INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
DESIGN OF PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
BY
BILLION BEREKET AKUR/0996/06 SEC B
SUBMITED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCE AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF WATER TECHNOLOGY

AKSUM UNIVERSITY
Semester-2
INTERNSHIP START DATE

E-mail:
Phone #:0914819128
 APPROVAL LETTER

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that BILLION BEREKET AKUR/0996/06 has successfully completed the
project work that was assigned to him as part of the internship program. I on
behalf of BRUH TESFA IRRIGATION & WATER TECHNOLOGY PLC am
recommending this work as fulfillment for the requirement of installation & designing
department industrial training. I wish him success.

(TEL, ) E-mail,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Above all I would like to thank the ALMIGHTY GOD cas He is the base of all the successful
progress of my life as a whole and this study as a particular.I would like to express my special
thanks and heartfelt appreciation to my internship supervisors chief engineer Mentsegeba hagos
(Bsc), sinner office and site engineer Yonas (Bsc) and from department of human resource and
management (HRD) Mr. Alemayehu division head of training officer for their supporting and
valuable advising during the course of the internship and for their support by providing necessary
material that help me to safe completion of my internship program.

My next gratitude goes to all staffs of Aksum University as they provided me with all services
needed for the achievement of my goal in the last Three years stay and for department of water
resource and irrigation engineering for giving me this chance to upgrade my theoretical
knowledge by practice.

At the last but not the least, I would like to express my deepest respect to all technical staff
members of study, design and installation (SDI) department of my hosting company Bruh Tesfa
Irrigation and Water Technology Plc for their endless contribution for the successful completion
of my internship program and for my parents and others who helped me either financially,
technically or morally from a very beginning up to the end of my study thank u all.

i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This paper is a written report about the internship program which was planned to help students
grasp practical know-how on different Engineering projects. The program is very helpful for
students to upgrade their theoretical knowledge by practice and for improving their design,
implementation, evaluation and management capability in general.

In this report the back ground of my hosting company including its history and major
achievements, my overall internship experience, my tasks and the procedures that I followed, the
practical and theoretical knowledge I gained including the challenges I faced while performing
those tasks is described.

The content of the report is divided into six distinct chapters. The topics that are included are the
company’s background, material and methodology used, data analysis, result, and design work,
and my overall internship experience, benefits I gained from the program, my conclusions and
recommendations for the company. To assist the report for the discussed topics and ideas,
figurative illustrations and different pictures are included.

ii
TABLE OF CONTENT

Acknowledgment…………............................................................................................................ i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER-ONE

1. BACK GROUND OF THE COMPANY.............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 INTRODACTION.............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Brief history of the company ............................................................................................. 1
1.3 General profile data of the company................................................................................... 2
1.4 Establishment of the company............................................................................................ 3
1.5 The Company’s vision, mission and Objective ................................................................. 3
1.5.1Vision.......................................................................................................................... 3
1.5.2Mission.........................................................................................................................4
1.5.3 Objective of the firm.................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Organizational Structure of the company.............................................................................4
1.7 Products, Services and Overall Experience of the Company...............................................6
1.7.1ProductsofBTIWT........................................................................................................6
1.7.2 Services of BTWITW………………………………………………………………..7
1.7.3 Overall experience of the company.............................................................................8
1.8 Technology Employed .........................................................................................................9
1.9 BruhTesfa improvements stages ..........................................................................................9
1.10 Current capability of BTIWT in Services and product lines ...........................................10
1.10.1Professionalservices....................................................................................................10
1.10.2ProductLines...............................................................................................................10
1.10.2.1HDPEPipeSizesEnlargement...................................................................................10
1.11 Production Capacity ..........................................................................................................10
1.12 GENERAL PROJECT SITE INFORMATION................................................................11
1.12.1 Objective of the project ..............................................................................................15
1.12.2 Location of the project area ........................................................................................15
1.12.3 Climate .......................................................................................................................16
1.12.4 Geology and Soil.........................................................................................................16
1.12.5 Ground water resource of the site ...............................................................................16
1.12.6 Topographic map ........................................................................................................16
1.12.7 Crop/agronomy data………………………………………………………………....16

iii
CHAPTER TWO
2. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY USED .............................................................................. 19
2.1 Material used............................................................................................................................. 19
2.2 Specific Approach and Methodology used to Design ....................................................................................... 19
2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement ................................................................................................... 20
2.4 Design of drip and sprinkler laterals.......................................................................................... 21
2.4.1 Selection and design of drip emitters ............................................................................... 21
2.4.1.1 General Procedure .................................................................................................... 21
2.4.1.2 Wetting pattern and water distribution uniformity....................................................................... 21
2.4.1.3 Emitter pressure head and discharge ................................................................................................ 23
2.4.2 Efficiency of sprinkler emitters ................................................................................................................ 24
2.5Design of manifolds …............................................................................................................... 25
2.6 Daily operation hours ................................................................................................................ 25
2.7 Design of sub-main and main pipes .......................................................................................... 25
2.8 Lay out ....................................................................................................................................... 25
2.9 Water source .............................................................................................................................. 25
2.10 Field system ............................................................................................................................. 25
2.11 Irrigation Head ......................................................................................................................... 26
2.12 Operation Schedule of The system .......................................................................................... 26

CHAPTER THREE
3. DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT, AND DESIGN WORK ............................................................... 29
3.1 Preliminary Data ..................................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Automatic filtration system and fertilization equipment ........................................................ 29
3.2.1 Filtration system............................................................................................................. 29
3.2.2 Fertilization equipment .......................................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Determination of Required Plant Nutrient in Irrigation Water .............................................. 31
3.4 Irrigation System Design ........................................................................................................ 31

CHAPTER FOUR
4. THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ..................................................................... 35
4.1 How I get in to the company ............................................................................................... 35
 4.2 Section of the company ....................................................................................................... 35
4.3 The Work flow in my section looks like ............................................................................. 36
4.4 Work executing ................................................................................................................... 36
4.5 performing my work task .................................................................................................... 36
4.6 Challenges that over came in the field work ....................................................................... 37
4.7 Measures that have been taken for the basic challenges ..................................................... 37
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 39
5. THE OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM ................. 39
5.1 In terms of improving my practical skill ............................................................................. 39
5.2 In terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge ............................................................... 39
5.3 In terms of improving interpersonal communication skill .................................................. 40
5.4 Interims of team playing skill ............................................................................................. 40
5.5 In terms of improving my leadership skill .......................................................................... 40
5.6 In terms of work ethics issue .............................................................................................. 41
5.7 In terms of entrepreneurship skills ...................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................. 43
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................... 43
6.1 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………….....43
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 44
6.2.1 Recommendation to my hosting company ………………………………………………44
6.2.2 Recommendation to the university .................................................................................. 44
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 45
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................... 46
VIINTERNS HIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: organizational structure of the company ..................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Partial view of center pivot mechanized irrigation Project in Golgol Raya site ......... 7
Figure 3: family drip kit .............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 4: 315mm new HDPE pipe product............................................................................... 10
Figure 5: Partial View of Drip Irrigation Project under Operation in Alamata site ................. 13
Figure 6: Partial View of sprinkler Irrigation project under operation in Mohoni site............. 14
Figure 7: Dripper wetting diameter versus discharge for major soil types ............................... 23
Figure 8: Automatic fertilization and filtration system equipment ........................................... 31
VIIINTERNS HIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC
 LIST OF TABLES
Table1. General profile data of BTIWT ..................................................................................... 2
Table2. Selection of appropriate irrigation system for the proposed crops (drip/sprinkler ...... 18
Table3. Showing the wetted portion for three soil textures ...................................................... 22
Table4. Operation schedule ...................................................................................................... 27
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 1
CHAPTER-ONE
1. BACK GROUND OF THE COMPANY
1.1 INTRODACTION
My internship hosting company BruhTesfa Irrigation and Water technology PLC is one of the sister
companies of Endowment fund for rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT) which is Engaged in
agricultural cluster as well as manufacturing and supplying of modern Irrigation Technology, Water
supply system and other plastic pipe products which are used for Irrigation and water supply purpose.
This company is one of the leading Irrigation and Water technology Firms throughout the country.
This is why because it gives almost complete service on the sector and it‟s highly skilled manpower
on every department. I have discussed the following points in detail:
Detail description of the company and the site project.
Discussed on section of the company and site project.
Over all internship experience and its Benefit experience.
Conclusion and recommendation about site project and company.

To make it somehow attractive, I have prepared the body of this report classifying in different
Chapters from introduction through explaining the company's background and status, over all
internship experience along with its benefits up to conclusions and recommendations that I made
based on the internship results.
1.2 Brief history of the company
My internship hosting company BruhTesfa irrigation and water technology is a private limited
company specialized in study, design and installation of pressurized irrigation system and water
supply technology in which its main office is found in Mekelle (Tigray) and it is the famous general
contractor in Ethiopia, and the company has around 550 employers throughout the country. For over
11 years of experience Bruh Tesfa irrigation and water technology plc has developed its own
operational capacity that features extremely rapid mobilization, the fast truck method, paying close
attention to local areas and local communities whenever the construction sites are situated. The entire
group structure operates according to environmental, ethical and Professional principles under
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 2
the company‟s polices and strategies that conform to highest international criteria of governance and
citizenship.
The company has come too recognized on both regional and national sale within the water
technology industry growing in terms of operational structures, geographical reach and the size, and
scope of the contracts. The company has reached a point where greater engagement with both
internal and external stake holder. Sustainability is at the heart of the business philosophy and has
formed the basis of 50 years of continuous development.
1.3 General profile data of the company

NAME OF THE FIRM

Bruh Tesfa Irrigation and water technology plc

YEAR OF September 2004 GC

FOUNDATION

LEGAL STATUS
Private Limited Company

NATURE OF BUSINESS Manufacturing, supplying, consulting, Study,

design, installation & maintenance of
pressurized irrigation system and water supply
technology

Water Resources development and modern

BUSINESS SECTOR agriculture

REGISTRATION Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,

Ministry of Revenue: Federal Inland Revenue
Authority Tax payer ID number: 0001434876

ADRESS Head Office ADRESS Branch Office

Mekelle City-Ethiopia Addis Ababa City-Ethiopia
Tele: +251-34-4-40 -04-74 Tele: +251-115-50-29-90
 + 251+34-4-40-04-52/53 + 251-115-15-76-22
Fax: +251-34-4-40 -04 -67 Fax: +251-115-15-76-60
E-Mail: bruhtesf@ethionet.et E-Mail: bruht-aa@ethionet.et
1.4 Establishment of the company
Founded in 2004 G.C under Dejenna Endowment which is now merged to be under Endowment fund
for rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT), it is engaged in manufacturing, surveying, study, design,
consulting, supply, installation and commissioning of comprehensive irrigation & water supply
systems, maintenance and after sales services .The Company is located in Mekelle-Tigray-Ethiopia
as a head office having branch in Addis Ababa. All the above capabilities make Bruh Tesfa the
leading local irrigation company in Ethiopia, that own complete system from study up to installation,
commissioning and maintenance with many years of experience in design, manufacturing, supply &
undertaking turn key projects. Quality has always been a major principle of BruhT
esfa operation. Our quality management system is firmly in place being certified by ISO 9001:2008
ensures consistent, high quality standard performance throughout the organization. Bruh Tesfa has
earned not only the ISO: 9001:2008 Quality management systems but also was honored with the
special green award certificate of 2010, as a testimony of its commitment to quality and in
recognition outstanding effort in environmental protection and dedication to keep our world green.
This award is an indication of its effort that it serves its customers with good concern. Bruh Tesfa
realize that from a customer‟s perspective point of view, the term “quality” cover both the products
& services .Our ever growing customers list reflects our determination to settle for nothing less. In
addition to the strong commitment of the Ethiopian market, Bruh Tesfa currently is expanding to
other east African countries. And also the Company is associated with different internationally
known companies for technology transformation in both irrigation & water supply & sanitation
technologies.
1.5 The Company’s vision, mission and Objective
1.5.1 Vision
To be competent and the leading technological pioneer company in the modern irrigation and water
supply technology development, by offering best quality product s and Services(i.e. study, design and
installation) at competitive price in east Africa. INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC
2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 4
1.5.2 Mission
To generate profit & maximize wealth of the owner by satisfying the customer & introducing new
modern irrigation & water supply technology, Contributing its share in agricultural transformation,
creating massive job opportunity and professional man power in the field and in reducing poverty in
the country.
1.5.3 Objective of the firm
Bruh Tesfa Irrigation & Water Technology plc is established in September 2004 as per the
commercial code of Ethiopia. The factory is situated in Mekelle, the capital city of Tigray National
Regional State. The prime objectives of the firm are the following;
To study, design and install quality and complete set of pressurized irrigation system and water
supply technology.
To install Family Drip Kit system for local peoples who have low income.
To produce High Density Polyethylene pipes (HDPE) and other plastic products for irrigation &
water supply purpose.
Construction other plastic products with complete professional services of study, design,
installation & after sales service at the merely interest of the society established to make difference in
agro industrial sector.
To introduce new related agricultural technologies being cost effective & efficient products.
Technological transformation from abroad in the modern pressurized irrigation system, Water
supply systems and other related technology.
To Providing standard butt welding and electro fusion services for PE pipes and fittings.

1.6 Organizational Structure of the company

My hosting company Bruh Tesfa Irrigation & Water Technology PLC is structured in such a way
that the firm can execute its main objective with maximum speed and quality, which ensures the
satisfaction of its customers. The firm is headed by one general manager.
At present the firm is well organized by the following departments and services. INTERNSHIP
REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 5
Production and technical department
Quality Assurance Service
Study, design, installation and maintenance department
Marketing and research department
Human resources development department
Finance and audit department
supply and procurement department
Planning and management department
With Branch office in Addis Ababa.

Figure 1: organizational structure of the company

Bruh Tesfa Irrigation and Water Technology plc is equipped with:-
Modernized and committed manpower
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers
Electrical and Irrigation Engineers
Hydraulics and Civil Engineers
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 6
Design and Installation Engineers

Modern machineries and Equipments

Automatic extrusion machine for PE pipe
Automatic injection machines of drip elements and fittings
Modern PE-welding machines
Adequate material and money resource
Computerized information systems

1.7 Products, Services and Overall Experience of the Company

1.7.1 Products of BTIWT
Modern Irrigation Technology
Bruh Tesfa irrigation and water technology PLC provides turnkey project that include surveying,
studying, design, manufacturing, supply, installation and maintenance of irrigation projects of
different sizes and scopes. Some of the benefited groups include government bureaus, private
investors, commercial farms like cotton, sesame, sugarcane and the like.
a. Complete Gravitational irrigation systems (Family drip kit)

b. Complete pressurized irrigation systems (both drip and sprinkler)

c. Center pivot and Linear move mechanized irrigation system

d. Traveling gun irrigation system

e. Pipe supported furrow irrigation systems

f. other irrigation related accessories and equipments

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 7
Figure 2: Partial view of center pivot mechanized irrigation Project in Golgol Raya site
Water Supply System
Bruh Tesfa irrigation and water technology PLC provides design, specification and bill of quantity
preparation, supply, installation and maintenance of different size water supply projects. The
activities involved are:
a. Manufacturing of HDPE pipes and Supply of different kind of PE fittings (electro fusion, butt
welding, compression and threaded fittings).
b. Providing services that include study, design, specification, installation and maintenance.
c. Supply of Welding machines
d. Providing training in water supply areas.

Other Products
a. Polythene tube (tabular film )
b. Rigid and flexible conduits for building construction
1.7.2 Services of BTIWT
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 8
Complete surveying, study, design, installation, providing training, maintenance, consultancy service
& other services on both modern irrigation as well as water supply system.
1.7.3 Overall experience of the company
If you expect new experience and activities every time from the company you are absolutely right!
Some big projects performed and installed in the last 11 years by the company are listed below
PIS (pressurized Irrigation System)
Welkait Sugar Project about 3000hac
Golgol Raya modern Irrigation system more than 7 Investors
Selam Flower complete PIS installation works (Sebeta, Oromiya region)
Gamo Gofa Zone Investors in SNNP region

WSS (Water Supply System)

Complete clean water supply installation works in Afar region for 9 towns
Hiwot Agricultural mechanization clean water line installation (Tigray region)
Study, Design and Installation of modern water supply system for More than 15 Ethiopian
Universities
Study, design and installation of water supply System for Oromiya,Tigray,SNNP and Amhara
regions

Main Customers of the Company are:-

Tigray, Afar, Oromiya, SNNP and Amhara regions
Addis Ababa and Dredawa city administrations
More than 15 universities of our country are also the main customers of my hosting company.
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 9
1.8 Technology Employed
The Factory has state-of –the-art of drip irrigation technology applicable with cylindrical and integral
drip elements inserted at a required spacing in 16mm diameter pipe incorporating all the necessary
accessories both for pressurized as well as family drip irrigation systems. The computerized systems
(PLC controlled and computer monitored system), enables full control and management of the
processing and quality control at all levels of production. The technology is unique in its kind in
Ethiopia, the company is a sole drip irrigation system manufacturer, Far beyond this the company is
capable enough undertake any type of irrigation project by being with its international collaborators.
1.9 BruhTesfa improvements stages
From the very early of its establishment Bruh Tesfa has been producing limited products and
specifically it was manufacturing drip laterals, small drip fittings and related accessories from abroad
for family drip systems in the field of irrigation. With regard to water supply system, the company
used to manufacture HDPE pipes and import fittings for distribution purposes only.
Figure 3: family drip kit INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by
Yemane W/dawit Page 10
1.10 Current capability of BTIWT in Services and product lines
1.10.1 Professional services
Time after time the company capacitated its internal human resources with the high technology in
modern irrigation and water supply systems by making close relationship with the world famous
irrigation companies in Spain and Israel .Besides it equipped itself with valuable irrigation
equipments and software‟s which enabled to realize the current performance of BruhTesfa. The
company now has improved from simple FDK design and installation to the latest pressurized
irrigation systems (Manual, semi and full automatic) beginning from survey, study, design, and
supply, installation, commissioning, maintenance and after sales services.
1.10.2 Product Lines.
1.10.2.1 HDPE Pipe Sizes Enlargement
To satisfy the boom in the country‟s water supply and irrigation demands and there by ensure fast
delivery to the customers the company has programmed and implemented supply and installation of
new HDPE machine and improved its manufacturing capacity from pipe diameter 16mm up to
315mm.
Figure 4: 315mm new HDPE pipe product
1.11 Production Capacity
The machineries for processing the products are brand new with the latest and reliable technology
that maintains high quality products with efficient production process. Also INTERNSHIP
REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 11
the machinery supplier is well known in the field of drip irrigation systems and water supply system
of PE pipes. Its lines are presently fully running producing different size pipes, drip elements, fittings
and integral drip pipes. There are four extrusion lines in the company the first two lines are with
capacity of 120kg/h to 140 kg/h for small diameter pipes called IR lines and the next large machine
having capacity of 600 kg/h to 700 kg/h for big diameter pipes known HDPE line this is including
the old HDPE and new HDPE line, which are Plc controlled and with PC monitoring system. Having
a total plastic extruding capacity of 6,300 ton up to 7,000 tons per year. The cylindrical drip elements
which are the heart of the drip irrigation systems are also produced at high level of precision in the
factory with three injection machines which are PLC controlled. The most important and frequently
used fittings are produced at high level of precision in the factory with two PLC controlled injection
machines. There are different types of Drip Irrigation Pipes and Fittings which are currently being
produced in the factory. Furthermore its machines are capable of producing plain pipes according to
the customers‟ request. Therefore, the customer can order with his own specification of plain pipe
i.e. diameter and thickness with allowable pressure.
1.12 GENERAL PROJECT SITE INFORMATION
As an introduction it is important to know the term irrigation ‟ Irrigation‟ can be defined as the
science of artificial application of water to the land in accordance with the „crop requirements‟
throughout the „crop period‟ for full fledged nourishment of the crop.
The Irrigation methods can be divided in to two major families namely:
a. Pressurized Irrigation method where by the water flow, movement and application in the field are
by pipes.
b. Gravity or surface Irrigation method where by the water flow, movement and application in the
field are free on the ground.

From those two types of Irrigation methods my Internship program is focused on pressurized
irrigation system (drip and sprinkler).
Pressurized Irrigation method includes:
1. Sprinkler Irrigation system
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 12
2. Drip Irrigation system and
3. Spray Irrigation system

Advantage and Disadvantage of Drip irrigation system

Advantage
Higher yield and better quality of produce
Saving and better distribution of water: water use efficiency is 95%
Application of fertilizers
High degree of control
Dry surface: this allows for better weed control and minimizing the destruction of soil structure
Saving of operation inputs: important inputs such as energy and labor can be saved

The above points make Drip irrigation system the latest Irrigation method in our world when we
compare with sprinkler irrigation system.
Disadvantage
High initial investment cost: since it is a permanent system it needs large quantity of pipes,
drippers and associated high quality equipments.
Sensitivity to clogging: this is the major problem of drip irrigation drippers tend to be clogged
after some time of operation Intensive and extensive equipment is needed to reduce.
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 13
Figure 5: Partial View of Drip Irrigation Project under Operation in Alamata site
Advantage and Disadvantage of sprinkler irrigation system
Advantage
Easy to operate
Wetting of the whole area thus suitable for germination of many crops
With permanent and mechanical systems, operation is easy with minimal labor requirements
Not sensitive to clogging and can be used with water of bad physical quality

Disadvantage
Sensitive to wind and water distribution uniformity is poor under wind conditions
Water losses due to: Wind drift, deep percolation, runoff, evaporation
Wetting the whole area which result in growth of weed, difficulties for farm
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 14
Figure 6: Partial View of sprinkler Irrigation project under operation in Mohoni site
The selection and use of a particular irrigation method is dependent on many factors
1. Topographic Survey (Geographical location) of the site
2. Climatic Data
3. Water Resource Data
4. Crop /Agronomy Data
5. Soil Data

Site information
Shortage of moisture is the main production-limiting factor in Tigray region in general and at the
project area in particular. The rainfall of the area is low, variable (erratic) and undependable. The
area is hit by recurrent drought and it is classified as chronically food unsecured area like other areas
of the Region. Therefore, to alleviate the moisture shortage problem and to increase production, it is
imperative to use other sources of water other than rainfall. To this end, private investors are using
their money and knowledge to utilize the opportunity presented by the Regional Government of
Tigray in implementing Boreholes for Drip and Sprinkler Pressurized Irrigation systems to irrigate
their land without waiting for the erratic and undependable rain in the area. DESTA BERHE
mechanized modern irrigation scheme is one of the schemes found in INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 15
Fachagamma area that is ready for installation of Pressurized irrigation system (Drip and Sprinkler)
systems to be implemented. Accordingly, this report is an integral part of the implementation of
DESTA BERHE MECHANIZED FARM, which comprises the general description of the site lay
out, the preliminary data used in the design, the design procedure followed, the property of the
materials to be supplied, specification and bill of quantities. The system is the result of new
technology and it is implemented using high initial cost and so needs a careful management and
follow up after installation of the system.
1.12.1 Objective of the project
The main objectives of the work are:
a. To prepare reasonable cost Design for DESTA BERHE MECHENIZED FARM based on the
preliminary data collected from site for the design of the system.
b. To arrange the operation schedules of the system to reduce the size and cost of pipes without
compromising the efficiency of the system.
c. To specify the elements of the system in detail to make purchase and production of material easy
and fast.
d. To assure a workable, manageable and affordable implementation and sustainable use of the land
and water resource of the site

1.12.2 Location of the project area

The project area is located in the lower flat plain of Raya Valley between altitudes of 1400 to 1800
a.m.s.l. The project is situated in the southern Zone of Tigray National Regional State in Raya
AzeboWereda, Tabia Fachagamma. The project area is about 660 km from Addis Ababa and 150 km
from Mekelle.
Particular Geographical Location of the site:-
Latitude: 1401500 -1402400
Longitude: 579200 - 579800
Elévation: 1540.5-1549 m INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by
Yemane W/dawit Page 16
1.12.3 Climate
The seasonal distribution of rainfall in the project area is associated with the annual progression of
the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITC). The area is characterized by bimodal rainfall pattern
with a short rainy season (Belg: from February to March) and a long rainy season (Kirmet: from June
to September with a peak in August). The annual mean rainfall in the lower flat plain of the Valley
varies from 650 mm to 750 mm. The mean daily temperature of the area is 25 0C
1.12.4 Geology and Soil
The dominant geological formations found in the project area are poorly compacted sedimentary
basic fill. The frame is mainly composed of Tertiary Volcanic Rocks. The soils in the project area are
mostly loamy and silt loam to clay loam in texture. They are deep to very deep, moderately well
drained to well drained and are mostly classified as highly to moderately suitable for irrigation
development.
1.12.5 Ground water resource of the site
Ground water resources are believed to be the huge water resource in the project area. The dominant
ground water flow directions are north-south and west-east. The depth of ground water varies from
less than 20m in Waja and AdisKigni areas to over 60m in the northern part of the Valley. When we
come to this particular site, the borehole is located in the middle of the command area.
1.12.6 Topographic map
The client has provided Bruh Tesfa irrigation and water technology PLC Digital version and hard
copy of topographic map of the site. The topographic map shows existing physical structures on the
area, which Comprises Location of Water Source, benchmarks, available canals, land holding and
available road. It is sufficient to precede the design work.
1.12.7 Crop /Agronomy Data
The crops, which are selected for the development of the project through pressurized irrigation
System, are mixed crops such as Vegetables, cash crops (oil and fiber crops), pulses and cereal crops.
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 17
The design has taken in to consideration the following factors and it is worked to fully satisfy the
requirement of the client.
Agronomic nature and agronomic requirement of the crops
Required area coverage by each crop
Required cropping pattern and rotation
Other additional Horticultural and related crops expected to be grown
Soil type of the site, soil depth, Soil water holding characteristic, climatology data (Rainfall,
Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Sun shine hours, Monthly and Daily ET or ET o and
etc)

The method of irrigation depends on crop types and generally, pressurized irrigation (drip &
sprinkler) irrigation methods are proposed as required. INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT
PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 18
Table2: Selection of Drip system Sprinkler system Remark
appropriate irrigation
system for the proposed
crops (drip/sprinkler
Crop types
Vegetables
Onion
Tomato Drip is preferable because sprinkler creates moist
environment on the leave that facilitate disease
infestation
Pepper Drip is preferable by planting by double row
Cabbage Drip is preferable by planting by double row
Swiss chard Drip is preferable by planting by double row
Carrot
Green bean Drip in dry season
Oil and industrial crops
Fenugreek
Cotton
Groundnut Both of them are applicable
Sesame
Cereals and pulse crops
Sorghum As a supplementary irrigation for wet season crop
rotation at dry season
Maize As a supplementary irrigation for wet season and crop
rotation at dry season
Teff As a supplementary irrigation for wet season
Field pea(Dekoko) As a supplementary irrigation for wet season and drip
for dry season by double row
Chick pea As a supplementary irrigation for wet season

CHAPTER TWO
2. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY USED
2.1 Material used
We are used different types of materials in the design of the pressurized automatic remote controlled
irrigation system of Desta Berhe mechanized irrigation scheme. Some of the materials are:-
More HDPE pipes with their fittings
Electronic welding machines and more accessories which are used for our design work
Filtration machines, pumps and automatic fertilization equipment which are used for installation
of the system
And during the construction of our source of water which is well we use different materials such
as Concrete, Batch box, Vibrator, Hand compactor, Panel, Mixer, different diameter Bars and
Stirrups used for the base of the slab.

2.2 Specific Approach and Methodology used to Design

The approach and methodology used to design the pressurized automatic remote controlled irrigation
system of Desta Berhe mechanized irrigation scheme depends on the specific objective of the project
that is design of pressurized irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler/or sprinkler, drip exchangeable
system), which would enable the client to use the ground water resource by giving attentions to
uniformity, adequacy, efficiency, manageability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.
Designing of intensive pressurized irrigation systems require knowledge in soil-water-plant
relationship, hydraulics and field experience. Stages of collecting data for designing the projects and
analyzing them are very important. Hence, the primary objective of pressurized irrigation system
design is to collect basic design data, choose appropriate components and system lay out to attain
adequate distribution of water (chemicals and fertilizer) throughout the field to meet crop needs with
an economical manner.
The designing is worked to enable and provide: INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC
2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 20
Equal and adequate water and nutrients availability to all plants in the field
High irrigation efficiency
Creating easily managed and operated system
Automatic remote controlling mechanism using electro-valves
Manual fertilization system that can be replaced by automatic fertilization system whenever the
need arises.

The greater the amount of reliable information used to formulate a design, the lesser will be the risk
of failure due to design. The basic data that were collected from the previous Studies Conducted on
the Project area, from Meteorological stations, sect oral offices and from the site to be used in the
design process includes: Topographic data, Climate, Water Resource, Soil, irrigation Agronomy
related data, crops in need to be grown and their pattern, preference of blocking system, minimum
plot size, preference of drip and Sprinkler combination (fixed, exchangeable) and other related points
is identified and determined during the study work.
2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Prediction of crop and irrigation water requirement is an important factor to plan, design and
implement economical, effective and efficient systems. The peak demand on crop water requirement
was examined and compared to the water supply system capacity. Since manual computation is
difficult and time consuming, a computer program developed by FAO (crop water 4. window) has
been used to calculate and analyze the data collected on climate, crop, soil etc… indicated above.
Based on the climate data collected and analyzed, ETO has been determined for the project site in
Raya Azebo using appropriate equation, which depends on availability of weather information. The
kc value for the proposed crop at different growing stage used to multiply with ETO and therefore
estimate the ET crop. Then we take the maximum ET crop of a given month with in the growing
period for design purpose. Therefore, we have taken 5 mm/day which is the maximum ETC during
the growing period of the proposed crops from the previous and present agronomy study of Raya
valley Alamata and Raya Azebo Sub basin. INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC
2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 21
2.4 Design of drip and sprinkler laterals
The design of drip laterals along the manifold is performed in such a way that the change in flow
along the lateral from each of the drippers should not exceed 10% of the actual nominal flow of
dripper and sprinkler that is 2 Lph and 300 Lph consecutively. The change in pressure along the
lateral at each of the drippers should not exceed 20% of the actual nominal operating pressure of the
dripper 10m and of the sprinkler 20m.
The result of calculation of design of Drip lateral and sprinkler lateral is summarized in Annex.
2.4.1 Selection and design of drip emitters
2.4.1.1 General Procedure
Selection of an appropriate emitter requires a combination of objective and subjective judgments.
The choice of discharge, emitter spacing and emitter type is major component of the system
planning. To select a specific emitter area to be wetted, required discharge according to the system,
spacing and other planning factors shall be considered. Then, the required discharge (Qa) and
pressure head (Ha) for average emitter are determined. In selecting the specific emitter both for drip
and sprinkler emitters efficiency of the system shall have to be determined. From availability and
cost point of view, 2 Lph BT integrated cylindrical dripper 16 mm diameter pipe is selected for drip
system. The coefficient of variability for this dripper is 2.67% which is a Class A dripper from BT
catalog book.
2.4.1.2 Wetting pattern and water distribution uniformity
In order to evaluate the Wetting Portion, the monographs produced by empirical relationships of the
wetting diameter and the dripper discharge for the major soil types are used
The percentage of the wetted area (PW) of a lateral is the ratio of the wetted areas to the area served
by an emitter
PW (%) = Where,   100 **4 * 14.32 rb D INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC
2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 22
D = Wetting Diameter
r = Spacing between laterals
b= Spacing between emitters
PW=Percentage of wetted area
The Emission uniformity (EU) combines variation due to emitters manufacturer variance and
Variation due to pressure, this as a design parameter is determined by:
Where,   100 * * ( 27 . 1 1         Qavg Qn CVm EU
CV m = manufacturers coefficient of variation
Q min= minimum emitter discharge due to pressure
Q avg =mean emitter discharge due to pressure
Table3: Soil Textures Wetted Portion
Showing the
wetted
portion for
three soil
textures S.No
1 Coarse soil 0.442
2 Medium Soil 1.476
3 Fine soil 3.21

Wetted area = 3.14*0.95^2/4 = 0.708463 m2

Area served by one dripper = b x r = 0.4*1.0 = 0.40 m2
Where b and r are dripper spacing along lateral and laterals spacing along manifold respectively
Wetted Portion = Wetted area/Area served = 0.708463 m2/ 0.40 m2 = 1.77 which is more than 1. So,
the recommended emitters spacing are ok! For medium textured soils. INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 23
The overall efficiency considered for drip system is determined as follow:
Effa = EffC x EffB x Effap
= 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.95
= 0.95 = 95%
Where, Effa = overall efficiency of the system
EffC = conveyance efficiency
EffB = System distribution efficiency
Effap = System Application efficiency
Figure 7: Dripper wetting diameter versus discharge for major soil types
2.4.1.3 Emitter pressure head and discharge
The discharge of an emitter is determined by the power curve equation of Kameli & Keller, 1997.
Which is given by q= K * Hx Where, INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015
Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 24
H= average emitter pressure head (m)
q= average emitter discharge (L/hr)
X, K=coefficients that characterize a specific emitter
From Bruh Tesfa Catalog Book for 2 Lph dripper nominal discharges:
Q = 2 Lph nominal discharge
K = 0.551662 constant to be determined in the manufacturers Lab. Flow analysis
X = 0.549288
H= nominal operating head 10.0 m(1.0 bar)
2.4.2 Efficiency of sprinkler emitters
The Application Efficiency –AE, is defined by
AE = (X avg /X app) x 100 Where,
AE – Application Efficiency [%]
X avg – The average measured depth of water (infiltrated to root zone) [mm]
X app – The actually applied water depth [mm]
Taking one plot as a sample: A= 0.50ha*10000m2= 5000 m2
Q= 28.63 m3/hr
T = time of irrigation 1.19 hrs
Sprinkler application rate: = 5.46 mm/hr
Total sprinkler depth for irrigation time of 1.19hrs = 5.886 mm
Depth to be infiltrated = (28.63 x 1.19)/ (5000) = 6.8 mm
AE = 6.8mm/5.90mm
= 1.154 ~ 115.4
Therefore, considering 85% sprinkler system efficiency is reasonable INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 25
2.5 Design of manifolds
During design of drip manifolds, as we considered the use of drip and sprinkler systems
interchangeably, the manifolds are designed for the system with maximum flow. Hazen William and
Darcy equation of calculating head loss both in laterals and manifolds pipe are used. We recommend
use of Polyethylene pipe for underground net work system and PVC connections for above ground
valve system as PVC pipe solvent fittings are convenient at valves to use.
2.6 Daily Operation hours
It is recommended to be 17 hrs per day in average by taking the maximum time required for the
maximum drip and sprinkler combination.
2.7 Design of sub-main and main pipes
The main line should accommodate the total flow through the valve lines with the minimum head
loss, economical pipe size and easy placement during installation. The operating pressure at
important points along the main line is determined by using appropriate equation and steps.
2.8 Lay out
The overall layout of the designed irrigation system comprises main pipe line, Sub-mains, manifold
pipe lines, Laterals pipe lines, Sprinkler units, operation control equipments, automatic filtration
equipment, Manual Fertilization equipment, and other accessories required for efficient application
of water and fertilizer.
2.9 Water source
Since the location of the water source is known, conveyance of extracted water from borehole to the
command is designed based on the boreholes relative location and appropriate main pipe to convey
water to the command area.
2.10 Field system
The field layout boundaries are laid out to suit the prevailing topographical condition. Depending on
field topographic conditions, the nature and shape of the field and requirement of mechanization
layouts is determined. The lay out has blocks of command INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 26
area, which can get water from sub mains and the blocks have been sub-divided in to further smaller
irrigation units or plots.
2.11 Irrigation Head
The elements in the irrigation head have been dimensioned to guarantee the appropriate flow supply
at the pressure required by the system to attain crop water requirement at the peak period.
2.12 Operation Schedule of The system
The operation program is defined on the basis of the parameters of the design of the dripper and drip
lateral and the manifold. And the program enables as to define, Operation in each shift ,the flows in
each pipe section, the discharge in each pipe, the number of valve lines operate along sub main or
main pipes and is very important to have Simple operation and Hydraulic efficiency in the system.
There are 28 valves which are connected to the system. Two valves will operate at the same time.
This means we will have 14 numbers of shifts. and from the above design work result the operation
time is 1.19hr for one shift and 103.8 Lph is the calculated discharge at the given operation time.
To know the total irrigation hour of the system we multiply the operation time per shift and the
number of shifts in the system accordingly 1.19hr*14=16.66hr INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 27

Table4: Operation Cluster/valve in operation When 50% Sprinkler and

schedule Shift No. 50% Drip system
Operation Total Flow (LPH)
Time (hr)
1 V1,V4 1.19hr 103.80
2 V2,V3 1.19hr 103.80
3 V5,V9 1.19hr 103.80
4 V6,V8 1.19hr 103.80
5 V7,V10 1.19hr 103.80
6 V11,V13 1.19hr 103.80
7 V14,V15,V18 1.19hr 129.94
8 V12,V16 1.19hr 103.80
9 V17,V19 1.19hr 103.80
10 V20, V21 1.19hr 103.80
11 V22,V25 1.19hr 103.80
12 V23,V24 1.19hr 103.80
13 V26,V29 1.19hr 103.80
14 V27,V28 1.19hr 103.80
Total 16.66hr.

2.13 Operation and maintenance manual

Operation and maintenance manual will be submitted for each items included in the system. The
operation manual will be of general nature. This could be similar to the operation manual to be
recommended by the manufacturer of that particular item or also the manufacturer manual could
supplement it. The maintenance manual includes Preventive maintenance; this could be part of the
operation, where routine checking, cleaning, adjusting etc is required on each parts of the system
where if not carried out that could possibly cause major damage on itself or other parts of the system.
Corrective maintenance; this part of maintenance requires replacing parts beyond repair and taking
damage mitigating action in the form of introducing new parts and replacing. The operation and
maintenance manual will be submitted after installation work is completed. INTERNSHIP
REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 29
CHAPTER THREE
3. DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT, AND DESIGN WORK
3.1 Preliminary Data
Net Field area: 300,000 m2. It is possible to use sprinkler or drip at any time
Field size: the command area is divided into 60 unit areas of 100m X 50m.
Type of emitter recommended: Drip system: BT drip Ø16mm/2LPH, 0.4 m separation between
emitters
Sprinkler type selected: AGRIDOL 300 LPH at 20m head, 2.4 nozzle diameters
Separation between the drip lateral lines 1.0m
Spacing between Sprinklers: 8.33m x 7.2m
Irrigation control: Automatic control with 28 valves
Fustigation system selected: Manual fustigation system is selected
Filtration system selected: at head system, automatic disc filter with self cleaning mechanism is
selected.
3.2 Automatic filtration system and fertilization equipment
3.2.1 Filtration system
The automatic filtration equipment is composed of equipment spindling battery crystal, 3” do rot
valve, 4 x 3” (5-1) 120m 6” pp manifold, ac controller 5-1). It consists of self-cleaning filters. it is
product of a well-known Israeli company known as ARKAL.the field control system is given into
two options:
Semi-automatic system: in this case the feed valves are all hydraulic valves but they are operated
manually at head system.
Fully automatic system: in this case, the feed valves are all hydraulic valves and they are
operated by programming the time of irrigation to a common controller. Clients have choice
depending up on their financial capacity.
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 30
3.2.2 Fertilization equipment
Fertilization consists in the application of fertilizers dissolved in water. However, when we talk about
fertilization, we are referring to the application of fertilizers in a located irrigation system. Thanks to
the advantage of located irrigation, we have a wide range of possibilities for the application of
fertilizers through the irrigation system.
Not only is fertilization consequence of located irrigation, but also has many advantages in
comparison to traditional fertilization:
Fertilizer saving
Better assimilation
Adaptation to the needs of the plant
Faster action against lack of fertilizer in the field
Saving in the distribution of the fertilizers, etc.

For this specific project, we are going to install manual fertilization system with one injector at head
system with full accessories. INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by
Yemane W/dawit Page 31
Figure 8: Automatic fertilization and filtration system equipment
3.3 Determination of Required Plant Nutrient in Irrigation Water
From fertilizer requirement per hectare, say 30Kg/ha of P2O5
For our plot size of 0.5 ha, 15 Kg of P2O5 is required.
Taking injection rate(R) = 0.7
For 1.08hr time of irrigation, t injection = 0.7x 1.08 =0.756 hr
CNIW=(WFx1000)/(Q irr wx(t app x R))=(15 x 1000)/(10.91 x 0.756 hr)
= 1818.71 gm/m3
Where, CNIW = concentration of nutrient in irrigation water
WF = weight of fertilizer (Kg)
Q irr.w = Discharge of drip irrigation in to which fertilizer is to be injected (m 3/hr)
T app = time of application (hr)
R = injection rate taken to be 0.7
T injection = injection time
CNS = (CNIW x Q irr.w)/ Qin. Flow
= 1818.71 x 10.91/100
= 198.42 gm/liter
This is by taking, 100 Lph, and injection flow rate from reading on flow meter of Fertilization
equipment.
For 100L tanker, it is possible to prepare a solution containing 7.49 ~ 7.5Kg of fertilizer and during 1
hr injection time of this solution at the rate of 100 L/h, total 7.5Kg of required nutrient will be
injected in to irrigation water.
3.4 Irrigation System Design
This estimation is made after detail design of the system.
Basic data estimation
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 32
System‟s capacity……………………………………………..........................144.72 m3/hr
Net daily water requirement……………………………………………………..…5mm/hr
Irrigation efficiency for drip system…………………………………………………...95%
Irrigation efficiency for Sprinkler system……………………………………………..85%
Gross daily water requirement for drip system…………………………………….5.26mm
Gross daily water requirement for sprinkler system………………………………5.88mm
Net irrigation area……………………………………………………………..………30ha
Size of plot………………………………………………………………………......0.50ha
No of plot………………………………………………………………………….....60
Basic data for the drip system

BT dripper Φ16mm, 1.95 Lph, 0.40m

Spacing of dripper………………………………………....................……………………………0.4m
Application rate…………………………...……….............................................4.89mm/hr
Application time……………………………………………………………………..1.08hr
No of Shifts per day……………………………...............................................................14
Irrigation units per shift………………...............................................................................4
No off valves per shift……………………………………………………………………..2
Drip Manifold

The length of manifold…………………………………….………………………....100m

Discharge in one side of manifold…………………...........................................24.74m3/hr
Outer diameter (OD) of manifold………………………………………………….75.0mm
Internal diameter (ID) of manifold………………………………………..……….68.0mm
P end……………………………………………………………...………………….10.43m
P in………………………………………….…………………………….…………11.17m
Q end…………………………………………………………………………….245.84 Lph
Q in…………………………………………………………………………..…255.26 Lph
ΔP …………………………………………………………………………………...7.49%
ΔQ…………………………………………………………………………………....4.28%
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 33
Drip lateral

Dripper nominal discharge at 1 bar…………………………...................................2.0 Lph

No of drippers in one lateral……………………………………………………………125
Discharge of lateral…………………………………...…………………………245.84Lph
P end…………………………………………………………………………………10.00m
P in………………………………………………………………..…………………10.43m
Q in………………………………………………………………………….……...2.00Lph
Q end………………………………………………………………………………..1.95Lph
ΔQ……………………………………………………….……………………….......2.47%
Δp…………………………………………………………………………………….4.31%
Basic data for the sprinkler system

Lateral of Sprinkler………………....................................................................BT Φ 20mm

Length of laterals of Sprinkler……………………………………….………………...50m
Spacing of sprinkler………………...................................................................8.3m x 7.2m
Application rate……………………………………….……………………….4.96mm/hr
Application time……………………………………………………….………….…1.19hr
No of Shifts per day………………………………………………...……………………14
Irrigation units per shift……………...................................................................................4
No off valves per shift……………………………………………………………………..2
Sprinkler Manifold

The length of manifold……………………….............................................................100m

Discharge in one side of manifold………………………..............................25988.19 LPH
Outer diameter (OD) of manifold……………………................................................75mm
Internal diameter (ID) of manifold…………………………….………………..…68.0mm
P end……………………………………………………………………………….……20m
P in……………………..............................................................................................24.50m
Q end…………………………………………………………………………....1851.91Lph
Q in……………………………………………………………………………..1887.13Lph
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 34
Sprinkler lateral

Sprinkler nominal discharge at 2 bar………………………………………..…….300 LPH

No of sprinkler in one lateral…………………………………………………………..….6
Discharge of lateral…………………………………………………………1856.53LPH
P end……………………………………………………………………….………...20.00m
P in…………………………………………………………………………………..23.60m
Q in……………………………………………………………………………...325.89 Lph
Q end………………………………………………………………………………..300 Lph
ΔQ…………………………………………………………………………………....8.63%
Δp…………………………………………………………………………………18.01%
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 35
CHAPTER FOUR
4. THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
4.1 How I get in to the company
First the university gave me a confirmative letter to any hosting company that contained my
profession, and my brother also announces different offices contained different projects with their
Telephone number. Bruh Tesfa irrigation & water technology plc was one of from the en list
different offices; I was gathered general information about the company by the help of Ato Mokonen
araya division head of training officer in the company, next dial the telephone to the head department
of human resource and management Atomeresa about the field practice and my profession. After
that, my hosting company accepted the confirmative paper on November 4/2007 (E.C).at that time I
was very happy because I did not think that this company will accept me. It was just unbelievable to
me to take my internship program in Bruh Tesfa irrigation and water technology plc.and after I was
gave the acceptance letter to my department head ato Daniel Amare on January 18/2007 (E.C).
Finally, march 02/2007 (E.C) leaved from university and reported on March 03/2007 29 (E.C) to the
hosting company (BT) that found in Tigray national regional state in capital city of the region which
is Mekelle.
4.2 Section of the company
Bruh Tesfa irrigation & water technology plc is categorized in to four different sections or
departments.
Those are:-
1. Design project department.
2. Water supply and sanitation project department.
3. Installation project department.
4. Irrigation and infrastructure project department.

Out of these sections, the company assigned me in the design office section and participated in
installation of sprinkler & drip irrigation system and other related works also I have seen in my stay
such as; distribution of pipe underground like main line, sub main line, manifold, lateral.
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 36
4.3 The Work flow in my section looks like
SDI DEPARTMENT
BOARD OF MANAGEMENT
SUPERVISOR
Projects
4.4 Work executing
My work executing in the installation of pipes was controlling different activity, especially;
Controlling exposed material during clearance and excavation of canal. Those materials were come
together with clay soil from the quarry site like small stones, roots of tree and other unwanted
material. If the trench is compacted together with these materials the amount of seeping water from
time to time can be increased, and the foundation of the canal finally can be exposed to seepage and
structural failure. Then, during compaction of canal controlling these materials is mandatory for the
purpose of canal safety.
NB; controlling of these activities were performed with the help of supervisor, site engineers and
other workers of in the site.
4.5 performing my work task
This activity was very good and developed from week to week by helping member of RAYA site. At
the introduction part everything was new for me specially, the installation part but after two weeks
these things was adopted and I was took remedial measurements INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 37
for reducing to this problem with my friends that was gone to gathers in site. My work performance
was measure the supervisor by taking different activities for purpose of result paper and attempt to
assimilate deep information in all distribution of sprinkler & drip irrigation system for further
knowledge. In generally by supporting such information this performance was very good in the
internship duration. Because my expecting have been to see and engaged in to an excellent filed
work. For the purpose of this I was gone from Mekelle to raya without any company payment, In
order to gain this experience transported 150km from Mekelle to the western Tigray and in that site
perform tasks that were given from my supervisor and project manager at exact time.
4.6 Challenges that over came in the field work
There were so many challenges facing in the field work, but from those the basic challenges that
have been faced in the given duration are;
Lack of new project site in the company:-Most projects that installed and constructed by the
company in Tigray region was finished before entering in to the Company, especially there is no
project near to Mekelle. But most of the time I work as an office engineer in the design office by
doing different assignments about how to design sprinkler & drip irrigation system until I go to
Golgol Raya site project.
Economic crises:-Was the main challenge that have been faced in my internship time starting from
transport up to leaving the site project, during in the field work and up to returned from the site to the
university. The total amount of money that given from the university was 6000Birr.so by this amount
of money life was difficult to me in my stay.
Weather condition:-The Weather condition of the site which is found in RAYA was difficult for
living due to its hot climatic condition. In other words it was scorching at day and wind at evening,
because of this the weather condition have been unsuitable for me for the given duration, expectedly
for the first three days.
4.7 Measures that have been taken for the basic challenges
For the lack of new project site in the company:-This problem was solved by discussing with the
head department of study, design and installation (SDI) ato Alemayoh for two days in the company
and assigned as to Raya irrigation project by writing INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT
PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 38
confirmative letter to supervisor chief engineer Siraj Osman and accept after reading that letter. This
project was starting on January by Bruh Tesfa irrigation & water technology plc.
Economic crises:-Was reduced by the help of my family and my hosting company Bruh Tesfa
irrigation and water technology plc was gave me 200 birr per day as pocket money during site visit
so my parents and my hosting company plays a great role to reduce my economic crises.
Weather condition:-this was reduced by using the following techniques
By dressing suitable clothes at day and night.
By the adaptation ability to weather condition and by eating foods which are suitable for the site
project.
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 39
CHAPTER FIVE
5. THE OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
This internship program is very important to upgrade my theoretical knowledge to practical
knowledge. and is used to minimize challenges that have been faced in the university before.

In addition to that the program is used to learn communication skill and work ethics in all
perspectives.
5.1 In terms of improving my practical skill
In the last three years and half stay I have been learned most things theoretically, but this internship
program changes my theoretical knowledge to practical skill. because of this I have been lack of
visualization before the internship program, but after the internship duration this problem was
reduced from time to time by the help of my supervisor, project manager and other members of the
site, and also I gained some practical knowledge by visiting another project sites out of my hosting
company such as Zamra construction site in the main campus of Mekelle University which is Arid.
5.2 In terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge
Theoretical knowledge was first obtained from the university within the three years and half
duration; during this duration the learning curriculum have been not more than enough supported by
practical skill. Because of this, the knowledge that I have obtained from the three years duration was
not more clearly, but in the internship program this problem was minimized and developed the ability
to understand by reading easily from time to time. Especially in the how to design sprinkler & drip
irrigation , how pipes installed underground, location of filter house, filter selection and etc. before
leaving to the field practice have been theoretically ambivalence with one another. In this program
such problem was understand to me more theoretically without confusion.
N.B Initial theoretical knowledge developed to practical knowledge and finally the result of those
two things was developed to modified theoretical knowledge that obtained from the field work.
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 40
5.3 In terms of improving interpersonal communication skill
Internship program plays a great role in improving my Communication skill. This skill was
developed because of confused things that have been faced in my work during the design of
pressurized irrigation system. In order to reduce such problems the only measure that I have taken in
the field project was asking questions by blandly and patience to the supervisor and other member of
the site.
In addition to that I gathered and gained full data of the site from the company by using my
interpersonal communication skill.
The various uses of interpersonal communication skill are listed below.
To developed a working friendship with the egg.
To increase the ability of propagation.
Used to reduce retiring (coy) in the office and stage.
To develop the ability to be an interviewer with different office managers.
To approach different sorts of people who are from different aspects of life.
To improve inter personal relationship.

5.4 Interims of team playing skill

Since, unity is strength so that working together by itself has positive result; regarding to this during
the designing of sprinkler & drip irrigation first discus about each section with my apparent ship
students. But at that time in some point of the section was not agree with each other and referred the
question (point) to our supervisor or project manager. After that full information was obtained from
the point that we have asked to them.
5.5 In terms of improving my leadership skill
From this program I was gained much information for current day as well as for the future life
expectance. As we know engineering works requires safety and economical consideration. Then
these two criteria‟s are used to help for the design of pressurized irrigation system that has seen with
a good leadership man of the project manager. The above criteria that mentioned before was the
result of good leadership skill and I was as emulated the ability how to control work performance in
the future plan and developed criteria‟s that helps for leadership skill from month to month in the site
project. INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit
Page 41
5.6 In terms of work ethics issue
At the internship time, I have waited for around four months. In the time of the internship I have
learned many things from the workers of the project and other office workers. One and the key thing
for my life which obtained from the intern ship was good work ethics and used to minimize poor
work ethics such as absenteeism, luck of punctuality from time to time.
Generally, many types of work ethics were developed in the period of my internship. Moreover, to
solve problems during the internship I was developed the following things;
Punctuality: During the time of my internship I developed good punctuality behavior by
arriving on time to the site and the office.
Honesty: I fulfilled my obligation in the project area and office of the project honestly. I borrow
many reference and documents which was important to general knowledge and for preparation of
their report during the time of internship time and returned the materials honestly. This was learned
from the workers of the company.
Willingness to learn: I was asking many questions about the construction of dam foundation
and asked to the supervisor how the trench structure was designed.
Initiative: I was observed the initiative skill of the workers started to apply initiating of new
ideas especially to solve the problems faced during the internship.
Loyalty: As loyalty is one of the measures of good work ethics workers should have loyal to
their leader during work time. Therefore, I developed good loyalty behavior from the leaders and
workers of the site project during internship.
Maximizing productivity: Most of the workers of the site were accelerate to maximize their
product. Then I have understood how to maximize their work even in academically education to
score good result.

5.7 In terms of entrepreneurship skills

I have been gained full information within the four months in the installing & designing, and how to
bring a construction company together and what it takes to keep it up in this time .I have learned
about how can start different water works construction especially, construction of the main line, sub
main by taking on practical work with labor force large construction work for irrigation project with
a group of engineers. In addition to that one INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC
2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 42
can be increase the stage of the construction company by increasing successful completion of this
internship provides me with the opportunity to establish my own business or gain employment in a
supervisory or management role for the construction provided me with practical skills and knowledge
to undertake a range of manual laboring tasks on building and construction sites. I learn about safe
work practices.
Successful completion of the site work provides me with the opportunity to be self-employed to
manage large plumbing projects.
To be employed as a consultant
To be employed in a supervisory position or
Gain employments in environmental officer with state and local regulatory authorities
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 43
CHAPTER SIX
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSION
The efficiency of pressurized irrigation system depends on the quality and accuracy of design and
specification and the durability and service years of the system so that the client should follow all the
recommendations.
The pipe net work is selected by considering the most economical, efficient and that assures
sustainable use for the proposed objectives. However, minor adjustments on the pipe net work lay out
may be expected during actual lay out on the ground.
The design was prepared by taking in to consideration that direct exchange of sprinkler and drip
system for every plot is possible and it permits a combination of 50% sprinkler and 50% drip or
100% Drip only or 100% Sprinkler Only. INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015
Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 44
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
6.2.1 Recommendation to my hosting company Due to lack of teamwork between the company
and other Irrigation and Water Technology companies the project was not finished in a short period
of time. However, the client ordered to the company to finish the project. Therefore it is better to
construct one site project by making friendship with other sister companies such as Tigray water
works construction enterprise (TWWCE) this teamwork plays a great role to study, design and install
economic and durable irrigation and water supply systems.
Finally, I would like to recommend to the company to add workers who have more experience about
pressurized irrigation system this helps to finish the project in short period of time without any
obstacle.
6.2.2 Recommendation to the university
I would like to recommend my University to do the following points during the whole academic
session:-
It should include some software courses such as AutoCAD and water cad in all engineering
departments of the university.
The university should give the students the course Irrigation engineering before enjoy their
Internship program. This is why because some students may enjoy their internship program on
irrigation projects so if they take this course everything will be easy in the time of their Internship.
The university must create a friendship relation with local and international companies this helps
the student to enjoy their Internship program without any obstacle.
And the teaching/learning process method should be more practical to make the students more
confident and more professional in the field of study.
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 45
REFERENCES
1. Training on basic principles of pressurized irrigation system part one prepared by BTIWT
2. Technical catalogue book of BTIWT
3. Training on basic principles of pressurized irrigation system part two prepared by BTIWT
4. All members of study, design and installation (SDI) department
5. Training on basic principles of pressurized irrigation system part three prepared by BTIWT
6. Irrigation and water supply engineering
7. Home page of BTIWT
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC 2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 46
APPENDIX
BTIWT------------------------------------------ BRUH TESFA IRRIGATION AND WATER
TECHNOLOGY
CNIW------------------------------------------ CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENT IN IRRIGATION
WATER
SDI--------------------------------- STUDY, DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
CNS --------------------------------------------- CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENT IN SOIL
ET------------------------------------------------ EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
ETC---------------------------------------------- CRITICAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
ETO---------------------------------------------- REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
FAO---------------------------------------------- AMERICAN FOOD ORGANIZATION
FACHAGAMMA----------------------------------- LOCAL NAME OF ONE PLACE
PVC------------------------------------------------- PUMP TYPE
PE---------------------------------------------------- POLY ETHYLENE INTERNSHIP REPORT ON BTIWT PLC
2015 Prepared by Yemane W/dawit Page 47