[Adina Institute Of Science & Technology 25-25 FOR EXAM PREPRATION 2021]

UNIT-1

QUESTION 1. Write the defination of computer. classified in details.

QUESTION 2. Explain the organization/component of computer with the help of neat
labeled diagram.
QUESTION 3. What is an Operating System? Write down its various types and
functions of os?
QUESTION 4. differance between
a) System software and application software
b) RAM and ROM
QUESTION 5. Discuss the use of computer in the field of Bio-informatics and
Computer Gaming, Multimedia and Animation.
1. What is Computer Write the defination of computer. classified in details.

ANS:-The term computer is derived from computing. A computer is electronic devices that
transfer data & instruction as input from the user, process the data & perform user
information known as output as in Fig..
The electronic device is known as hardware & the set of instruction is known as software.

Classification of Computer:-

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According to Purpose
1) General Purpose Computers:-

Designed to perform a range of tasks. Ability to store numerous programs. Used for various
application, Ranging from scientific to business purpose. Versatile but lack in speed &
efficiency. Ex: Computers used in schools and home.

2) Specific Purpose Computers:-

Designed to handle a specific problem or to perform specific task.A set of instruction is build
into the machine for that specific task. Cannot be used for other application unless its circuits are
redesigned. Lacked in versatility but can provide result very quickly and efficiently.Ex:
Computers used for airline reservation, Satellite tracking or air traffic control.

According to Type of Data Handling Technique

1) Analog Computers:-

Works on the principle of measuring, in which the measurements obtained are translated. Do not
directly deals with numbers, Measures continuous physical magnitude (temp, pressure,
Voltage).These computers are very fast in operation but lack in accuracy. Example: Analog
computer in petrol pump that converts flow of petrol into quantity and price.

2) Digital Computers:-

Operates with information represented in digital form. Process data(Text, sound, graphics,
video) into a digital value ( 0 & 1).Analog quantities must be converted into digital before

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processing. In this case output is also digital but if desired can be converted into analog quantity.
Accuracy of these computers depends upon size of their registers and memory. Example:
Desktop PC

3) Hybrid Computers:-

Incorporated the measuring feature of analog computer and counting feature of digital computer.
These computers use the analog components for computational purpose and to store the
immediate result it uses digital memories. The hybrid computer uses the converter (Digital to
analog & Vice-versa) in order to bind the powers of digital and analog techniques. Used for
scientific application, various field of engineering, Industrial control process.

Classification According to Functionality

Based on size, performance and application areas.

1) Micro computers:-Small and low cost digital computer, Usually consist of a micro-
processor, a storage unit and output channel. Examples: IBM-PC, APPLE etc

Desktops: Most common micro computer consist of system unit, monitor, keyboard, hard-disk
& other peripheral devices.

Laptop:Portable computer enclosing all the basic features of a normal desktop computer. The
biggest advantage is that one can carry and use this computer anywhere. Laptops do not any
external power supply.H and-Held

Computers PDA is a computer that can easily stored in a pocket. It generally uses a pen or
electronic stylus as input device. Usually have no disk drive, It uses small card to store program
and data.

2) Mini Computers:-

Small digital computer, which normally able to process and store more data than micro
computers. Size of mini computer is bigger than micro computer. Designed to meet computing
needs of small and medium size business environment. Support 4 to 200 users simultaneously.
Ex: PDP11, IBM8000 series.

3) Main frame computers:-

Ultra high performance computer made for complex computing. It consist of a high-end
computer processor with related peripheral devices. Capable of supporting large volume of data
processing, high performance on-line transactions processing system and extensive data storage
& retrieval. It is designed to perform faster and store more data than mini computer. Usually
executes many programs simultaneously with high speed. Allows users to maintain large
information storage at a centralized location and be able to access and process this data from

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different computers located at different locations. Typically used for large business and
scientific purpose. Ex: IBM‘s ES000, VAX 8000, CDC 6600.

4) Super computers:-

Special purpose machines, which are specially designed to maximize the efficiency. A super
computer has the highest computing speed for solving scientific and engineering problems. It
contains a number of CPUs that operate in parallel to make it faster. It can process large amount
of information and make extensive calculation quickly. Super computers are fastest, costliest
and most powerful computers available today. Ex: CRAY-3, Cyber 205, PARAM

2. Explain the organization/component of computer with the help of neat labeled

diagram.
ANS:- A computer is a fast and accurate device, which can accept data, store data, process them
and give, desired results as output. The computer is organized into four units as shown in the
following diagram.

Input Unit:

Any device designed to assist in the entry of data into a computer is known as input device. Input
devices convert data from any convenient external format into binary codes that a computer can
store and manipulate internally. Some of the most common, most popularly used devices are
following.
a) Mouse
b) Light Pen
c) Touch Screen
d) Keyboard
e) Scanner
f) OCR and MICR
g) Bar Code Reader
h) Joy Stick etc.

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Output Unit:

Any peripheral device that converts the stored binary coded data into convenient external forms
as test and pictures are known as Output device. Some of the most popularly used Output devices
are following:
a) Visual Display Unit (Monitor)
b) Printer : Dot Matrix and Impact/Non Impact, Printer, Daisy wheel Printer, Line
Printers, Ink-jet, Laser Printer
c) Plotters etc.

Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer combined in the sys with the
processing system of a computer. The CPU carries out actions with information help of
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU). This is done following a detailed set of arithmetic instructions
written in the main memory. It also uses the main memory for the memory temporary storage of
information. Through the channels of information specified ―Bus‖, the CPU instructs various
parts called device controllers to transfer data between secondary memory and the main memory.
The CPU accepts the data from the Input unit processes it and gives the result/output to the
output device. The data/result can be stored for the use by storing it in the secondary memory.
The total operations of the computer is synchronized and controlled by the CPU. The processing
capacity of a computer is measured in terms the amount of data processed by the CPU in one
operation. The CPU has three important sub units.
1) Arithmetic-Logic unit
2) Control Unit
3) Memory Unit
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU is an electronic circuit used to carry out the
arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This unit carries out
logical operations like greater than, less than, be equal to etc. It performs the operation on the
data provided by the input devices. A comparison operation allows a program to make decisions
based he on its data input and results of the previous calculations. Logical operations can be
used to determine whether particular statement is re TRUE or FALSE. The ALU operates on the
data available in the main memory and sends them back after processing again to main memory.
Control Unit: The control unit coordinates the activities of all the other units ed in the system.
Its main functions are to control the transfer of data and information between various units and to
initiate appropriate actions by the arithmetic-logic unit. Conceptually, the control unit fetches
instructions from the memory, decodes them, and directs them to various units to perform the on
specified tasks.
Memory Unit: The main memory is also called primary memory, is used to store data
temporarily. Although, the CPU is the brain behind all the operations in the computer, it needs to
be supplied with the data to be processed and the instructions to tell it what to do. Once the CPU
has carried out an instruction, it needs the result to be stored. This storage space is provided by
the computer‘s memory. Data provided by the input device, and the result of that processed data

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is also stored in the memory nit. This main memory is like a scratch pad. The storage capacity of
the memory is generally measured in megabytes.
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes= 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1024 Kilobytes= 1 Megabyte (MB)
1024 Megabytes= 1 Gigabyte (GB)
Different kinds of primary memory are Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only
Memory (ROM). You can read and write data in RAM but the data is volatile or temporary that
is whenever the power is switched off the contents of RAM is lost so its is required to store the
data in the secondary memory if the data is required for the future use. But you can only read the
data from ROM and you can not write any thing into it and the data is permanent. The

manufacturer himself has written the data in it initially.

Secondary Memory:
This is the permanent memory. The data stored in it is permanent. But you can delete the data if
you want. There are different kinds of secondary storage devices available. Few of them are
Floppy disks, Fixed (hard) disks and Optical disks etc.
a) Floppy Disk
b) Fixed or Hard Disk
c) Optical Disk like: CD (Compact Disk) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
d) Magnetic Tape Drive

3. What is an Operating System? Write down its various types and functions of os?

ANS:- An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer
hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

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Operating system is the low-level software that supports a computer's basic functions, such as
scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.

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As can been seen in the image above, OS is the trading bridge between the hardware and the
software components of a system.

TYPES :-

1. Batch operating system

2. Time-sharing operating systems
3. Distributed operating System
4. Network operating System
5. Real Time operating System

Functions of Operating System: -

There are Many Functions those are Performed by the Operating System But the Main Goal of
Operating System is to Provide the Interface between the user and the hardware Means Provides
the Interface for Working on the System by the user. The various Functions those are Performed
by the Operating System are as Explained below: -
Operating System as a Resource Manager: -
Operating system also known as the resource manager means operating system will manage all
the resources those are attached to the system means all the resources like memory and
processor and all the input-output devices those are attached to the system are known as the
resources of the computer system and the operating system will manage all the resources of the
system.
Storage Management: -
The operating system also controls the all the storage operations means how the data or files will
be stored on the computers and how the files will be accessed by the users etc. All the operations
those are responsible for storing and accessing the files is determined by the operating system
operating system also allows us the creation of files, the creation of directories and reading and
writing the data of files and directories and copy the contents of the files and the directories
from one place to another place.
Process management: the operating system also treats the process management means all the
processes those are given by the user of the process those are system is own process is handled
by the operating system. The operating system will create the priorities for the user and start or
stops the execution of the process and makes the child process after dividing the large processes
into the small processes.
Memory management: - the operating system also manages the memory of the computer
system means to provide the memory to the process and deallocate the memory from the
process. And defines that if a process gets completed then this will deallocate the memory from
the processes.
Extended machine: - The operating system also behaves like an extended machine means
operating system also provides us sharing of files between multiple users, also provides some
graphical environments and provides various languages for communications and provides many
complex operations likes using many hardware and software.
Mastermind: - The operating system also performs many functions and for those reasons, we
can say that operating system is a mastermind. It provides booting without an operating system
and provides facility to increase the logical memory of the computer system by using the
physical memory of the computer system and provides various types of formats like NTFS and
fat file systems.

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4. differance between
a) System software and application software
b) RAM and ROM
ANS:- System software and application software:-

Difference between System Software and Application Software

S.No. System Software Application Software

1. System software is used for operating Application software is used by user to perform
computer hardware. specific task.
2. System softwares are installed on the Application softwares are installed according to
computer when operating system is installed. user‘s requirements.
3. In general, the user does not interact with In general, the user interacts with application
system software because it works in the sofwares.
background.
4. System software can run independently. It Application software can‘t run independently.
provides platform for running application They can‘t run without the presence of system
softwares. software.
5. Some examples of system softwares are Some examples of application softwares are word
compiler, assembler, debugger, driver, etc. processor, web browser, media player, etc.

RAM and ROM

RAM and ROM both are the internal memories of the computer. Where RAM is
a temporary memory, ROM is a permanent memory of the computer. There are many
differences between RAM and ROM, but the basic difference is that RAM is a read-
write memory and the ROM is a read only memory. I have discussed some differences between
RAM and ROM with the help of comparison chart shown below.

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BASIS FOR RAM ROM

COMPARISON

Basic It is a read-write memory. It is read only memory.

Use Used to store the data that has to be It stores the instructions required
currently processed by CPU during bootstrap of the computer.
temporarily.

Volatility It is a volatile memory. It is a nonvolatile memory.

Stands for Random Access Memory. Read Only Memory.

Modification Data in RAM can be modified. Data in ROM can not be

modified.

Capacity RAM sizes from 64 MB to 4GB. ROM is comparatively smaller

than RAM.

Cost RAM is a costlier memory. ROM is comparatively cheaper

than RAM.

Type Types of RAM are static RAM and Types of ROM are PROM,
dynamic RAM. EPROM, EEPROM.

5. Discuss the use of computer in the field of Bio-informatics and Computer Gaming,
Multimedia and Animation.
ANS:-
Bio-Informatics: -
Bioinformatics is the field of science which applies computer-based tools and technologies on
biological research and development. It primarily involves collection and storage of biological
and genetic data on which statistical techniques are applied to arrive at the required solution.
Bioinformatics has become an important part of many areas of biology. In experimental
molecular biology, bioinformatics techniques such as image and signal processing allow
extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. In the field of genetics and
genomics, it aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed mutations. It plays a
role in the textual mining of biological literature and the development of biological and gene

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ontologies to organize and query biological data. It plays a role in the analysis of gene and
protein expression and regulation. Bioinformatics tools aid in the comparison of genetic and
genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular
biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalog the biological pathways and
networks that are an important part of systems biology. In structural biology, it aids in the
simulation and modeling of DNA, RNA, and protein structures as well as molecular
interactions.
Computer Gaming: -
Computers are widely used for playing games that are like video or console- based games. A
computer must process graphics and animations support for ensuring rich gaming experience to
the user. The computer gaming industry has evolved tremendously over the experience over the
past decade. Computer and video games are a maturing medium and industry and have caught
the attention of scholars across a variety of disciplines. By and large, computer and video games
have been ignored by educators. When educators have discussed games, they have focused on
the social consequences of game play, ignoring important educational potentials of gaming.
This paper examines the history of games in educational research and argues that the cognitive
potential of games has been largely ignored by educators. Contemporary developments in
gaming, particularly interactive stories, digital authoring tools, and collaborative worlds, suggest
powerful new opportunities for educational media.

Fig.no 1.55
Multimedia: -
Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. This
contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or
traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of
text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms.
Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information content
processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live
performance.
Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia
content.
Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has
a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia
can be considered one multimedia application

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Fig.no 1.57
Animation:-
The animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images to create an illusion of movement.
The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program,
although there are other methods. This type of presentation is usually accomplished with a
camera and a projector or a computer viewing screen which can rapidly cycle through images in
a sequence. Animation can be made with either hand rendered art, computer-generated imagery,
or three-dimensional objects, e.g. puppets or clay figures, or a combination of techniques. The
position of each object in any image relates to the position of that object in the previous and
following images so that the objects each appear to fluidly move independently of one another.
The viewing device displays these images in rapid succession, usually 24, 25, or 30 frames per
second.

Fig.no 1.58

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