt and hydrogen gas (1 mark)
(ii)Salt, water and carbondioxide gas (1 mark)
(iii) Salt and water (1 marks)
(c)(i)It explode with pop sound when a burning splint of wood is introduced in it
(ii)It turns lime water milky ½ marks @ =1

5. (a)Data
Concentration of Na2 CO3. YH2O = 178g/l
Molarity of the acid (Ma) = 1M
Volume of acid (Va) = 25cm3
Volume of the base (Vb) = 20cm3
Molarity of base (Mb) = ?
Mole ratio of acid and base na: nb =1:1
Equation
Na2CO3(aq) +2HNO3 (aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (1 mark)
Molar of Na2CO3 . YH2O (Mb)
MaVanb
From, Mb = ½ mark
𝑉𝑏𝑛𝑎
1 x 25 x1
=
20 𝑥 2
= 0.625M
Molarity of Na2CO3 .YH2O = 0.625M ½ mark
Molar mass of Na2CO3. YH2O
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
From molar mass = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦
1 mark
178𝑔/𝑙
= = 284.8g/mol
0.625𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑙
Molar mass of Na2CO3.YH2O = 284.8g/mol 1 mark
The value of Y
Na2CO3 .YH2O = 284.8g/mol ½ mark
(23 x 2)+ 12+ (16x3) + 18y = 284.8 ½ mark
46+12+48+18y = 284.8
106+ 18y = 284.8
18y = 284.8– 106
18𝑦 178.8
=
18 18
Y = 9.93 ≃10
The value of Y in Na2CO3 .YH2O = 10 1mark
(b)(i) Methyl orange indicator
(ii)Phenolphthalein indicator 00½ mark @ =1mark

6. (a)(i)Is the formula that express its composition by mass 1mark

(ii)Is the formula which show the actual number of each kind of atom present in a
compound /molecule (1 mark)
(b) (i)Molecular formula = (empirical formula) x n ½ mark
(empirical formula) x n = molecular mass
(CH2O) n = 60 ½ mark
(12+ 2+ 16)n = 60
30𝑛 60
=
30 30
n=2 ½ mark
(CH2O) x 2
 ∴ molecular formula = C2H4O2 1 mark
(i) Name : ethanoic acid (Acetic acid) ½ mark

Open structural formula

H
O
H C–C
OH
H

(c) (i)CH3COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l) CH3COOCH2CH3(l) + H2O 1mark

(ii)CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) CH3COONa (aq) + H20(l) 1mark

7. (a) Is the total amount of heat liberated/produced by the complete combustion of a unit
mass of the fuel in oxygen/air. 1 mark

(b)(i)Coal, charcoal, coke, fire wood

(ii)Natural gas, watergas, coal gas, LPG
(iii)Petrol, diesel, kerosene, biodiesel (any 2) ½ mark @ =3marks

(c)(i)•It produce carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in large quantity

•Carcinogenic emission and toxic elements such as mercury,lead, arsenic which are
not destroyed by combustion
•Due to its regional availability (any 2) ½ mark @ =1mark

(ii) (a)The handling of liquid fuels is easier and they require less storage space

(b) The combustion of liquid fuel is uniform

(c) Liquid fuel attains high temperature very quickly than solid fuels due to ease burning
(d) Liquid fuels have little or no waste products like ashes, after burning
(e) The firing of liquid fuels can be easily controlled (any 2) ½ mark@ =1mark
(iii) Water gas andProducer gas ½ mark@ = 1mark
8. (a) (i)Endothermic reaction is the one that absorb heat from the surroundings WHILE
exothermic reaction is the one that release heat to the surroundings 1mark
(ii)Reversible reaction is the one that proceed in all direction (forward and backward)
WHILE irreversible reaction is the one that proceed in only one direction (forward direction
only) 1 mark
(b) (i)Heat is evolved 1mark
(ii)Increase in temperature will lower the concentration of ammonia, since the reaction will
shift to the left (1 mark)
Increase in pressure will increase the equilibrium concentration of ammonia, because the
reaction will shift to the right, forward reaction will be favoured) (1 mark)
(c) (i) Temperature
(ii)Concentration
(iii)Pressure (any 4) ½ mark @ = 2
(iv)Light intensity
(v)Surface area
9. (a)(i)sodium or potassium
 (ii)calcium
(iii)copper 1mark @ =4marks
(iv)zinc

(b)(i)Harmful
(ii)Corrosive 1mark @ =3marks
(iii)Oxidizing agent and toxic
10. (a)Each row 1 marks = 3
At anode At cathode
Oxygen gas Copper metal
Oxygen gas Hydrogen gas
Oxygen gas Hydrogen gas
(b)Data
Mass of Cu produced = 1,000,000g
Time (t) = 86,400 seconds
Ar of copper = 63.5
Valency of Cu = 2
Faraday`s constant (f) = 96,500C
Current (I) supplied = ?
𝐴𝑟×𝐼×𝑡
From M = 𝑉×𝐹
½ mark
𝑚𝑣𝑓
I=
𝐴𝑟𝑡
1,000,000 ×2×96500
= ½ mark
63.5×86.400
= 35,177.89g = 35.2 x 103 A
Current required = 35,177.89A or 35.2 x 103 A 1 mark

(c) (i) Paper chromatography

(ii) Sublimation ½ mark @ =2marks
(iii)Fractional distillation
(iv)Layer separation

11. (a)(i) Nitrogen

(ii)Phosphorous
(iii)Potassium
(iv)Nitrogen 1 marks @ = 4marks

(b) manures are organic substances from animal waste and plant residues while fertilizer

are inorganic chemical compounds which are added to the soil to supply one or more

nutrients. 1mark

(c)(i) temporary hardness of water can be removed by decomposing calcium hydrogen

carbonate [Ca(HCO3)2] to produce water carbodioxide gas and calcium carbonate.

Ca(HCO3)2(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + CaCO3(s) 1mark

(ii) permanent hardness of water can be removed by adding sodium carbonate to preci

pitate calcium carbonate.

 CaSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq) 1mark

12. (a)Pesticides (b) fertilizer (c) oil spills (d) marine debris (e) mining (f) sewage

Any 4, 1mark@4=4marks

(b) (i)Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms

(ii)Atoms can not be created or destroyed

(iii)The atoms of any one element are identical and have the same mass

(iv) The atoms of different element have different mass and not identical (any 3) 1mark
@ =3marks

SECTION C (15 marks)

13. (a)Method of extraction and ore ; Sodium is extracted by the electrolytic reduction of the
purified molten rock salt (sodium chloride)1mark
Apparatus used in extraction of sodium; The extraction process of sodium(electrolytic
reduction) is mainly carried out in the Down`s cell using steel (iron) cathode and graphite
anode 1mark
Materials required; the materials required are sodium chloride (electrolyte) and calcium
chloride, the role of calcium chloride is to lower the melting point of sodium chloride, from
about 8010C to 6000C, CaCl2 does not split up 1mark
The ions and reactions in a cell. Chloride ions (Cl-)move to the anode while sodium ions
(Na+) move to the cathode 1mark
At the cathode, sodium ions (Na+) are discharged and sodium is formed
Na+ + e - Na (s)1 marks

At the anode, chloride ions (Cl-) are discharged and chlorine gas is formed

2Cl- CL2 + 2e- 1mark

The cylindrical metal gauze is designed to keep the sodium and chlorine apart, otherwise
they would recombine.
The large graphite anode is used to facilitate maximum oxidation of chlorine ions to
chlorine gas and to maximize the formation of sodium metal at the cathode
The diagram for the electrolysis of sodium (down cell)
 Fused sodium chloride
and Calcium chloride Chlorine

Sodium

Circular steel (iron) cathode

- -

Iron gauze diaphram

Carbon (graphite) anode

+

(drawing and labeling atleast 5 parts@1=(5marks)

(b)(i) Manufacture of sodium cyanide (NaCN) which is employed in the extraction of gold.

(ii) Manufactrure of sodamide (NaNH2) and sodium peroxide ( Na2O2).

(iii)Used in reduction of titanium (iv) chloride to the metal by heat ;

TiCL4(l) + 4Na(s) Ti(s) + 4NaCl(s).

(iv) Used as a coolant for nuclear reactors.

(v)An alloy of sodium and lead is used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead, and antiknock additive
used in petrol.

Pb(s) + 4Na (s) + 4C2H5 Cl(g) 4NaCl(s) + Pb (C2H5)4(l) ( 1 marks @ 04).

14. (a) (i)
Substance Name Formula
A Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
B Zink oxide ZnO
C Carbon dioxide CO2
D Zinc chloride ZnCL2
E Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2
F Calcium carbonate CaCO3
01 mark @ = 06 ½ marks @ =3
(ii)(a)ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g) 1½ marks
(b)ZnCl2 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Zn (OH)2 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) 1½ marks
(b) (i)To make insoluble salt in the laboratory
(ii)To test for the presence of ions
(iii)To remove ions you don’t want
(iv)Used in photography any 3 (1 marks @ =3)

(c) (i) (i) silver nitrate and sodium chloride (11/2marks)

(ii)
(ii) AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (S) + NaNO3 (aq) (11/2 mark)
 ANSWERS
FORM FOUR EXAMINATION - SERIES 10
CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (15 Marks)

Question 1:
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
C D C D B B E C B E
01 Mark for each item = 10 Total Marks
Question 2:

List A (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

List B E B D G H
Each item 01 mark = 05 Marks total

SECTION B (70 Marks)

Question 3:
(a) (i) The brand of Uhai is more hard simply because it contains high amount of Ca2+ ions, Mg2+ ions,
and SO42- ions. 02 Marks
(ii) Calcium makes teeth and bones hard, strong and resistant to shear and pressure. 01 Mark
(iii) Chlorine 01 Mark
(b) (i) Phosphorus is more electropositive than hydrogen (P > H) 01 Mark
(ii) P3+ H-

P1H3 01 Mark
PH3
The compound is Phosphine 01 Mark
Question 4:
(a) (i) It is a catalyst, it speeds up the rate of production of oxygen gas 02 Marks
(ii) The rate of reaction will slow down 02 Marks
(b) The gas oxygen is tested by using glowing wooden splint. Oxygen relights/rekindles a wooden
glowing splint 03 Marks
Question 5:
(a) (i) Wood 01 Mark
(ii) Coal 00½ Mark
(iii) Organic material 00½ Mark
(iv) Animal bones 01 Mark
(b) (i) Water and carbon 02 Marks
(ii) Ethene and water 02 Marks
Question 6:
(a) (i) Mole is the amount of substance that contains 6.02 x 1023 particles 01 Mark
(ii) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance in grams. 01 Mark
(b) Given:
Volume of oxygen = 112 dm3

2Pb(NO3)2(s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) 02 Marks

1 mol of O2 (g) ≡ 4 moles of NO2(g)
22.4 dm3 of O2 (g) ≡ 4 (22.4 dm3) of NO2(g)
112 dm3 of O2 (g) ≡ x? dm3 of NO2(g) 02 Marks
x = (112 dm3 x 4 x 22.4 dm3) ÷ 22.4 dm3
x = 448 dm3
The volume is 448 dm3 01 Mark

Question 7:
Empirical formula
Element C H 00½ Mark

Percentage composition by weight 86 14 00½ Mark

Relative Atomic Mass 12 1 00½ Mark

Relative number of atoms 86 = 7.2 14 = 14 00½ Mark
= Percentage composition by weight 12 1
Relative Molecular Mass
Divide by the smallest value 7.2 = 1 14 = 2 00½ Mark
7.2 7.2

The empirical formula is CH2 00½ Mark

Find the relative molecular mass from the given data:
Volume of a gaseous compound = 3.2 dm3
Volume of a gaseous compound = 6 g
Molar volume of gases (G.M.V) = 22.4 dm3/mol
Molar mass = ?
From;
Amount of substance = Mass of gas = Volume of gas 00½ Mark
Molar mass of gas Molar volume of gases

Mass of gas = Volume of gas

Molar mass of gas Molar volume of gases
6g = 3.2 dm3
MAr 22.4 dm3/mol
MAr = (6 g x 22.4 dm3/mol) ÷ 3.2 dm3
MAr = 42 g/mol 00½ Mark
Relative molecular mass is 42
Therefore, the relative molecular mass of gaseous compound is 42 00½ Mark

(Empirical formula mass) n = Relative molecular mass 00½ Mark

(1C + 2H) n = 42
[12 + (1x2)] n = 42
14 n/14 = 42/14 00½ Mark
n=3
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula) n 00½ Mark
= (CH2)3
= C3H6 00½ Mark
Therefore, the molecular formula is C3H6 00½ Mark
Question 8:

(a) To produce more ammonia temperature must be reduced in the system because production of
ammonia is an exothermic process in which temperature must be reduced to prevent its
dissociation once formed. 02 Marks
Ammonia is produced at lower volume as compared to nitrogen and hydrogen because the
reaction proceeds with reduction of volume from left to right. Hence to produce more
ammonia, pressure must be increased in the system. 02 Marks
(b) Consider the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(l)H = 91KJMol-1
2 moles of H2 reacts with carbon dioxide to produce heat change of 91 KJMol-1
2 moles H2 = 91 KJ
1 mol of H2 = 2g 02 Marks
Mass of hydrogen gas will be 2 x 2g = 4g 01 Mark
Question 9:

(a) (i) Soil pH is the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. 01 Mark

(ii) Liming is the application of calcium in various forms to soil in order to increase the pH of the soil.
01 Mark
(b) (i) Sulphur and its compound are removed simply because when burnt they will form toxic gases
which pollute the air and deplete the ozone layer. Example SO2 and SO3. 02 Marks
(ii) Propane cannot decolourize the brown bromine vapour while propene can decolourize. 01 Mark
CH3CH2CH3 + Br2 → No action 01 Mark

CH2=CHCH3 + 2Br2 → CH2BrCHBrCH3 01 Mark

Brown Colourless
Question 10:

(a) - Used for photosynthesis 01 Mark

- Used in manufacture of fizzy drinks 01 Mark
- Used as a fire extinguisher agent 01 Mark
(b) (i) CH2=CH2 + O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O 01 Mark
(ii) CaC2 + 2H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 01 Mark
(iii) CH4 + 4Cl2 → CCl4 + 4HCl 01 Mark
(iv) C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O 01 Mark

Question 11:
(a) (i) The aim of fume chamber is for conduction of experiments which produces poisonous gases
01 Mark
(ii) They open outward for ease escape in case of any accident/emergence 01 Mark
(b) (i) For cleaning and drying wounds 01 Mark
(ii) For soothening wounds 01 Mark
(iii) For reducing pain 01 Mark
(iv) For tying around an injured part 01 Mark
(v) For cutting dressing materials 01 Mark

Question 12:
(a) (i) Acidic oxides. Example sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide etc 01 Mark
(ii) Basic oxides. Example sodium oxide, calcium oxide etc. 01 Mark
(iii) Neutral oxides. Example water, nitrogen monoxide etc. 01 Mark
(iv) Amphoteric oxides. Example aluminium oxide, zinc oxide etc. 01 Mark
(b) (i) Normal salt 01 Mark
(ii) Acidic salt 01 Mark
(iii) Basic salt 01 Mark

Section C (15 Marks)

One question from this section must marked according to the choice of the student
Question 13:
An essay must be written with six points
Introduction 01½ Marks
Body with six points 02 Marks x 6 = 12 Marks
- Reducing nutrients and pesticide pollution
- Treating sewage and industrial waste
- Stopping deforestation
- Controlling coastal development
- Reducing pollution from oil spills
- Reducing mercury emissions
- Cleaning existing abandoned mines
Conclusion 01½ Marks
Question 14:
Volume of hydrogen gas produced = 8400 cm3
Atomic mass of copper = 63.5
G.M.V = 22.4 dm3mol-1
Electrode reaction for discharge of chlorine gas:
2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2(g) 01 Mark
The equation suggest that 2 Faradays will liberate one mole of H2 gas.
Therefore,
2F produces 1 mol of H2(g)
Then,
2F produces 22400 cm3 of H2(g)
x? F produces 8400 cm3 of H2(g) 03 Marks
3
x = 8400 cm x 2F = 0.75F
22400 cm3
Therefore, 0.75 Faradays of electricity were passed through the two solutions in series 01 Mark
Volume of oxygen:
4OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e- 01 Mark
Therefore, 4 Faradays would liberate one mole of oxygen gas
4 F produces 1 mol of O2(g)
Then,
4 F produces 22.4 dm3 of O2(g)
0.2232 F produces y?dm3 of O2(g) 03 Marks
3 3
y = 0.75 F x 22.4 dm = 4.2 dm
4F
The volume of oxygen would be produced is 4.2 dm3 01 Mark
The discharge equation for liberation of copper:
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) 01 Mark
2 Faradays would liberate one mole of copper
Therefore,
2 F produces 63.5 g of copper (Cu(s))
0.75 F produces x?g of copper (Cu(s)) 03 Marks
x = 0.75 F x 63.5 g = 7.10 g
2F
The mass of copper produced was 23.8125 g 01 Mark